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July 17, 2025

Bahrain Travel Guide

🇧🇭 Bahrain Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The Kingdom of Bahrain boasts a rich and ancient history, serving as a strategic crossroads of trade and civilization for millennia. Its story begins in antiquity with the enigmatic Dilmun civilization, which flourished from the late fourth millennium to around 800 BC. Considered a sacred and prosperous land, Dilmun was a vital commercial center connecting Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley. The island’s abundance of freshwater springs in the middle of the saline Persian Gulf made it a paradise-like hub, often associated with the mythical Garden of Eden. Numerous archaeological sites, including thousands of burial mounds that dot the northern landscape and the UNESCO World Heritage site of Qal’at al-Bahrain (Bahrain Fort), stand as powerful testaments to this prosperous era. Over the centuries, Bahrain fell under the influence of various empires. It was incorporated into the Babylonian and Achaemenid Persian Empires before Alexander the Great’s conquests brought Hellenistic influence to the region. The island, known to the ancient Greeks as Tylos, became renowned for its pearl fisheries, a trade that would define its economy for centuries to come. Following the decline of the Seleucids, Bahrain was influenced by the Parthian and Sassanian Empires. The arrival of Islam in the 7th century marked a pivotal turning point, peacefully transforming the religious and cultural landscape. The island became an important center of Islamic learning. From the medieval period onwards, Bahrain’s strategic location made it a coveted prize. It was contested by various regional powers until the early 16th century, when the Portuguese arrived, seeking to control the lucrative Gulf trade routes. They built fortifications, most notably expanding upon the existing structure at Qal’at al-Bahrain, but their rule was relatively short-lived. In 1602, the Portuguese were expelled by the Persian Safavid ruler, Shah Abbas I, re-establishing Persian influence. The modern history of Bahrain begins in 1783 when the Al Khalifa family, a tribe from the Arabian Peninsula, captured the islands from the Persians. Led by Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Khalifa, they established a dynasty that rules to this day. The 19th century saw the rise of British influence in the Persian Gulf. To secure their maritime trade routes and protect Bahrain from regional threats, the British signed a series of treaties with the Al Khalifa rulers, culminating in Bahrain becoming a British protectorate. While the Al Khalifa retained control over domestic affairs, Britain managed defense and foreign relations. The discovery of oil in 1932 ushered in a new era of modernization, transforming the economy from its reliance on pearling to petroleum. This newfound wealth funded significant developments in infrastructure, healthcare, and education. On August 15, 1971, Bahrain declared its independence from Britain, becoming a sovereign state. It has since evolved into a major financial hub in the Middle East, balancing its rich heritage with ambitious modernization and economic diversification efforts, as encapsulated in its Vision 2030.

22) Geography

The Kingdom of Bahrain’s geography is unique and has profoundly shaped its development as a strategic maritime nation. Located in the heart of the Persian Gulf, Bahrain is an archipelago consisting of 33 natural islands and a number of man-made ones. It sits off the eastern coast of Saudi Arabia, connected to the mainland by the 25-kilometer-long King Fahd Causeway, a vital artery for trade, travel, and cultural exchange. To its southeast lies the Qatar peninsula. The total land area of Bahrain is relatively small, approximately 765 square kilometers, making it the third-smallest nation in Asia. The country’s name, “al-Bahrayn,” is Arabic for “the two seas,” which is believed to refer to the existence of freshwater springs beneath the saltwater of the Gulf, a phenomenon that was crucial for settlement in ancient times. The largest island, also named Bahrain, accounts for over 80% of the kingdom’s total landmass and is home to the capital city, Manama. Other significant islands include Muharraq, where the international airport is located, Sitra, a major industrial area, and the Hawar Islands, situated near the coast of Qatar. The topography of Bahrain is predominantly flat and arid. The landscape consists mainly of a low-lying desert plain that gently rises to a central escarpment. The highest point in the country is the Jabal ad Dukhan, or “Mountain of Smoke,” which reaches a modest elevation of 134 meters (440 feet) above sea level. This central region is so named because of the haze that often surrounds it on hot, humid days. Due to its arid desert climate, Bahrain has no permanent rivers or streams. The natural water supply has historically depended on underground aquifers and the aforementioned submarine springs. However, centuries of use and a growing population have led to significant depletion and salinization of these resources, making the country heavily reliant on modern desalination plants to meet its freshwater needs. A defining feature of Bahrain’s modern geography is its extensive land reclamation. Ambitious projects have significantly increased the country’s land area and altered its coastline, creating space for new residential, commercial, and industrial developments such as the Durrat Al Bahrain and the Bahrain Financial Harbour. While these projects are vital for the nation’s growth, they also present environmental challenges, impacting marine ecosystems and coastal habitats. The climate is characterized by hot summers, with temperatures often soaring above 40°C (104°F), accompanied by high humidity. Winters are mild and pleasant, with occasional rainfall. The natural vegetation is sparse and adapted to desert conditions, consisting mainly of salt-tolerant shrubs and hardy grasses. The most notable exception is the cultivation of date palms in the northern part of the island, which thrive where irrigation is available. Despite its small size and arid environment, Bahrain’s strategic location and unique geography have enabled it to flourish as a center for trade, finance, and transportation in the Gulf region for thousands of years.

23) Politics and Government

The Kingdom of Bahrain operates as a constitutional monarchy, with a political system that has evolved significantly since the turn of the 21st century. The head of state is the King, His Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, who ascended to the throne in 1999. The King holds ultimate executive authority, including command of the armed forces and the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers. He also has the authority to dissolve the parliament and approve legislation. The government is led by the Prime Minister, who is the head of the government. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers (the cabinet) are responsible for implementing state policy and managing the day-to-day administration of the country. The ministers are appointed by the King, and the Council of Ministers is accountable to both the King and the elected parliament. A pivotal moment in Bahrain’s modern political development was the 2002 constitution, which was promulgated following a national referendum on the National Action Charter of 2001. This charter, which received overwhelming public support, paved the way for the reintroduction of a parliamentary system and significant political reforms. The legislative branch of government is the bicameral National Assembly (*Al-Majlis Al-Watani*). It consists of two chambers: the Council of Representatives (*Majlis Al-Nuwab*) and the Shura Council (*Majlis Al-Shura*). The Council of Representatives is the lower house and is composed of 40 members who are directly elected by the public in universal suffrage for four-year terms. This council has the power to propose and pass legislation, question ministers, and vote on the state budget. It can also, under certain circumstances, pass a vote of no confidence in a minister or the entire cabinet, although such measures require a supermajority. The Shura Council is the upper house and also consists of 40 members. However, its members are appointed directly by the King for four-year terms. The Shura Council is often composed of experienced technocrats, former government officials, and prominent community leaders. Its primary role is to act as a chamber of review, providing advice and consultation on legislation passed by the Council of Representatives. It can amend or reject legislation, but if there is a disagreement between the two chambers, they can convene as a joint National Assembly to resolve the issue. The political system allows for the existence of political societies, which function similarly to political parties, although the term “party” is not used. These societies represent a range of political and religious ideologies and participate in the electoral process. However, the political landscape has been marked by periods of tension, particularly surrounding the 2011 pro-democracy protests. In response, the government has engaged in national dialogues and continues to navigate the complexities of political reform and national reconciliation. The judiciary is an independent branch of government, with a court system that includes both civil and Sharia (Islamic law) courts to handle various legal matters. The political framework of Bahrain reflects a balance between traditional monarchical authority and modern representative institutions, a system that continues to evolve in response to both domestic and regional dynamics.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Kingdom of Bahrain is a sophisticated and complex dual system that incorporates both civil law and Islamic Sharia law. This structure is designed to cater to the diverse needs of its society and its status as a major international business hub. The country’s legal framework is rooted in a constitution and a hierarchy of written laws, while also respecting the principles of Islam in personal and family matters. At the apex of the legal order is the Constitution of 2002, which guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms and outlines the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The judiciary is constitutionally independent, tasked with upholding the rule of law and ensuring justice. The court system is divided into two main branches: the Civil Courts and the Sharia Courts. The Civil Courts have jurisdiction over most criminal, commercial, and civil cases. This system is organized into a three-tiered hierarchy. At the lowest level are the Courts of Minor Causes, which handle smaller civil and commercial disputes. Above them are the High Courts, which have original jurisdiction over more significant cases and also serve as appellate courts for the lower courts. The highest court in this system is the Court of Cassation, which is the final court of appeal for civil, commercial, and criminal matters. Its role is to ensure the correct application of the law, not to re-examine the facts of a case. The Sharia Courts have jurisdiction over personal status matters for the Muslim population. This includes issues such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody. The Sharia judiciary is further divided into two sections: the Sunni Court and the Ja’afari (Shia) Court, each applying the jurisprudence of its respective school of Islamic thought to cases involving its followers. This allows for religious sensitivities and traditions to be respected within the legal framework. The criminal justice system is governed by the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior and its various directorates, including the Royal Bahrain Police. The police are tasked with maintaining public order, investigating crimes, and apprehending suspects. Once an investigation is complete, the case is referred to the Public Prosecution Office, which is an independent body responsible for initiating criminal proceedings and representing the state in court. The rights of the accused are protected under the constitution, including the presumption of innocence until proven guilty and the right to a fair trial. In recent years, Bahrain has undertaken significant legal reforms aimed at modernizing its laws to support its economic diversification goals under Vision 2030. This includes enacting new laws related to commerce, investment, and data protection to create a more attractive environment for international business. For foreign residents and visitors, it is crucial to understand that they are subject to Bahraini law. While the country is relatively liberal compared to some of its neighbors, it remains a conservative Muslim nation. Laws regarding alcohol consumption, public decency, and respect for religious customs are strictly enforced. Understanding and adhering to these legal and cultural norms is essential for a safe and trouble-free stay in the Kingdom.

25) Foreign Relations

Bahrain’s foreign policy is a carefully crafted strategy aimed at ensuring its national security, fostering economic prosperity, and maintaining stability in the volatile Persian Gulf region. As a small island nation, Bahrain has historically relied on building strong alliances and engaging actively in multilateral diplomacy to navigate the complex geopolitical landscape. Its foreign relations are characterized by a pragmatic, pro-Western stance and deep integration with its Arab neighbors. The cornerstone of Bahrain’s foreign policy is its membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), a regional political and economic alliance that includes Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. This alliance is fundamental to Bahrain’s security and economic well-being. The relationship with Saudi Arabia is particularly crucial; the two kingdoms are closely linked by political, economic, and social ties, symbolized by the King Fahd Causeway that physically connects them. Bahrain often aligns its foreign policy closely with that of Saudi Arabia, viewing the larger kingdom as a vital guarantor of its security. Another central pillar of Bahrain’s foreign policy is its strong strategic partnership with the United States. This relationship dates back several decades and is of immense importance to both nations. Bahrain hosts the headquarters of the U.S. Navy’s Fifth Fleet, a critical American military presence in the Middle East responsible for naval operations in the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and parts of the Indian Ocean. This strategic hosting role provides Bahrain with a significant security umbrella and solidifies its status as a major non-NATO ally of the United States. The kingdom also maintains a close relationship with the United Kingdom, a legacy of its history as a British protectorate. In contrast, Bahrain’s relationship with Iran is fraught with tension and suspicion. Bahraini leaders have frequently accused Iran of interfering in its domestic affairs, supporting opposition groups, and seeking to destabilize the kingdom and the wider region. These concerns have driven Bahrain to adopt a firm stance against Iranian influence and to strengthen its security cooperation with other Arab states and Western partners. In a historic shift in regional diplomacy, Bahrain, along with the UAE, normalized relations with Israel in 2020 through the Abraham Accords. This move signaled a significant realignment in the Middle East, driven by shared concerns about Iran and a desire to foster economic and technological cooperation. The accords have opened up new avenues for trade, tourism, and security collaboration between Bahrain and Israel. Beyond the immediate region, Bahrain is an active member of the Arab League and the United Nations. It participates in international forums, advocating for peace, stability, and interfaith dialogue. The kingdom’s foreign policy is also increasingly focused on economic diplomacy, seeking to attract foreign investment and promote itself as a regional hub for finance, technology, and logistics, in line with its Vision 2030 goals. Through this multi-faceted approach of regional alliances, Western partnerships, and pragmatic engagement, Bahrain strives to safeguard its sovereignty and advance its interests on the global stage.

26) Administrative Divisions

The Kingdom of Bahrain’s administrative structure has undergone several reforms over the years to better manage its growing population and urban development. The current system is based on a framework of governorates (*muhafazat*), which serve as the primary administrative divisions of the country. This system was established by a royal decree in 2002, replacing the previous system of municipalities. The governorates are responsible for implementing government policies at a local level, overseeing development projects, and coordinating with various ministries to provide public services to their residents. Each governorate is headed by a Governor, who is appointed by the King and holds the rank of a minister. The Governor acts as the chief executive officer of the governorate and is responsible for its administration and the well-being of its inhabitants. Initially, the kingdom was divided into five governorates. However, in 2014, the Central Governorate was abolished and its territory was divided among the remaining governorates. As of today, Bahrain is divided into four governorates: The Capital Governorate (*Muhafazat al-Asimah*): This is the most populous and economically vital governorate. It includes the capital city, Manama, which is the kingdom’s financial and commercial heart. The Capital Governorate is home to major business districts, such as the Bahrain Financial Harbour and the Bahrain World Trade Center, as well as key government offices, embassies, and the bustling Manama Souq. It is a vibrant and densely populated area that reflects the modern, cosmopolitan face of Bahrain. The Muharraq Governorate (*Muhafazat al-Muharraq*): Located on Muharraq Island, this governorate is rich in history and heritage. It includes the city of Muharraq, which was the former capital of Bahrain until 1932. This area is known for its traditional Bahraini architecture, historic houses, and the Pearling Path, a UNESCO World Heritage site that tells the story of the island’s pearling industry. The Bahrain International Airport is also located in this governorate, making it the primary gateway to the kingdom. The Northern Governorate (*Muhafazat al-Shamaliyah*): This governorate covers the northwestern part of Bahrain’s main island and is the largest by land area. It is a diverse region that includes agricultural areas, where date palms and other crops are cultivated, as well as a number of villages and residential suburbs. The Northern Governorate is also home to significant archaeological sites, including the thousands of Dilmun burial mounds and the Bahrain Fort (Qal’at al-Bahrain), another UNESCO World Heritage site. The Southern Governorate (*Muhafazat al-Janubiyah*): The Southern Governorate is the largest in terms of area but the least populated. It covers the southern part of the main island and the Hawar Islands. This region is characterized by its desert landscape and is where the country’s main oil and gas fields and the Bahrain International Circuit, home of the Formula 1 Grand Prix, are located. It is also an area of significant development, with major projects like the Durrat Al Bahrain luxury resort. This system of governorates allows for more efficient administration and a more focused approach to addressing the specific needs and development priorities of each region within the kingdom.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Kingdom of Bahrain is one of the most diversified in the Persian Gulf region, a result of decades of strategic planning and forward-thinking policy. While the discovery of oil in 1932 was transformative, making Bahrain the first Gulf state to enter the petroleum age, the government recognized early on the finite nature of its hydrocarbon reserves. This foresight spurred a long-term drive towards economic diversification, which has successfully positioned Bahrain as a leading regional hub for finance, commerce, and logistics. This ambitious strategy is currently guided by the Bahrain Economic Vision 2030, a comprehensive roadmap for the nation’s future development based on the principles of sustainability, fairness, and competitiveness. The cornerstone of Bahrain’s modern, post-oil economy is its robust financial services sector. The country established itself as an offshore banking hub in the 1970s and 1980s and has since become a global leader in Islamic finance, hosting a large number of Islamic banks and financial institutions. The Bahrain Financial Harbour serves as a spectacular symbol of this success. The sector is well-regulated by the Central Bank of Bahrain, which is highly respected for its strong oversight and promotion of transparency, attracting international banks and investment firms to set up operations in the kingdom. Another major pillar of the industrial economy is aluminum production. Bahrain is home to Aluminium Bahrain (Alba), one of the world’s largest single-site aluminum smelters. The success of Alba has spurred the growth of a significant downstream industry, with numerous companies producing a wide range of aluminum products for export, contributing significantly to the nation’s GDP and employment. Although Bahrain’s oil and gas sector is smaller than that of its neighbors, it remains a crucial contributor to government revenue. The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) manages the country’s oil production and refining operations. Recent discoveries of significant new tight oil and deep gas resources have the potential to boost the sector’s importance in the coming years. In terms of other commodities, Bahrain’s traditional industries, such as pearling and fishing, now play a minor role in the economy, though they retain cultural significance. Tourism is a rapidly growing sector, actively promoted by the government as a key area for diversification. The kingdom attracts visitors from across the Gulf, particularly from Saudi Arabia via the King Fahd Causeway, as well as international tourists drawn by its rich history, the Formula 1 Grand Prix, and modern attractions. The government is investing heavily in tourism infrastructure, including new resorts, exhibition centers, and cultural sites. The logistics and manufacturing sectors are also expanding, leveraging Bahrain’s strategic location and excellent connectivity through its international airport and the Khalifa Bin Salman Port. The government offers attractive incentives for foreign investment, including 100% foreign ownership of businesses in most sectors, a skilled bilingual workforce, and a favorable tax regime, all aimed at fostering a dynamic and sustainable economy for the future.

28) Science and Technology

The Kingdom of Bahrain has placed science and technology at the forefront of its national development strategy, recognizing them as critical drivers for economic diversification and for building a sustainable, knowledge-based economy. Under the framework of its Economic Vision 2030, the government is making substantial investments in creating a vibrant ecosystem that fosters innovation, supports technological entrepreneurship, and integrates modern technology across all sectors of society. This forward-looking approach is transforming Bahrain into a dynamic and competitive tech hub in the Middle East. A key area of focus is the financial technology (FinTech) sector. Leveraging its long-standing reputation as a regional financial center, Bahrain is positioning itself as a leader in FinTech innovation. The Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) has been particularly proactive, establishing a regulatory sandbox that allows FinTech startups and established firms to test new products and services in a controlled environment without being immediately subjected to all regulatory requirements. This initiative has attracted numerous FinTech companies to the kingdom. Bahrain FinTech Bay, a dedicated FinTech hub, further supports this ecosystem by providing a space for collaboration, incubation, and acceleration, connecting startups with investors, corporations, and academic institutions. The development of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is another national priority. Bahrain boasts a highly developed and liberalized telecommunications infrastructure, with nationwide 5G coverage and high internet penetration rates. The government is actively promoting digital transformation across all ministries and public services, enhancing efficiency and accessibility for citizens and businesses. This “Cloud-First” policy, which encourages government entities to adopt cloud computing solutions, has further spurred the growth of data centers and cloud service providers in the country. To nurture a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, Bahrain has launched numerous initiatives to support startups. Tamkeen, the country’s labor fund, provides financing, training, and support for Bahraini entrepreneurs and businesses. The Bahrain Development Bank also offers financing and incubation services for startups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This supportive environment, combined with a favorable regulatory framework and low operating costs, is making Bahrain an increasingly attractive destination for tech startups from around the world. In the realm of education and research, Bahrain is working to align its academic institutions with the needs of the future economy. Universities and vocational schools are expanding their programs in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. There is a growing emphasis on research and development, with a focus on areas such as renewable energy, water resource management, and environmental science, which are critical for the country’s long-term sustainability. While Bahrain may not have the large-scale R&D budgets of some global giants, its strategic and agile approach is creating a specialized and thriving science and technology landscape, positioning the kingdom for success in the digital age.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape of Bahrain is a rich and nuanced tapestry woven from the threads of its deep Islamic heritage, its long history as a cosmopolitan trading hub, and its engagement with the challenges and opportunities of the modern world. While one may not find formal schools of philosophy in the classical Western sense, a distinct set of values, ethical considerations, and worldviews underpins Bahraini society and shapes its collective identity. At its core, Bahraini philosophy is deeply rooted in the principles of Islam. The teachings of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad provide the fundamental ethical and moral framework for the majority of the population. Concepts such as tawhid (the oneness of God), adl (justice), ihsan (excellence and beneficence), and the importance of community (*ummah*) are central to the cultural and social fabric. This Islamic foundation emphasizes social responsibility, family cohesion, respect for elders, and generosity, which are palpable in everyday interactions. However, Bahrain’s history as a melting pot of cultures has fostered a unique and long-standing tradition of tolerance and coexistence. For centuries, the islands have been home to diverse communities, including different sects of Islam, Christians, Jews, and Hindus, who have lived and worked alongside each other. This historical reality has cultivated a practical philosophy of pluralism and mutual respect that is a source of national pride. The Majlis, a traditional gathering where people from all walks of life can meet with community leaders to discuss issues, is a physical embodiment of this inclusive and consultative spirit. In the modern era, Bahraini thought is engaged in a dynamic dialogue between tradition and modernity. The rapid economic development and globalization of recent decades have introduced new ideas and challenges, prompting reflection on how to preserve cultural identity while embracing progress. The national discourse, as articulated in documents like the Economic Vision 2030, reflects a philosophy of sustainable development, social justice, and competitiveness. It seeks to balance economic growth with environmental protection and to ensure that prosperity is shared fairly among its citizens. There is also a growing intellectual engagement with contemporary issues. Bahraini thinkers, academics, and artists explore themes of identity, globalization, political reform, and the role of religion in a modern state through their work. The country’s relatively open media environment (compared to some regional neighbors) and its focus on education are creating spaces for these critical conversations to take place. The concept of Bahrain as a “gateway” between East and West is not just a geographical or economic reality; it is also a philosophical one. The society is constantly navigating and synthesizing different cultural inputs, creating a unique blend of Arab, Persian, and global influences. This results in a pragmatic and adaptable worldview, one that values both its ancient roots in the Dilmun civilization and its ambitious aspirations for a high-tech, knowledge-based future. This blend of deep-seated Islamic values, a historical commitment to multiculturalism, and a forward-looking pragmatism defines the unique philosophical character of the Kingdom of Bahrain.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural landscape of Bahrain is a rewarding experience, and understanding the local etiquette will foster respectful and positive interactions. Bahraini culture is rooted in Arab hospitality and Islamic traditions, but it is also notably cosmopolitan and tolerant due to its long history as a trading hub and its large expatriate population. Observing certain customs shows respect and is greatly appreciated by the local people. Greetings are a cornerstone of social interaction. The traditional Arabic greeting “As-salamu alaykum” (Peace be upon you) is widely used and appreciated, with the appropriate response being “Wa alaykumu s-salam” (And upon you be peace). When greeting a member of the opposite sex, it is best for a non-Muslim man to wait for a Muslim woman to extend her hand first; a polite nod and a smile are always a safe and respectful alternative if she does not. Handshakes among people of the same gender are common. It is also customary to inquire about a person’s health and well-being. Dress code is an important aspect of showing respect, particularly when in public places or visiting religious sites. While Bahrain is more liberal than some of its neighbors, modesty is highly valued. Men and women should aim to cover their shoulders and knees. For women, very revealing or tight-fitting clothing should be avoided. When visiting a mosque, women will be required to cover their hair, and headscarves (*shaylas*) are usually provided for visitors. Men should wear long trousers. During the holy month of Ramadan, it is especially important to be mindful of these customs, and eating, drinking, or smoking in public during fasting hours is prohibited by law. Hospitality is central to Bahraini culture. If you are invited to a Bahraini home, it is considered a great honor. It is customary to bring a small gift for the host, such as a box of quality sweets or pastries. Punctuality is appreciated, but a relaxed sense of time may prevail in social settings. When you arrive, you will likely be offered refreshments, such as Arabic coffee (*qahwa*) or tea. It is polite to accept. When dining, remember to use your right hand for eating, drinking, and passing items, as the left hand is considered unclean in traditional Islamic culture. When sitting, avoid showing the soles of your feet to others, as this can be seen as a sign of disrespect. Conversations should be approached with politeness and sincerity. It is considered rude to ask overly personal questions, especially about a man’s wife or female relatives. Public displays of affection should be kept to a minimum. Patience and a calm demeanor are highly valued. Raising one’s voice or showing anger in public is considered poor form. By being mindful of these social graces, visitors can navigate Bahraini culture with confidence and ease, fully enjoying the warmth and legendary hospitality of its people.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are an integral and growing part of life in the Kingdom of Bahrain, reflecting the nation’s modernizing ambitions and its people’s passion for competition and physical activity. The government has invested heavily in creating world-class facilities and promoting a healthier lifestyle, positioning Bahrain as a significant sporting hub in the Middle East. From the roar of Formula 1 engines to the grace of Arabian horses, the sporting scene is diverse and dynamic. The undisputed jewel in Bahrain’s sporting crown is the Formula 1 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix. Held annually at the state-of-the-art Bahrain International Circuit (BIC) in Sakhir, this event attracts a massive global audience and has firmly placed the kingdom on the international motorsport map. The BIC, famous for being the first Grand Prix circuit in the Middle East and for its spectacular night race, also hosts other major motorsport events throughout the year, including endurance racing and drag racing, catering to a fervent local and regional fanbase. Football (soccer) is the most popular team sport and enjoys a widespread and passionate following. The Bahraini Premier League is the top professional league in the country, and local clubs have dedicated supporters. The national team’s performance in regional and international competitions, such as the AFC Asian Cup and the Arabian Gulf Cup, is a source of immense national pride, uniting the country in support of its players. Equestrian sports are deeply embedded in Bahraini culture and heritage. The Arabian horse is a symbol of pride, and horse racing is a popular spectator sport, with regular race meetings held at the Rashid Equestrian and Horseracing Club. Endurance horse racing, a challenging sport that tests the stamina of both horse and rider over long distances in the desert, is another area where Bahrain has achieved significant international success. The country’s island geography and warm waters make it an ideal location for a wide variety of water sports. Sailing, jet-skiing, fishing, and scuba diving are popular recreational activities. The clear waters of the Persian Gulf offer excellent opportunities for diving, with attractions including natural reefs, shipwrecks, and even a submerged Boeing 747 airplane, which forms part of an underwater theme park designed to promote marine biodiversity. In recent years, there has been a significant push to promote a wider range of sports and recreational activities among the public. The country has seen a surge in the popularity of sports like basketball, handball, and volleyball. The government and various organizations are also promoting fitness and wellness, with numerous gyms, fitness centers, and public parks with running tracks and outdoor exercise equipment becoming available. The annual IRONMAN 70.3 Middle East Championship, held in Bahrain, attracts triathletes from around the world and highlights the kingdom’s growing commitment to endurance sports. This dynamic blend of high-octane international events and community-focused recreational activities ensures that sports play a vital and vibrant role in Bahraini society.

32) Environmental Concerns

The Kingdom of Bahrain, like many nations in the arid Gulf region, faces a unique and pressing set of environmental challenges. As a small, densely populated island nation with limited natural resources, Bahrain is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, water scarcity, and habitat loss. The government and various environmental organizations are increasingly focused on addressing these issues, striving to balance rapid economic development with the crucial need for environmental sustainability. Water scarcity is arguably the most significant environmental concern for Bahrain. The country has one of the lowest levels of renewable freshwater resources per capita in the world. Its historical reliance on natural aquifers has led to severe depletion and increased salinity due to seawater intrusion. To meet the demands of its growing population and industries, Bahrain is now heavily dependent on energy-intensive desalination plants. This creates a challenging cycle, as the desalination process itself consumes large amounts of fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, water conservation, wastewater treatment and reuse, and the development of more sustainable desalination technologies are critical national priorities. As a low-lying archipelago, Bahrain is extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly sea-level rise. A significant portion of the country’s coastline, which hosts most of its population, critical infrastructure, and economic activity, is at risk of inundation in the coming decades. This threat necessitates significant investment in coastal protection and climate adaptation strategies. The kingdom is also committed to climate change mitigation and has set targets to reduce its carbon emissions by promoting energy efficiency and investing in renewable energy, particularly solar power. Land reclamation has been a key strategy for increasing Bahrain’s small landmass to accommodate its growth. However, these large-scale dredging and infilling projects have had a significant impact on the marine environment. They have led to the destruction of vital coastal habitats such as seagrass beds and coral reefs, which are crucial for marine biodiversity and serve as nurseries for many fish species. This has, in turn, affected local fisheries. The government now requires more stringent Environmental Impact Assessments for such projects and is engaged in efforts to restore marine habitats, including the creation of artificial reefs. Waste management is another pressing issue for a country with high consumption rates and limited landfill space. The government is actively promoting a culture of recycling and is exploring waste-to-energy technologies to manage municipal and industrial waste more sustainably. The protection of Bahrain’s unique biodiversity is also a concern. The desert and marine ecosystems are home to a number of specialized species. The government has established several protected areas, such as the Al Areen Wildlife Park and the Hawar Islands, which are a haven for migratory birds like the Socotra cormorant. Through a combination of policy-making, technological investment, and public awareness campaigns, Bahrain is working to navigate its complex environmental challenges and forge a more sustainable path for the future.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in the Kingdom of Bahrain are deeply rooted in Islamic traditions and the strong cultural value placed on family. While the process is evolving with the influences of globalization and modernity, the core principles of family involvement, religious sanctity, and community celebration remain central to the institution of marriage. The family is the fundamental unit of Bahraini society, and as such, it plays a pivotal role in the courtship and marriage process. Traditionally, marriages were often arranged by families, who would seek suitable partners for their children based on compatibility in terms of religious piety, social standing, and family background. While fully arranged marriages are less common today, especially in urban areas, the concept of family approval remains paramount. Young people have more freedom to choose their own partners, whom they might meet at university, work, or through mutual acquaintances, but the relationship typically becomes official only after the families have met and given their consent. The courtship period is generally conservative and discreet. Public dating in the Western sense is not common. Instead, once families are involved and have approved of the match, the couple may get to know each other through chaperoned meetings or family gatherings. This process respects Islamic principles of modesty and ensures that the relationship develops with the intention of marriage. The official marriage process begins with the “Milcha,” which is the signing of the marriage contract. This is a legal and religious ceremony, often conducted by a Sharia judge or a qualified religious scholar (*sheikh*), and is attended by the couple and their close male relatives. This event legally and islamically unites the couple, though they typically do not live together until after the main wedding celebration. The wedding celebration, or “Urs,” is the highlight of the marriage process. Bahraini weddings are often lavish, multi-day affairs that involve the entire community. There are traditionally separate celebrations for the bride and groom. The bride’s celebration, often called the “Henna” party, takes place a few days before the main reception. It is an all-female gathering where the bride’s hands and feet are adorned with intricate henna designs, and her friends and family celebrate with music, dancing, and food. The groom also has his own gatherings with male friends and family. The main wedding reception is a grand event, often held in a large hotel ballroom or a dedicated wedding hall. It is a joyous celebration with opulent decorations, a feast of traditional Bahraini food, and music. While some modern weddings have a mixed-gender reception, many still follow the tradition of having separate halls for male and female guests. Following the wedding, the couple embarks on their new life together, with the strong support network of their extended families playing a continuous role. While coexisting with these traditions, modern Bahrain also sees a variety of approaches to relationships, especially within its large expatriate community, contributing to a diverse and evolving social fabric around marriage and family life.

34) Work Opportunities

The Kingdom of Bahrain offers a dynamic and attractive labor market for both its citizens and a large expatriate workforce. Its strategic location, liberal business environment, and ongoing efforts to diversify its economy away from hydrocarbons have created a wide range of work opportunities across various sectors. The government’s proactive policies, managed by entities like the Labour Market Regulatory Authority (LMRA) and the Tamkeen labor fund, aim to regulate the market, protect workers’ rights, and enhance the skills of the national workforce. For foreign professionals, Bahrain is often seen as a welcoming and relatively easy place to work in the Gulf region. The financial services sector has long been a cornerstone of the Bahraini economy and continues to be a major employer. The kingdom is a well-established hub for both conventional and Islamic banking, as well as insurance and asset management. This sector offers opportunities for experienced professionals in areas such as finance, accounting, risk management, and increasingly, financial technology (FinTech), as Bahrain positions itself as a regional leader in this innovative space. The oil and gas industry, while no longer the sole driver of the economy, remains a significant source of employment, particularly for engineers, geoscientists, and specialized technicians. The discovery of new offshore resources is expected to create further opportunities in this sector in the coming years. Reflecting the government’s diversification strategy, other sectors are experiencing rapid growth. The tourism and hospitality industry is expanding, with new hotels, resorts, and attractions creating demand for a range of professionals, from hotel management to customer service staff. The logistics and transportation sector is also booming, leveraging Bahrain’s strategic location and excellent infrastructure, including the Bahrain International Airport and the Khalifa Bin Salman Port. There is a growing demand for experts in supply chain management, logistics, and aviation. The technology sector is another key area of growth. The government is actively promoting Bahrain as a regional tech hub, attracting startups and established tech companies with a favorable regulatory environment and a skilled, bilingual workforce. This creates opportunities for software developers, IT project managers, cybersecurity specialists, and digital marketing professionals. To work in Bahrain, expatriates must obtain a work visa and residence permit, which is typically sponsored by their employer. The LMRA has streamlined this process, making it more transparent and efficient than in many other countries. The “Flexi Permit” offers a degree of flexibility for certain categories of foreign workers, allowing them to work without being tied to a single sponsor. The government is also heavily invested in “Bahrainization,” a policy aimed at increasing the employment of Bahraini citizens in the private sector. Companies are encouraged, and in some cases required, to hire and train local talent. This means that while opportunities for expats are plentiful, there is also a strong emphasis on knowledge transfer and developing the local workforce. Overall, Bahrain’s open economy, high quality of life, and multicultural environment make it a compelling destination for professionals seeking career opportunities in the Middle East.

35) Education

The education system in the Kingdom of Bahrain is a cornerstone of its national development and has a long and distinguished history in the Gulf region. Bahrain was a pioneer in public education in the Arabian Peninsula, establishing the first public school for boys in 1919 and the first for girls in 1928. Today, the country boasts a comprehensive and high-quality education system that is free for all Bahraini citizens at the public level and is overseen by the Ministry of Education. The system is structured to provide a solid foundation for all students and to align with the kingdom’s long-term economic goals as outlined in its Vision 2030. The educational journey begins with pre-primary education, which is widely available through private kindergartens. Formal, compulsory education starts at the primary level for children at age six. The primary cycle lasts for six years and focuses on providing students with fundamental skills in Arabic, English, mathematics, and science, as well as Islamic studies and social studies. Following the primary level, students move on to three years of intermediate education. The curriculum at this stage becomes more specialized, building upon the foundational knowledge acquired in primary school and preparing students for the secondary level. English language instruction is a key component throughout the Bahraini education system, reflecting the country’s status as an international business hub and ensuring that students are equipped with bilingual skills. Upon completing intermediate education, students enter the secondary level for another three years. At this stage, the system diversifies, and students can choose between two main tracks: a general academic stream or a technical and vocational stream. The general stream prepares students for university education, while the technical and vocational stream, offered at specialized schools, provides practical training in fields such as commerce, industry, and hospitality, preparing students for direct entry into the workforce. In recent years, Bahrain has placed a significant emphasis on improving the quality of its education system. The Bahrain Quality Assurance Authority for Education and Training (BQA) was established to monitor and evaluate the performance of all educational institutions, from kindergartens to universities, to ensure they meet high standards. The government is also focused on integrating technology into the classroom through initiatives like the Digital Empowerment in Education project, which aims to enhance learning through modern ICT tools. In addition to the public school system, Bahrain has a large and thriving private education sector. There are numerous private and international schools that offer a variety of curricula, including the British GCSE and A-Levels, the American High School Diploma, and the International Baccalaureate (IB). These schools cater to both the large expatriate community and many Bahraini families seeking alternative educational options. For higher education, the University of Bahrain is the country’s premier public university, offering a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs. There are also several private universities and colleges, some of which are affiliated with international institutions, providing further options for tertiary education within the kingdom.

36) Communication & Connectivity

The Kingdom of Bahrain boasts one of the most advanced and liberalized communication and connectivity infrastructures in the Middle East. The government’s forward-thinking policies have fostered a highly competitive and innovative telecommunications market, resulting in excellent service quality, extensive network coverage, and high penetration rates for mobile and internet services. This robust digital foundation is a critical enabler of Bahrain’s ambition to be a leading regional hub for business, finance, and technology. The telecommunications sector was liberalized early on, leading to a dynamic market with several key players competing for customers. Major providers include the Bahrain Telecommunications Company (Batelco), the historical incumbent provider, as well as Zain and STC Bahrain. This competition has driven down prices and spurred investment in next-generation technologies, benefiting both consumers and businesses. Mobile phone penetration in Bahrain is among the highest in the world, with the number of subscriptions often exceeding the total population. The country has comprehensive 4G LTE coverage, providing reliable high-speed mobile data access across the archipelago. Bahrain was also a global pioneer in the rollout of 5G technology, with all three major operators launching commercial 5G services early on. This has resulted in widespread 5G availability, offering ultra-fast speeds and low latency that support a new wave of digital services and applications, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart city initiatives. Internet connectivity is equally impressive. A vast majority of the population are active internet users, with high-speed broadband services widely available through fiber optics and mobile networks. The government has actively promoted digital literacy and access, ensuring that the benefits of the digital economy are widely distributed. Public Wi-Fi is also increasingly common in public spaces, shopping malls, cafes, and transportation hubs, making it easy for residents and visitors to stay connected. The media landscape in Bahrain is diverse, with a mix of state-run and privately-owned outlets. The Bahrain News Agency (BNA) is the official state news service. There are several daily newspapers published in both Arabic and English, such as the *Gulf Daily News* and *Al-Ayam*. Television and radio broadcasting are managed by the Ministry of Information Affairs, which operates several national channels. Satellite television is also extremely popular, providing access to a vast array of international channels. While the constitution provides for freedom of the press, the media operates within certain legal boundaries, and content is monitored by the authorities. The government is also a strong proponent of e-government services. Through its national e-government portal, it offers a vast range of digital services to citizens, residents, and businesses, from renewing passports and paying utility bills to registering a company. This commitment to digital transformation, underpinned by a world-class communication infrastructure, is central to Bahrain’s vision for a modern, efficient, and connected society.

37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Kingdom of Bahrain are a rich and evocative representation of the nation’s identity, history, and cultural values. These symbols reflect the kingdom’s sovereignty, its Islamic heritage, its unique geography, and the aspirations of its people. They are a source of national pride and are prominently displayed during national celebrations and official events.

Symbol	Description
National Flag	The flag of Bahrain is distinctive and symbolic. It features a white band on the left, separated from a larger red area on the right by five white triangles that form a serrated line. The red color is the traditional color of the Kharijite sect of Islam and is common among the flags of the Persian Gulf states. The white band represents peace. The five triangles were added to symbolize the five pillars of Islam after Bahrain became an independent kingdom.
Coat of Arms	The coat of arms of Bahrain was designed in the 1930s by the British advisor Charles Belgrave. It consists of a shield that mirrors the design of the national flag. Above the shield is a decorative mantling of red and white, which represents the monarchy. The design is simple yet powerful, embodying the key elements of the national flag within a traditional heraldic emblem.
National Anthem	The national anthem of Bahrain is “Bahrainona” (Our Bahrain). The melody was composed in 1971 upon the country’s independence, and the current lyrics were adopted in 2002 when Bahrain was declared a kingdom. The anthem is a patriotic tribute to the nation, praising its land, its heritage, and its king, and expressing a commitment to its future glory and progress.
National Bird	The White-cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) is considered the national bird of Bahrain. This small, social bird is a common sight in the gardens and farms of the kingdom. It is known for its cheerful and lively calls, and its adaptability to human environments makes it a familiar and beloved part of Bahrain’s natural fauna.
National Tree	The Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is unofficially regarded as the national tree of Bahrain. For millennia, the date palm has been a vital source of food, shelter, and materials in the region. Its ability to thrive in the arid desert climate symbolizes resilience and life. The lone, ancient “Tree of Life” (Shajarat-al-Hayat) in the southern desert is a famous national icon, embodying this spirit of survival.
National Animal	The Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) is often cited as the national animal of Bahrain. This elegant desert antelope is perfectly adapted to the harsh desert environment. It was once hunted to near extinction in the wild but has been successfully reintroduced through conservation efforts, including those at the Al Areen Wildlife Park in Bahrain. It symbolizes the beauty and fragility of the desert ecosystem.

38) Tourism

Tourism in the Kingdom of Bahrain is a vibrant and rapidly expanding sector, a key pillar in the country’s strategy to diversify its economy beyond oil and gas. Leveraging its unique blend of ancient history and modern attractions, along with its welcoming culture and strategic location, Bahrain has successfully positioned itself as a compelling destination for travelers from the Gulf region and beyond. The government, through the Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority (BTEA), is actively promoting the kingdom’s attractions and investing in new infrastructure to enhance the visitor experience. One of Bahrain’s greatest tourism assets is its rich and tangible history. The country is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Qal’at al-Bahrain (the Bahrain Fort) is a magnificent archaeological site that reveals layers of continuous human occupation over 4,000 years, from the ancient Dilmun civilization to the Portuguese era. The Bahrain Pearling Path, located in the old city of Muharraq, is a unique testimony to the island’s pearling heritage, which was the backbone of its economy for centuries. The trail includes historic merchant houses, warehouses, and dhow boatyards. The Bahrain National Museum offers a superb introduction to this history, with beautifully curated exhibits on Dilmun, traditional life, and local crafts. For those interested in modern attractions, Bahrain offers a host of exciting experiences. The undisputed highlight is the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, which hosts the annual Formula 1 Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix. This world-class event draws motorsport enthusiasts from across the globe and creates a festival-like atmosphere throughout the kingdom. The capital, Manama, offers a dynamic mix of the old and the new. Visitors can wander through the bustling alleys of the Manama Souq, a traditional market where they can buy everything from spices and textiles to local handicrafts, or they can explore the city’s modern shopping malls, which feature international brands and entertainment complexes. The Al-Fateh Grand Mosque is another must-see landmark, an architectural marvel that can accommodate thousands of worshippers and offers guided tours for non-Muslims. Bahrain’s island setting also provides opportunities for recreation and relaxation. The kingdom is developing a number of luxury beach resorts and waterfront destinations, such as the Durrat Al Bahrain. Water sports, including sailing, jet-skiing, and diving, are popular activities. The recent addition of an underwater theme park, featuring a submerged Boeing 747, has created a unique attraction for scuba divers. The country’s culinary scene is another major draw, offering a diverse array of options from traditional Bahraini cuisine to high-end international restaurants. With its easy accessibility, particularly for visitors from Saudi Arabia via the King Fahd Causeway, and a reputation for being a relatively liberal and welcoming Gulf nation, Bahrain continues to grow as a preferred destination for weekend getaways, family vacations, and cultural exploration.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

The Kingdom of Bahrain has a relatively open and straightforward visa policy, designed to encourage tourism and business travel. The government has implemented a streamlined electronic visa (eVisa) system, making it convenient for travelers from many countries to obtain the necessary entry permits before their trip. However, requirements vary depending on the traveler’s nationality, so it is crucial to check the most current regulations before planning a visit. Citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations—Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates—do not require a visa to enter Bahrain. They can enter using their national ID cards and can stay and work in the country without restriction, under the freedom of movement agreements of the GCC. For many other nationalities, visas are required but can often be obtained either on arrival or through the user-friendly eVisa portal. Citizens of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and most European Union countries are eligible for a visa on arrival at Bahrain International Airport and other ports of entry. This visa is typically valid for a short stay and can often be extended. Alternatively, and to ensure a smoother entry process, travelers from these and many other eligible countries can apply for an eVisa in advance through the official government website. The eVisa system allows applicants to complete the form, upload the necessary documents, and pay the fee online. The approval is usually sent via email within a few days. The required documents for an eVisa or visa on arrival typically include a passport with at least six months of validity from the date of entry, a confirmed return or onward ticket, and in some cases, proof of sufficient funds or a hotel booking. It is important to note that the purpose of the visit must be tourism or short-term business. For employment or longer stays, a different type of visa sponsored by an employer or a Bahraini entity is required. Travelers from countries not on the visa-on-arrival or eVisa lists must obtain a visa in advance from a Bahraini embassy or consulate in their country of residence. This process usually requires a sponsor in Bahrain, such as a hotel, a tour operator, or a business contact, to initiate the application on the traveler’s behalf. Bahrain also has specific provisions for visitors traveling across the King Fahd Causeway from Saudi Arabia. Many nationalities can obtain a visa at the causeway’s entry point. There are also special considerations for holders of diplomatic or official passports. Given that visa policies can be updated, all travelers are strongly advised to consult the official Kingdom of Bahrain eVisa website (www.evisa.gov.bh) or contact their nearest Bahraini embassy for the most accurate and up-to-date information before making any travel arrangements. This will ensure a hassle-free entry into this welcoming and historic kingdom.

40) Useful Resources

To make the most of your visit to the Kingdom of Bahrain, it is highly recommended to consult a range of official and reliable resources. These platforms provide a wealth of up-to-date information on attractions, events, visa requirements, and practical tips for navigating the country. Having access to these resources will help you plan a smooth, enjoyable, and enriching trip. The most important starting point for any tourist is the official website of the **Bahrain Tourism and Exhibitions Authority (BTEA)**, which can be found at **bahrain.com**. This comprehensive portal is your go-to guide for everything tourism-related. It features detailed information on historical sites, modern attractions, accommodation options, dining, and shopping. The website also has a regularly updated events calendar, so you can check for festivals, exhibitions, or concerts happening during your stay. It is an invaluable tool for discovering what the kingdom has to offer and for building a personalized itinerary. For all official visa and immigration inquiries, the definitive source is the **Kingdom of Bahrain’s eVisa System website (evisa.gov.bh)**. Here, you can check your eligibility for an eVisa or visa on arrival, apply for an eVisa online, and find detailed information on the required documentation and fees. It is crucial to use this official government site to avoid misinformation and to ensure a smooth entry into the country. The **Bahrain News Agency (bna.bh)** is the official state news agency and a good resource for staying informed about current events, official announcements, and developments within the kingdom. It is available in both Arabic and English. For a broader perspective on local news and culture, English-language newspapers like the **Gulf Daily News (gdnonline.com)** and **The Daily Tribune (newsofbahrain.com)** are excellent resources. They provide insights into daily life, business news, and community events. For navigating the country, transportation apps like Uber and Careem are widely used and reliable. For information on public transport, the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications website provides details on bus routes and schedules. When you arrive in Bahrain, the **Bahrain International Airport (bahrainairport.bh)** website offers useful information on airport facilities, transportation options from the airport, and passenger services. Finally, once you are in the country, the friendly staff at hotel concierge desks and official tourist information centers are excellent sources of on-the-ground advice, maps, and recommendations. By utilizing these trusted resources, you can plan your trip with confidence and fully immerse yourself in the unique culture and hospitality of Bahrain.