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July 17, 2025

Burkina Faso Travel Guide

🇧🇫 Burkina Faso Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of Burkina Faso is a compelling narrative of ancient empires, colonial transformation, revolutionary fervour, and a contemporary struggle for stability and identity in the heart of West Africa. The land, long known as the “Land of the Upright People,” has a deep and rich past that predates its modern borders. Archaeological evidence points to early human settlement in the northwestern part of the country as far back as 14,000 BC. By the first millennium, settled agricultural communities had emerged, with the Dogon people leaving their mark on the cliffs of the southwest before migrating towards the Bandiagara Escarpment in present-day Mali. The most significant political entities to shape the region’s pre-colonial history were the powerful Mossi Kingdoms. According to oral tradition, these kingdoms were founded in the 15th century by the legendary warrior princess Yennenga and her son Ouedraogo. The Mossi Kingdoms, particularly Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga, established a highly structured, hierarchical society with a strong equestrian tradition. They successfully resisted invasion attempts from the great empires of the Sahel, such as the Mali and Songhai Empires, and maintained their distinct cultural and political identity for centuries, creating a legacy of stability and tradition that still influences the country’s social fabric today.

The late 19th century brought the dramatic upheaval of European colonialism. The French, expanding their control over what would become French West Africa, launched a campaign to conquer the Mossi Kingdoms and other local groups, finally capturing the capital, Ouagadougou, in 1896. In 1919, the French carved out a new colony from parts of Upper Senegal and Niger, naming it Upper Volta after the three Volta rivers that rise within its territory. The colony’s borders were drawn with little regard for the existing ethnic and political realities, and its economy was oriented towards serving French interests, primarily as a source of labour for plantations in neighbouring Côte d’Ivoire. After decades of French rule, Upper Volta gained its independence on August 5, 1960, with Maurice Yaméogo as its first president. The post-independence period was marked by a series of military coups and political instability, a common pattern in the region. The most transformative period in the country’s modern history began in 1983 with the rise of the charismatic and revolutionary military captain, Thomas Sankara. Sankara was a pan-Africanist, Marxist-inspired leader who sought to radically transform the country’s society and economy. He initiated ambitious programs focused on self-sufficiency, anti-corruption, land reform, and public health, famously implementing mass vaccination campaigns. In 1984, he renamed the country Burkina Faso, a name composed of words from two of the country’s major languages, meaning “Land of the Upright People” or “Land of Incorruptible People,” a powerful symbol of his revolutionary ideals.

Sankara’s revolutionary government was overthrown in a 1987 coup led by his close associate, Blaise Compaoré, in which Sankara was assassinated. Compaoré went on to rule the country for 27 years, gradually moving away from Sankara’s revolutionary policies towards a more authoritarian and economically liberal model, while maintaining close ties with France and other Western powers. His long rule provided a period of relative stability but was also characterized by political repression and limited democratic space. In 2014, a massive popular uprising, fueled by Compaoré’s attempt to amend the constitution to extend his rule, forced him to resign and flee the country. This event, known as the Burkinabè Uprising, ushered in a period of democratic transition. However, this newfound hope has been overshadowed in recent years by a severe and escalating security crisis. A jihadist insurgency, spilling over from neighboring Mali and Niger, has destabilized large parts of the country, leading to a major humanitarian crisis and a series of military coups in 2022. Burkina Faso is now under a transitional military government, grappling with the immense challenge of restoring security and navigating a path back to a stable, democratic future.

22) Geography

The geography of Burkina Faso is quintessentially West African, a landlocked nation defined by its vast, gently undulating plateau and its position within the transitional zone of the Sahel. Situated in the heart of the region, it is bordered by six countries: Mali to the north and west, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, and Togo, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire to the south. This location at a continental crossroads, with no direct access to the sea, has profoundly shaped its climate, its culture, and its economic fortunes. The country’s landscape is largely a vast, flat to gently rolling savanna plateau, with an average elevation between 200 and 500 meters above sea level. This plateau is part of the larger West African craton, an ancient and stable geological formation. The terrain is occasionally broken by isolated hills and small massifs, which are the last remnants of a Precambrian mountain range. The most striking of these geological features are the Sindou Peaks in the far southwest, a series of dramatic, weathered sandstone formations that rise sharply from the surrounding plain, and the stunning cliffs of the Falaise de Banfora, a sandstone escarpment that is home to picturesque waterfalls. This generally flat topography makes the country relatively easy to traverse, but also leaves it exposed to the climatic influences of the Sahara Desert to the north.

The country’s name, both its former colonial name, Upper Volta, and its current name, is closely tied to its hydrography. Burkina Faso is the source of three major rivers that make up the Volta River system: the Mouhoun (formerly the Black Volta), the Nadiagouali (formerly the White Volta), and the Nazinon (formerly the Red Volta). These rivers flow southward to converge in neighboring Ghana, where they form Lake Volta, one of the world’s largest man-made lakes. These rivers and their tributaries are a vital source of water for agriculture and daily life, though many of them are seasonal, swelling during the rainy season and shrinking to a trickle during the long dry season. The country also has numerous lakes and marshes, such as Lake Tengrela near Banfora, famous for its resident hippos. The climate of Burkina Faso is tropical, with two distinct seasons: a rainy season from approximately May to September and a long, hot dry season from October to April. The country lies within the Sahel, a semi-arid belt that stretches across Africa south of the Sahara Desert. This means that rainfall is often unreliable and varies significantly from the more humid south, which receives more precipitation, to the arid north, which borders the desert. During the dry season, a hot, dust-laden wind known as the Harmattan blows in from the Sahara, blanketing the country in a fine haze and bringing cooler nights.

This climate dictates the country’s vegetation, which is predominantly savanna. The south is characterized by wooded savanna, with a greater density of trees and shrubs, including valuable species like the shea tree and the baobab. As one moves north, the landscape becomes progressively drier, transitioning into open grassland and then into a semi-desert Sahelian scrubland in the extreme north. This natural environment supports a diverse range of wildlife, although populations of large mammals have been significantly reduced outside of protected areas. National parks and reserves, such as the Arli National Park and the W National Park (a UNESCO World Heritage site shared with Niger and Benin), are crucial refuges for species like elephants, lions, leopards, and a wide variety of antelopes and birds. The geography of Burkina Faso is thus a delicate and challenging environment, one that has shaped a resilient people who have learned to live in harmony with the rhythms of the savanna and the uncertainties of the Sahel.

23) Politics and Government

The political and governmental landscape of Burkina Faso is currently in a state of profound transition and crisis, a situation that has dramatically altered the country’s governance framework in recent years. Historically, since the popular uprising of 2014 that ousted long-time president Blaise Compaoré, the country had been on a fragile path toward democratic consolidation. It had adopted a semi-presidential republic model based on the constitution of 1991. However, this democratic experiment has been completely upended by a severe and escalating security crisis, which has led to two military coups in 2022 and the suspension of the normal constitutional order. As a result, Burkina Faso is currently governed by a transitional military junta, officially known as the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (MPSR), led by a transitional president. Under the now-suspended constitution, the President of the Republic was the head of state, elected by popular vote for a five-year term, and was responsible for appointing the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister was the head of government and led the Council of Ministers, which exercised executive power. The legislative branch was the unicameral National Assembly (*Assemblée Nationale*), with 127 members elected for five-year terms. This system, however, proved unable to cope with the immense pressure of a spreading jihadist insurgency that has engulfed large parts of the country since 2015. The failure of the democratically elected government to contain the violence and to protect its citizens led to widespread public discontent and loss of faith in the political establishment.

This frustration culminated in a military coup in January 2022, which overthrew the elected president, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré. The military leaders suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. This was followed by a second coup in September 2022, which saw a young army captain, Ibrahim Traoré, take power, promising a more determined and effective approach to fighting the insurgency. Since then, the country has been under a transitional military government. A Transitional Charter has been adopted to serve as a guiding legal document during this period, and a Transitional Legislative Assembly, with members appointed from various sectors of society including the security forces, has been established to act as a legislative body. The stated goal of the transitional government is to restore security throughout the country and to organize a return to constitutional rule through democratic elections at the end of the transition period. The current political situation is therefore highly fluid and dominated by the security imperative. The government’s primary focus is on the “war against terrorism,” and it has undertaken a massive recruitment drive for civilian volunteers to support the army (Volunteers for the Defense of the Fatherland – VDP). The political space has been significantly curtailed, with political party activities suspended. The government has also taken a more assertive and nationalistic stance in its foreign policy, distancing itself from its traditional partner, France, and seeking new security alliances with other countries.

The governance of the country is thus characterized by a highly centralized, military-led administration. The Transitional President holds supreme authority, and the government is composed of both military officers and civilian technocrats. The main challenge for this government is immense: to reverse the tide of the insurgency that now controls vast areas of the country, to address a catastrophic humanitarian crisis with millions of internally displaced people, and to eventually steer the nation back towards a stable and democratic form of government. The future of the political system in Burkina Faso remains highly uncertain and will be determined by the success or failure of its efforts to overcome the existential security threat it currently faces.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Burkina Faso is based on the civil law tradition, a direct legacy of its colonial history as part of French West Africa. This means that the primary source of law is a comprehensive set of written codes, including a civil code, a penal code, and a code of criminal procedure, which are systematically organized and are intended to provide a clear and accessible legal framework. This codified system is distinct from the common law tradition, which relies on judicial precedent. In addition to this formal, state-based legal system, customary law still plays a significant and often primary role in resolving disputes in many rural areas, particularly in matters of family law, inheritance, and land tenure. The constitution of 1991, which is currently suspended following the military coups of 2022, is the supreme law of the land and guarantees fundamental human rights and the principle of an independent judiciary. The judicial system is structured in a hierarchical manner. At the base are the local courts and magistrates’ courts, which handle minor civil and criminal cases. Above them are the High Courts (*Tribunaux de Grande Instance*), which have jurisdiction over more serious matters. There are also specialized courts, such as commercial courts and labor courts. The appellate system consists of the Courts of Appeal, and the highest court in the ordinary judicial system is the Court of Cassation (*Cour de Cassation*), which is the final court of appeal for civil and criminal cases. There is also a Constitutional Council, which is responsible for reviewing the constitutionality of laws, and a Council of State (*Conseil d’État*), which is the highest court for administrative law.

However, the entire legal and judicial system faces profound and systemic challenges. The judiciary has long struggled with a lack of resources, insufficient numbers of trained personnel, and widespread corruption, all of which undermine its independence and the public’s trust in the rule of law. Access to formal justice is particularly difficult for people in rural areas, who often have to travel long distances to reach a courthouse and may find the procedures complex and expensive. This is why many people continue to rely on traditional chiefs and elders to resolve their disputes through customary law. The criminal justice system is under immense strain due to the escalating security crisis that has engulfed the country. The formal justice system has completely collapsed in the vast areas of the country that are now under the control of jihadist insurgents and other armed groups. In these areas, there are no police, no prosecutors, and no courts, creating a vacuum of law and order where civilians are extremely vulnerable to violence and abuse. Even in government-controlled areas, the security forces are overwhelmed by the fight against the insurgency, which limits their capacity to deal with ordinary crime. Law enforcement is the responsibility of the National Gendarmerie, which is a military force with police duties, and the National Police. These forces have been at the forefront of the fight against terrorism but have also been accused by human rights organizations of committing abuses against civilians.

For foreign visitors, the security situation is the most critical legal and practical concern. Many Western governments have issued “Do Not Travel” advisories for the entire country due to the high risk of terrorism, kidnapping, and violent crime. The state of emergency that is often in effect in many regions gives the security forces broad powers of search and detention. The criminal justice system is slow, and pre-trial detention can be lengthy. It is imperative for any visitor to be aware of the extreme security risks, to follow the advice of their government, and to understand that the reach and effectiveness of the formal legal system are severely limited, particularly outside of the capital, Ouagadougou. The current environment is one where personal security cannot be guaranteed, and the rule of law is under severe threat from the ongoing conflict.

25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of Burkina Faso has undergone a radical and dramatic transformation in recent years, a direct consequence of the escalating security crisis and the military coups of 2022. Historically, since its independence, the country had maintained a pragmatic and generally pro-Western foreign policy, with a particularly strong and deep-rooted relationship with its former colonial power, France. This traditional alignment has been completely overturned by the current transitional military government, which has pursued a new, assertive, and nationalistic foreign policy agenda. This new diplomatic posture is characterized by a definitive break with France, a strategic pivot towards new security partners, including Russia, and the formation of a new regional alliance with other West African states under military rule. The cornerstone of this new foreign policy is the definitive rupture with France. The transitional government has openly accused France of failing to effectively support the country in its fight against jihadist terrorism and of pursuing neo-colonial interests. This has led to a series of unprecedented actions, including the demand for the withdrawal of all French troops from Burkinabè soil, the expulsion of the French ambassador, and the suspension of the broadcasting of French state-funded news outlets like RFI and France 24. This break marks the end of a decades-long era of close political, military, and cultural cooperation and reflects a powerful wave of anti-French sentiment that has been growing in the Sahel region, fueled by perceptions that the French military presence has been ineffective and intrusive.

In place of this historical alliance, Burkina Faso has actively sought to diversify its security and political partnerships. The most significant development has been a strategic rapprochement with the Russian Federation. The Burkinabè government has openly expressed its desire for closer military cooperation with Russia, viewing it as a more effective and less politically conditional partner in the fight against terrorism. While the exact nature and extent of this cooperation, including the potential involvement of Russian private military contractors, is often opaque, the shift is clear and represents a major geopolitical realignment in the heart of West Africa. This pivot towards Russia is part of a broader foreign policy reorientation that emphasizes national sovereignty and a rejection of what the government terms “external dictates.” A further key element of this new foreign policy is the creation of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES), a mutual defense pact signed in September 2023 between Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. These three neighboring countries, all of which are currently ruled by military juntas that came to power following coups, have pledged to assist each other in the event of an external military threat or internal rebellion. This alliance represents a new, homegrown security architecture in the Sahel, created in direct opposition to the established regional bloc, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), from which all three countries have announced their withdrawal. The AES signifies a formal break with the traditional regional order and an attempt to forge a new, sovereignist bloc of nations facing similar security challenges.

This new foreign policy direction has significant implications. It has strained relations not only with France but also with other Western partners, such as the United States and the European Union, which have suspended some forms of aid and have called for a swift return to constitutional order. It has also created a major rift within West Africa, pitting the AES countries against the more democratically aligned members of ECOWAS. The foreign policy of Burkina Faso is thus at a historic and volatile crossroads, driven by an existential security crisis and a powerful desire to assert its national sovereignty on the world stage. The long-term consequences of this dramatic diplomatic pivot remain to be seen.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of Burkina Faso is a multi-tiered system designed to manage the country’s governance and public services from the national level down to the most local communities. The country is a unitary state, meaning that ultimate authority rests with the central government in the capital, Ouagadougou. The administrative divisions are the framework through which the state’s authority is exercised and development policies are implemented across its territory. This structure has been in place since a major decentralization reform in the 1990s, and it organizes the country into regions, provinces, and communes. At the highest level, Burkina Faso is divided into 13 regions. These regions were created in 2001 and are the primary administrative units of the country. Each region is headed by a Governor, who is a senior civil servant appointed by the central government. The Governor is the representative of the state in the region and is responsible for coordinating the activities of all government ministries and for overseeing the implementation of national policies. Each region also has a Regional Council, whose members are elected and are responsible for promoting regional development. The 13 regions are: Boucle du Mouhoun, Cascades, Centre, Centre-Est, Centre-Nord, Centre-Ouest, Centre-Sud, Est, Hauts-Bassins, Nord, Plateau-Central, Sahel, and Sud-Ouest. These regions are diverse in their geography, demographics, and economic activities, from the arid Sahel region in the north to the more humid and agricultural Hauts-Bassins region in the west.

The second tier of the administrative structure divides each of the 13 regions into provinces. There are 45 provinces in total across the country. Each province is administered by a High Commissioner (*Haut-Commissaire*), who is also appointed by the central government. The High Commissioner is the state’s representative at the provincial level and is responsible for maintaining public order and coordinating state services within the province. The provinces serve as an important intermediary level of administration, linking the regional governorates with the local communes. The third and most local level of the administrative and political structure consists of the communes. There are over 350 communes in Burkina Faso, which are the basic units of local self-government. The communes are divided into two types: urban communes, which correspond to the country’s cities and larger towns, and rural communes, which are made up of a number of villages. Each commune is led by a Mayor and a Municipal Council, whose members are directly elected by the local population. These local councils have a degree of autonomy and are responsible for managing a range of local public services, including primary education, local health clinics, water supply, and local markets. This system of communes is a key part of the country’s decentralization policy, which aims to give citizens a greater say in their own local development.

However, this entire administrative system is currently facing an unprecedented challenge due to the severe security crisis that has engulfed the country. The escalating violence from jihadist insurgents and other armed groups has led to a collapse of the state’s presence in large parts of the country, particularly in the Sahel, Nord, Centre-Nord, and Est regions. In these areas, government administrators, including governors and high commissioners, have often been forced to flee their posts. Schools have been closed, health centers have been abandoned, and the state is unable to provide basic public services. This has created a massive power vacuum and has rendered the formal administrative divisions meaningless in many parts of the country. The current transitional military government is focused on trying to re-establish state control over these territories and to restore the administrative framework, but this remains an immense and ongoing challenge.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of Burkina Faso is that of a low-income, developing nation, heavily reliant on agriculture and the export of a few key primary commodities. As a landlocked country with a limited industrial base and significant environmental challenges, it faces numerous structural obstacles to economic development. The economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks, such as fluctuations in global commodity prices and the impacts of climate change on its agricultural sector. In recent years, the escalating security crisis has had a devastating impact on the economy, disrupting agriculture, displacing millions of people, and deterring investment, creating a dire economic and humanitarian situation. The agricultural sector is the absolute backbone of the Burkinabè economy. It employs approximately 80% of the population and is the main source of livelihood for the vast majority of families, most of whom are engaged in subsistence farming. The main food crops grown for local consumption include sorghum, millet, maize, and rice. However, the most important agricultural commodity for the economy is cotton. Burkina Faso has traditionally been one of Africa’s top producers and exporters of cotton, which is a crucial source of foreign exchange earnings and a key cash crop for millions of farmers. Another significant agricultural commodity is the shea nut, which is harvested from shea trees that grow wild in the savanna. Shea butter, extracted from the nuts, is a valuable export used in cosmetics and food products. Livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, and goats, is another vital component of the rural economy. However, the entire agricultural sector is extremely vulnerable to the country’s semi-arid climate, recurrent droughts, and the ongoing process of desertification.

In the last two decades, the mining sector has emerged as the most important driver of the formal economy and the country’s leading source of export revenue. The most significant commodity in this sector is gold. Burkina Faso has become one of Africa’s largest gold producers, attracting significant foreign investment in large-scale industrial mining operations. The export of gold has surpassed cotton as the primary source of government revenue and foreign currency. However, the mining sector is also characterized by a huge and largely unregulated artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector. Tens of thousands of people are engaged in this informal mining, often in dangerous conditions. While it provides a vital source of income, the ASM sector is also associated with significant social and environmental problems, including child labor, smuggling, and the use of toxic mercury. The industrial sector in Burkina Faso is very small and is primarily focused on the processing of local agricultural products. This includes cotton ginning, textile production, sugar refining, and the production of beverages and soap. The services sector is growing, particularly in the capital, Ouagadougou, and the second-largest city, Bobo-Dioulasso, but it is largely composed of informal trade and services.

The current security crisis has had a catastrophic effect on all sectors of the economy. The insurgency has deliberately targeted the country’s economic lifelines, attacking mining sites and disrupting agricultural production in vast areas of the country. The displacement of over two million people has created a massive humanitarian crisis and has put an immense strain on public resources. Farmers have been forced to abandon their fields, and trade routes have become insecure. This has led to a sharp decline in agricultural output, increased food insecurity, and a contraction of the economy. The future of the Burkinabè economy is now inextricably linked to the country’s ability to resolve this profound security crisis and to create a safe environment for its people to farm, trade, and invest in their future.

28) Science and Technology

The science and technology sector in Burkina Faso is in a nascent stage of development, facing significant challenges but also holding the key to addressing many of the country’s most pressing issues, from food security to public health. The sector is characterized by a small community of researchers, limited funding and infrastructure, and a focus on applied research that is directly relevant to the needs of this low-income, Sahelian nation. The government has recognized the importance of science and technology for national development, but translating this recognition into a well-funded and effective national innovation system remains a major hurdle. The framework for scientific research is centered around a few key public institutions. The National Center for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST) is the main government body responsible for coordinating and promoting research across the country. It oversees several research institutes that focus on specific national priorities. The most important areas of scientific research are directly linked to the country’s primary economic sector, agriculture. Institutes like the Institute of the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA) are conducting vital work on developing drought-resistant crop varieties, improving soil fertility management techniques, and creating more sustainable and productive farming systems. This research is critical for helping the country adapt to the harsh realities of climate change and for combating desertification and food insecurity. Another crucial area of scientific focus is public health. Research centers in Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso are internationally recognized for their work on major infectious diseases that affect the region, particularly malaria. These centers conduct clinical trials for new drugs and vaccines, research into insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, and work on developing better diagnostic tools. This health research is essential for improving the well-being of the population in a country with a heavy disease burden.

In the field of technology, the most significant and transformative development has been the rapid spread of mobile technology. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector, while still small, is one of the most dynamic areas of the economy. Mobile phones have become an essential tool for communication, business, and accessing information, even in rural areas. Mobile money services have also seen explosive growth, providing millions of people who do not have access to traditional banks with a way to transfer money and pay for goods and services. A small but growing startup scene is emerging in Ouagadougou, with young entrepreneurs developing mobile applications and digital solutions tailored to local needs in areas like agriculture, health, and education. However, the development of a broader science and technology ecosystem is severely constrained by a number of factors. There is a chronic lack of funding for research and development from both the government and the private sector. The country’s universities, such as the University Joseph Ki-Zerbo in Ouagadougou, are the main centers for scientific education, but they often lack modern laboratory equipment and resources. This leads to a significant “brain drain,” with many of the country’s most talented scientists and engineers seeking opportunities to study and work abroad.

The ongoing security crisis has also had a devastating impact on the science and technology sector. The insecurity in large parts of the country makes it impossible to conduct agricultural field research or to implement new technologies in rural areas. The crisis has also diverted scarce government resources away from sectors like education and research and towards military spending. Building a robust science and technology sector is a long-term goal that will require peace and stability, sustained investment in education and infrastructure, and stronger policies to support research and innovation. Despite the immense challenges, the dedicated work of Burkinabè scientists, particularly in the fields of agriculture and health, remains a source of hope for the country’s future.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical spirit of Burkina Faso is a rich and resilient tapestry, woven from the deep roots of its traditional indigenous worldviews and colored by the transformative threads of its revolutionary modern history. It is not a philosophy of abstract, academic discourse but a practical and deeply felt *sagesse* (wisdom) that guides social relations, community life, and the nation’s very sense of self. At its core, the traditional philosophy of the many ethnic groups of Burkina Faso, such as the Mossi, the Gurunsi, and the Lobi, is profoundly communitarian and humanistic. This worldview emphasizes the primacy of the community over the individual. A person’s identity is not defined by their own solitary existence, but by their intricate web of relationships with their family, their lineage, their village, and their ancestors. The well-being of the community is the highest good, and social harmony is maintained through a complex system of mutual obligations and responsibilities. This philosophy is underpinned by a deep respect for elders, who are seen as the living repositories of tradition, wisdom, and the moral compass of the community. This gerontocracy ensures the continuity of cultural values and provides a stable social order. There is also a holistic understanding of the world, where the physical and spiritual realms are in constant interplay. Ancestors are not gone but are believed to be active members of the community, watching over their descendants and deserving of respect through rituals and offerings. This belief system fosters a philosophy of accountability, where one’s actions are judged not just by their immediate consequences but by their impact on the spiritual and social harmony of the community.

This traditional philosophical foundation was radically reinterpreted and projected onto the national stage during the revolutionary era of Thomas Sankara in the 1980s. Sankara was himself a philosopher-leader who sought to forge a new national identity based on a modern, political philosophy of dignity, integrity, and self-reliance. He famously changed the country’s name from the colonial Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, meaning “Land of the Upright People” or “Land of the Incorruptible People.” This act was a powerful philosophical statement, a declaration of a new national ethos. Sankara’s philosophy was a unique blend of pan-Africanism, anti-imperialism, and a deep belief in the potential of his own people. He championed the concept of “producing and consuming Burkinabè,” a philosophy of economic self-sufficiency that encouraged citizens to rely on their own resources and creativity. His famous quote, “Our country produces enough to feed us all… We can’t be the rich country of a poor continent,” encapsulates this philosophy of national pride and responsibility. He sought to create a society free from corruption and neo-colonial dependence, a nation of proud and “upright” citizens. This Sankarist philosophy has had a lasting and profound impact on the national psyche, even decades after his death. The ideals of integrity (*l’intégrité*) and dignity (*la dignité*) are still powerful concepts in the country’s political and social discourse. The popular uprising of 2014 that overthrew President Blaise Compaoré was fueled in large part by a resurgence of these Sankarist ideals, with protesters demanding a return to a more just and dignified form of governance.

In the face of the current security crisis, the Burkinabè philosophy of resilience is being tested as never before. The traditional values of solidarity and community are a crucial source of strength for the millions of people who have been displaced or affected by the violence. There is a quiet but powerful determination to endure, to help one’s neighbor, and to maintain a sense of dignity in the face of immense hardship. This blend of ancient communitarian wisdom, modern revolutionary ideals, and a profound spirit of resilience is what constitutes the unique and enduring philosophical spirit of the Land of the Upright People. It is a philosophy that continues to inspire the struggle for a better, more just, and more sovereign future.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural etiquette of Burkina Faso is key to experiencing the profound hospitality and warmth of its people. Social customs in this West African nation are deeply rooted in traditions that emphasize respect, community, and indirect communication. For a visitor, showing an awareness of these social graces will be deeply appreciated and will open the door to more genuine and meaningful interactions. Greetings are the absolute cornerstone of all social interaction and must never be rushed or omitted. It is considered extremely rude to launch into a conversation or a request without first engaging in a proper and thorough greeting. When approaching a group, you should greet each person individually, starting with the eldest. A gentle handshake is the most common form of greeting, and it is almost always done with the right hand. After shaking hands, it is a common and warm gesture to touch your right hand to your heart. The verbal greeting involves inquiring about the person’s health, their family, their work, and so on. This exchange is not mere pleasantry; it is a vital way of acknowledging the other person’s humanity and showing respect. The right hand holds a special significance in Burkinabè culture, as it does in many parts of Africa. You must always use your right hand to give or receive any item, whether it is money, a gift, or a simple object. Using the left hand for these actions is considered a serious breach of etiquette, as the left hand is traditionally reserved for personal hygiene. Even if you are left-handed, you should make a conscious effort to use your right hand for all social transactions. If your right hand is occupied, it is polite to touch your right elbow with your left hand as you receive an item, to show that you would be using your right hand if you could.

Respect for elders is a fundamental pillar of the culture. Age is equated with wisdom, and elders command a great deal of authority and respect. You should always greet elders first, and in conversation, you should listen attentively and avoid interrupting them. It is also a sign of respect to give up your seat for an older person. When it comes to dress, modesty is highly valued, particularly in rural areas and in the predominantly Muslim north and east. For both men and women, it is advisable to wear clothes that are loose-fitting and that cover the shoulders and knees. While the capital, Ouagadougou, is more cosmopolitan, revealing clothing can attract negative attention and may be seen as disrespectful. People in Burkina Faso take great pride in their appearance and appreciate it when visitors are well-groomed and neatly dressed. Hospitality is a sacred duty, and you will find the people to be incredibly generous. If you are invited to a home for a meal, it is a significant honor. It is customary to bring a small gift for the host family, such as tea, sugar, or fruit. You will likely be offered the best seat and the best portion of the food. It is polite to eat a little of everything you are offered. Again, remember to use your right hand for eating. Food is often shared from a communal bowl, and you should only take food from the section of the bowl that is directly in front of you.

In conversations, communication is often indirect and nuanced. A direct “no” can be seen as confrontational or rude. People may prefer to give a more ambiguous or non-committal answer to a request they cannot fulfill. Patience is a highly valued virtue. The pace of life is slower, and things do not always run on a strict schedule. Getting angry or showing frustration in public is considered a loss of face and is highly counterproductive. A calm, patient, and smiling demeanor will get you much further. Finally, always ask for permission before taking a person’s photograph. It is deeply disrespectful to take someone’s picture without their consent. Many people will be happy to oblige, but it is their right to refuse. By embracing these customs with an open and respectful attitude, you will be able to connect with the incredible dignity and grace of the Burkinabè people.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation in Burkina Faso are a source of great passion and national pride, providing a vital source of entertainment and a powerful sense of unity in a country facing many challenges. The sporting landscape is dominated by a few key disciplines that have captured the hearts of the nation, while traditional sports and recreational activities remain an important part of the country’s rich cultural fabric. Without a doubt, the most popular sport in the country is football (soccer). It is a national obsession that is followed with a fervor that transcends all ethnic and social divides. From the dusty neighborhood pitches of Ouagadougou to the organized matches of the national league, the game is everywhere. The true pinnacle of this passion is the national team, affectionately known as “Les Étalons” (The Stallions). The performance of The Stallions in the Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON) is a matter of immense national importance. During the tournament, the entire country comes to a standstill, with people gathering around televisions in homes, bars, and public spaces to cheer on their heroes. The team’s successes, such as their memorable run to the AFCON final in 2013, have sparked incredible outpourings of national joy and unity, providing a powerful and positive counter-narrative to the country’s political and security struggles. Many Burkinabè players have gone on to have successful careers with major clubs in Europe, and they are celebrated as national icons. Another sport that holds a special place in the hearts of the people is cycling. Burkina Faso hosts one of the most prestigious and challenging cycling races on the African continent, the Tour du Faso. This multi-stage road race, first held in 1987, attracts teams from across Africa and Europe. For the ten days of the race, the Tour du Faso becomes a major national event, with huge crowds lining the roads in towns and villages to cheer on the riders as they battle the heat and the challenging terrain. The race is a powerful symbol of endurance and national pride, and its champions are revered throughout the country.

In addition to these modern sports, traditional sports and games are an important part of the country’s cultural heritage. Traditional wrestling (*lutte traditionnelle*) is a popular activity, particularly in rural communities. These wrestling matches are often held during local festivals and are a test of strength and skill, accompanied by the lively sound of drums and the cheers of the community. These events are not just athletic competitions but are also important social gatherings that reinforce community bonds. In terms of recreation, the opportunities are often simple and community-oriented. In the cities, people gather in public spaces in the cooler evening hours to socialize, play cards, or play checkers. Music and dance are also a central part of recreation and social life, with traditional and modern music being a constant feature of any celebration or gathering.

However, the opportunities for both organized sports and informal recreation have been severely impacted by the escalating security crisis that has engulfed large parts of the country. The insecurity in many regions makes it impossible to organize sporting events or for people to gather safely. The Tour du Faso, for example, has had to be cancelled or modified in recent years due to the security risks along its traditional route. The conflict has also displaced millions of people, disrupting community life and limiting access to the safe spaces needed for recreation and play. In these difficult times, the unifying power of sport, and the hope and joy that it can bring, are more important than ever for the resilient people of Burkina Faso.

32) Environmental Concerns

Burkina Faso faces a set of profound and interconnected environmental challenges that pose a direct threat to the livelihoods of its people and the future of the nation. As a landlocked country situated in the heart of the semi-arid Sahel region, it is on the front lines of the global climate crisis. The primary and most overarching environmental concern is desertification. This is the process by which fertile land is progressively degraded and turns into desert, and it is a creeping and relentless threat to the country’s agricultural heartland. This process is driven by a combination of factors. Climate change is leading to more frequent and prolonged droughts and more erratic rainfall patterns, which puts immense stress on the fragile ecosystem. At the same time, human activities are exacerbating the problem. The pressure of a rapidly growing population has led to the over-exploitation of natural resources. Overgrazing by livestock strips the land of its protective vegetation cover, leaving the soil exposed to erosion by wind and water. Deforestation, driven by the need for fuelwood (which is the primary source of energy for the vast majority of the population) and the clearing of land for agriculture, is another major contributor. As the Sahara Desert creeps southward, it is swallowing up valuable farmland and pasture, forcing people to migrate and increasing the competition for scarce resources, which can in turn fuel social conflict. Water scarcity is a closely related and equally critical challenge. The country has very limited freshwater resources, which are almost entirely dependent on seasonal rainfall. The recurring droughts are leading to the drying up of rivers and a lowering of the water table, making it increasingly difficult for communities to access water for drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. This has a direct impact on food security and public health. The government and numerous non-governmental organizations have been working for decades on projects to combat desertification and to improve water management. This includes large-scale tree-planting campaigns to create “green belts” to hold back the desert, the promotion of soil and water conservation techniques (such as the traditional “zaï” planting pits), and the construction of small dams and reservoirs to capture rainwater.

Another significant environmental issue is the impact of gold mining. The boom in both industrial and artisanal gold mining has made gold the country’s most important export, but it has come at a considerable environmental cost. Artisanal gold mining, which is largely unregulated, is particularly destructive. It often involves the use of toxic mercury to extract the gold, which then contaminates the soil, water, and air, posing a serious health risk to the miners and surrounding communities. The mining operations also lead to land degradation and the clearing of vegetation. The loss of biodiversity is another major concern. The degradation of habitats due to agricultural expansion and desertification is putting immense pressure on the country’s wildlife populations. The large mammals for which the region was once famous, such as elephants, lions, and antelopes, are now largely confined to a few protected areas in the south and east of the country, such as the Arli and W National Parks. These protected areas themselves are under threat from poaching and the encroachment of human activities.

The current security crisis is compounding all of these environmental problems. The conflict has displaced millions of people, putting immense pressure on the natural resources in the areas where they seek refuge. The breakdown of state authority in many regions has created a vacuum where the illegal exploitation of natural resources, such as logging and poaching, can go unchecked. The violence also makes it impossible for environmental and development organizations to carry out their projects to combat desertification and promote sustainable agriculture. Addressing Burkina Faso’s deep-seated environmental challenges is therefore inextricably linked to the quest for peace, stability, and sustainable development for its people.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in Burkina Faso are deeply significant social institutions, governed by a rich and complex interplay of traditional customs, religious beliefs, and modern legal frameworks. While practices can vary considerably among the more than sixty different ethnic groups in the country, a set of common values, including the central importance of family, community approval, and the payment of a bride price, are fundamental to the process of forming a union. Marriage is rarely seen as just a bond between two individuals; it is, first and foremost, an alliance between two families and two lineages, a social contract that ensures the continuity of the community. The courtship process is traditionally a formal and often lengthy affair, involving the families of the prospective couple from the very early stages. In many communities, when a young man wishes to marry a young woman, he will not approach her directly but will instead communicate his intentions through an intermediary, often an elder or a trusted family friend. This intermediary will then approach the young woman’s family to open negotiations. The consent of both families is absolutely essential for the marriage to proceed. The period of courtship is a time for the two families to get to know each other and to assess the character and suitability of their potential new in-law. The most crucial and symbolic part of the marriage process is the dowry or bride price. This is a payment, which can consist of money, livestock (such as cattle or goats), kola nuts, and other goods, that is made by the groom’s family to the bride’s family. This custom is not to be understood as “buying” a wife, but rather as a profound gesture of respect and appreciation to the bride’s family for having raised her. It serves to formalize the union, to legitimize any children born from it, and to solidify the new relationship between the two families. The negotiation of the bride price is a delicate and important ritual, conducted by the elders of the two families.

The wedding itself is a major community celebration. Burkina Faso recognizes three forms of marriage: traditional (or customary), religious (Christian or Muslim), and civil. Many couples will undergo all three to ensure their union is recognized by their community, their faith, and the state. The traditional wedding is often the most significant social event, a joyous and colorful affair that can last for several days. It is a celebration for the entire village or community, filled with traditional music, drumming, dancing, and feasting. The specific rituals, attire, and dances vary greatly from one ethnic group to another, reflecting the country’s immense cultural diversity. For the majority of the population who are Muslim, an Islamic marriage ceremony will be performed by an Imam. For the Christian minority, a church wedding is the norm. The civil wedding, which is the only one legally recognized by the state, takes place at the local mayor’s office (*mairie*) and is often a more simple, administrative affair. In Burkina Faso, polygyny (a man having more than one wife) is legally and culturally accepted, particularly in Muslim and traditional animist communities, although its practice is becoming less common due to economic factors. The institution of marriage in Burkina Faso is a powerful affirmation of the enduring importance of family, community, and tradition in the social fabric of the nation.

34) Work Opportunities

The labor market in Burkina Faso is a challenging environment, profoundly shaped by the country’s status as a low-income, developing nation and, in recent years, by a devastating security crisis. The structure of the economy means that formal work opportunities are extremely scarce, and the vast majority of the population relies on the informal sector and subsistence agriculture for their livelihood. For both Burkinabè citizens and the very small number of expatriates, the landscape of work is defined by these structural realities. The agricultural sector is the absolute foundation of the national economy and the largest employer by a huge margin. Approximately 80% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture, much of which is small-scale, rain-fed farming. Families typically grow staple crops like sorghum, millet, and maize for their own consumption and sell any small surplus at local markets. The main cash crops, cotton and shea nuts, provide a crucial source of income for many rural households. However, this work is highly precarious, dependent on unreliable rainfall, and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and desertification. The work is physically demanding, and the financial returns are often very low. The second major component of the labor market is the informal sector. This sector is vast and incredibly diverse, encompassing all economic activity that is not registered or regulated by the state. In the cities and towns, this includes a huge number of street vendors, small-scale traders, artisans, motorcycle taxi drivers, and small repair shops. The informal sector is a vital engine of the economy and a crucial source of employment, particularly for the large and rapidly growing youth population that cannot be absorbed by the formal sector. While it provides a means of survival for millions, the work is characterized by its instability, low pay, and complete lack of social protections, such as health insurance or pensions.

The formal job market in Burkina Faso is extremely small. The public sector, including the civil service and state-owned enterprises, is one of the main sources of formal, salaried employment. A government job is highly prized for its stability and benefits, but these positions are limited and highly competitive. The formal private sector is also small and is concentrated in a few key industries. The most significant of these is the mining industry. The boom in industrial gold mining has created formal jobs for engineers, geologists, and skilled technicians, but these large-scale mines employ a relatively small number of people compared to the vast artisanal mining sector. Other areas of formal private sector employment can be found in banking, telecommunications, construction, and the processing of agricultural goods. For expatriates, work opportunities are very limited and are almost exclusively confined to a few specific fields. The largest employers of foreigners are international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and humanitarian aid agencies that are responding to the country’s severe humanitarian crisis. These organizations hire international staff for roles in program management, logistics, and security. The diplomatic corps and United Nations agencies also employ a number of expatriates. There are some opportunities for highly specialized professionals in the mining sector, but these are few and far between. Any foreigner wishing to work in the country must obtain a work permit, a process that can be bureaucratic.

The ongoing security crisis has had a catastrophic impact on the labor market. The violence has forced millions of people to flee their homes, abandoning their farms and businesses. It has shattered rural economies, disrupted trade routes, and made it impossible for people to work safely in vast areas of the country. Many humanitarian workers, both national and international, have themselves been targeted by armed groups. The crisis has destroyed livelihoods on a massive scale and has pushed millions of people into extreme poverty, making the already challenging work environment even more precarious.

35) Education

The education system in Burkina Faso faces immense and deeply entrenched challenges, reflecting the country’s status as one of the least developed nations in the world. Despite the government’s commitment to education as a national priority, the system is chronically under-resourced and struggles to provide quality and accessible learning opportunities for its rapidly growing young population. The literacy rate in the country is among the lowest in the world, a stark indicator of the profound difficulties the sector faces. These challenges have been catastrophically exacerbated in recent years by the escalating security crisis, which has led to the closure of thousands of schools and has deprived hundreds of thousands of children of their right to an education. The structure of the education system is based on the French model, a legacy of the country’s colonial past. The official language of instruction is French. The system is organized into several levels: preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education. Preschool is not compulsory and is mostly available in urban areas, accessible mainly to more affluent families. Formal, compulsory education is supposed to cover the primary level, which lasts for six years. At the end of primary school, students must pass a national examination to receive a certificate of primary studies and to be eligible for entry into secondary school.

Secondary education is divided into a lower cycle of four years and an upper cycle of three years. However, access to secondary school is limited, and the transition rate from primary to secondary is low, particularly in rural areas and especially for girls. School fees, the cost of uniforms and supplies, and the need for children to help with agricultural work are major barriers. At the end of the lower secondary cycle, students take an exam for the *Brevet d’études du premier cycle* (BEPC). The upper secondary cycle prepares students for the *Baccalauréat*, the final examination that is the gateway to higher education. In addition to the general academic track, there are technical and vocational schools, but these are also limited in number. The country also has a significant parallel system of informal and community-based schools. These include traditional Koranic schools, particularly in the predominantly Muslim north, and community-run schools in areas where there is no state provision. Higher education is provided by a small number of public universities, with the University Joseph Ki-Zerbo in Ouagadougou and the University Nazi Boni in Bobo-Dioulasso being the largest. These universities are severely overcrowded and underfunded, which affects the quality of the education they can provide. The system as a whole suffers from a critical shortage of qualified teachers, a lack of adequate infrastructure (many schools lack basic facilities like water and electricity), and a curriculum that is not always well-adapted to the local context and the needs of the job market.

The impact of the ongoing jihadist insurgency on the education system has been nothing short of catastrophic. Armed groups have deliberately and systematically targeted the state education system, which they view as a symbol of Western influence. Thousands of schools, particularly in the Sahel, Nord, and Est regions, have been forced to close due to direct attacks, threats against teachers, and the general insecurity. Hundreds of thousands of children have been displaced and are out of school, creating a lost generation and a major humanitarian crisis. Teachers have been killed, kidnapped, and forced to flee. This direct assault on education is a deliberate strategy by the insurgents to undermine the state and to impose their own ideology. For the government and its international partners, trying to provide education in emergencies through temporary learning spaces and radio-based lessons has become a major challenge and a top priority. The future of the country is inextricably linked to its ability to overcome this crisis and to rebuild a safe and accessible education system for all its children.

36) Communication & Connectivity

Communication and connectivity in Burkina Faso have undergone a remarkable transformation over the past two decades, driven almost entirely by the rapid and widespread adoption of mobile telephony. In a country with a vast and often remote territory and limited fixed-line infrastructure, the mobile phone has become an essential and transformative tool for communication, business, and social life. However, despite this progress, the country still faces a significant digital divide, and the ongoing security crisis has created new and severe challenges for the telecommunications sector. The mobile phone market is the most developed and dynamic part of the communication landscape. It is served by three main providers: Orange, Moov Africa (formerly Onatel), and Telecel. The competition among these providers has helped to expand network coverage and to make services more affordable. Mobile phone penetration is high, and a mobile phone is the primary, and often only, means of communication for the vast majority of the population. The networks provide 2G, 3G, and increasingly, 4G/LTE services. The 4G coverage is largely concentrated in the capital, Ouagadougou, the second city, Bobo-Dioulasso, and other major towns. Outside of these urban centers, the network often reverts to slower 3G or 2G, and in many remote rural areas, coverage can be patchy or non-existent. For travelers, purchasing a local prepaid SIM card is a simple, affordable, and highly recommended step to stay connected. Mobile money services have also become a crucial part of the economy. They provide a vital financial tool for a large portion of the population that does not have access to traditional banking services, allowing people to transfer money, pay bills, and purchase goods and services using their phones. Internet connectivity has improved with the expansion of mobile data networks, but access remains limited for a large part of the population. The cost of mobile data, while decreasing, is still relatively high for the average person. Fixed-line broadband internet is available, but it is scarce and expensive, primarily used by businesses, government offices, and affluent households in the capital. The digital divide between urban and rural areas is stark. While young people in Ouagadougou may be active on social media, many people in rural villages have never had access to the internet. The government has a national strategy to improve the country’s digital infrastructure, including the expansion of the national fiber optic backbone, but progress is hampered by a lack of resources and the current security situation.

The media landscape in Burkina Faso has traditionally been one of the most vibrant and free in West Africa. Radio is by far the most important and accessible mass medium. There is a dense network of private and community radio stations across the country, which broadcast in French and a variety of local languages. These radio stations are a vital source of news, information, and entertainment, particularly for rural populations with low literacy rates. The print media is also lively, with a number of private daily and weekly newspapers that offer a range of political viewpoints. Television is dominated by the state broadcaster, Radiodiffusion Télévision du Burkina (RTB), but there are also several private television channels. The ongoing security crisis has put this media freedom under severe pressure. The transitional military government has taken a harder line with the media, suspending the broadcasting of some international news outlets like RFI and France 24, which it has accused of being biased. Journalists, both local and international, face increasing risks when reporting on the conflict, including the threat of kidnapping by armed groups. The crisis has also made it extremely difficult for journalists to access and report from the large parts of the country that are affected by the violence.

The security situation has also had a direct impact on the communication infrastructure itself. Jihadist insurgents have deliberately targeted and destroyed mobile phone towers, particularly in the northern and eastern regions. This is a strategic move to isolate communities, to prevent them from communicating with the security forces, and to disrupt the state’s presence. This has left millions of people in a state of “communication darkness,” cut off from the rest of the country and the world. For the telecommunication companies, maintaining and repairing their infrastructure in these insecure areas is an enormous and dangerous challenge. The future of communication and connectivity in Burkina Faso is therefore inextricably linked to the resolution of this profound security crisis.

37) National Symbols

The national symbols of Burkina Faso are a powerful and evocative reflection of the nation’s revolutionary history, its natural heritage, and the proud, independent spirit of its people. The current symbols were largely adopted during the transformative era of Thomas Sankara in 1984, when the country’s name was changed from the colonial Upper Volta. They represent a deliberate break with the colonial past and a bold affirmation of a new, sovereign national identity.

Symbol	Description
National Flag	The flag of Burkina Faso is a bicolored banner with two equal horizontal bands of red and green, with a single five-pointed yellow star in the center. The red stripe symbolizes the revolution and the sacrifices of the nation’s martyrs. The green stripe represents the country’s agricultural wealth, its natural resources, and hope for the future. The yellow star is known as the “guiding light of the revolution.” The colors are also the classic pan-African colors, signifying the country’s solidarity with other African nations.
Coat of Arms	The current coat of arms, adopted in 1997, features a shield in the center with the design of the national flag. The shield is supported by two white stallions. Behind the shield are two crossed lances. Below the shield is an open book, and above it is a scroll bearing the country’s name, “BURKINA FASO.” At the very bottom is another scroll with the national motto. The stallions represent the nobility and courage of the Burkinabè people, a reference to the legendary Mossi horsemen.
National Motto	The national motto is “Unité, Progrès, Justice” (Unity, Progress, Justice). This motto encapsulates the core aspirations of the nation: the need for unity among its diverse peoples, the collective desire for social and economic progress, and the fundamental importance of justice for all citizens.
National Anthem	The national anthem is “Une Seule Nuit” (One Single Night). The lyrics and music were written by Thomas Sankara himself. It is a powerful and poetic revolutionary anthem that speaks of the “one single night” that brought together the history of the people, ending their suffering and leading to a future of freedom and happiness.
National Animal: The Stallion	The Stallion (Étalon in French) is the national animal and a potent symbol of the country’s identity. It is featured prominently on the coat of arms and is the nickname of the beloved national football team, “Les Étalons.” The stallion harks back to the history of the great Mossi Kingdoms, which were founded by equestrian warriors, and it symbolizes strength, speed, and the proud, untamable spirit of the Burkinabè people.
Key Flora and Fauna	Burkina Faso’s savanna ecosystem is home to important flora and fauna. The Baobab tree and the Shea tree (Karité) are iconic and economically vital trees, symbolizing resilience and the wealth of the land. The country’s national parks, like Arli and W, are home to iconic West African fauna, including the African Elephant, the Lion, the Leopard, and various species of antelope, all of which are powerful symbols of the nation’s natural heritage.
Cultural Symbol: The Djinguereber Mosque	While located in Timbuktu, Mali, the Sudano-Sahelian architectural style of the Djinguereber Mosque is a powerful cultural symbol for the entire region, including Burkina Faso. The Great Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso is a magnificent example of this same style, built of mud-brick with protruding wooden beams. It symbolizes the region’s deep Islamic heritage and its unique architectural ingenuity.
Cultural Symbol: Traditional Masks	The masks of the various ethnic groups, such as the Bwa, the Mossi, and the Lobi, are one of the country’s most famous cultural symbols. These intricate wooden masks, often with geometric patterns, are not just art objects but are sacred items used in traditional ceremonies and dances to connect with the spiritual world. They represent the rich and diverse artistic and spiritual traditions of the people.

38) Tourism

Tourism in Burkina Faso offers a journey into the heart of West African culture, a land of vibrant music, world-renowned festivals, and profound traditional artistry. The country has long been celebrated for its friendly and welcoming people and its unique cultural attractions. However, it is impossible to discuss tourism today without acknowledging the severe and devastating impact of the ongoing security crisis. A jihadist insurgency has rendered vast parts of the country, particularly the north, east, and border regions, extremely dangerous. Many Western governments have issued “Do Not Travel” advisories for the entire country. As a result, the once-promising tourism industry has almost completely collapsed, and the information in this guide must be understood within this critical and high-risk context. Historically, the main draw for visitors to Burkina Faso has been its incredible cultural richness. The country is a powerhouse of African arts. The capital, Ouagadougou, is famously the host of two of the continent’s most important cultural festivals. The Pan-African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO), held every two years, is the largest film festival in Africa, a vibrant celebration of African cinema that attracts filmmakers, actors, and cinephiles from across the continent and the world. The International Art and Craft Fair (SIAO), also held biennially, is a massive fair that showcases the incredible skill of artisans from all over Africa, making it a fantastic place to see and buy a huge variety of traditional and contemporary crafts. The capital is also a hub for music, with a lively music scene, particularly in the many “maquis” (outdoor bars and restaurants) where you can hear local bands play.

Beyond the capital, the country offered a wealth of unique attractions. The city of Bobo-Dioulasso, the country’s second-largest city, is known for its beautiful Sudano-Sahelian style Grand Mosque, its historic old quarter, and its vibrant music scene. In the southwest, the region around Banfora is known for its natural beauty, including the picturesque Karfiguéla Waterfalls and Lake Tengrela, where visitors could see hippos. The nearby Sindou Peaks are a stunning series of weathered sandstone formations that are a UNESCO World Heritage site. The country is also famous for its traditional architecture, such as the beautifully decorated mud-brick houses of the Gurunsi people in the village of Tiébélé, and the fascinating fortified villages of the Lobi people. For wildlife enthusiasts, the national parks in the southeast, Arli and the Burkinabè part of the W National Park, were home to elephants, lions, and other West African wildlife. Sadly, due to the current security situation, travel to almost all of these destinations is now considered extremely dangerous. The insurgency has made road travel between cities perilous, and the risk of terrorism and kidnapping is high. The tourism sector, which once provided vital livelihoods for many communities, has been shattered. The future of tourism in the “Land of the Upright People” is now inextricably linked to the immense challenge of restoring peace and security to the country.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

The visa and entry requirements for Burkina Faso are strict, and it is essential for almost all foreign nationals to obtain a visa in advance of their travel. The country does not typically offer visas on arrival, so careful planning and a visit or submission to a Burkinabè embassy or consulate is a mandatory step for most travelers. Given the fluid and challenging security and political situation in the country, it is absolutely imperative to check the most current visa regulations and any travel advisories issued by your own government before making any plans. The requirements can change with little notice, and diplomatic missions may have specific procedures. To apply for a tourist or business visa, prospective travelers will need to submit a comprehensive set of documents. The core requirements include a passport that is valid for at least six months beyond the intended date of departure from Burkina Faso. The passport must also have at least one blank page for the visa stamp. Applicants will need to complete the official visa application form, which is typically available for download from the embassy’s website, and provide one or two recent passport-sized photographs. Proof of the purpose and logistics of your trip is also required. This includes providing a copy of a confirmed round-trip airline ticket or a detailed flight itinerary showing your entry and exit dates. You will also need to provide proof of accommodation for your stay, which can be in the form of a confirmed hotel reservation. If you are staying with friends or family, you will likely need a *certificat d’hébergement* (certificate of accommodation) or a letter of invitation from your host in Burkina Faso, which they may need to have certified by the local authorities.

One of the most critical and non-negotiable entry requirements for Burkina Faso is proof of vaccination against yellow fever. All travelers must be in possession of a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (often called the “yellow card”) showing that they have received the yellow fever vaccine. You will need to submit a copy of this certificate with your visa application, and you must carry the original certificate with you when you travel. You will be required to present it to immigration officials upon arrival in the country. Failure to provide proof of yellow fever vaccination can lead to you being denied entry or being vaccinated at the port of entry at your own expense. In addition to the yellow fever vaccine, it is highly recommended to be up-to-date on all routine vaccinations and to consult a travel medicine specialist about other recommended vaccines, such as for hepatitis A, typhoid, and tetanus. Proof of sufficient funds to cover the cost of your stay may also be required. The visa application process involves submitting all of these documents to the relevant embassy or consulate and paying the visa fee, which will vary depending on your nationality, the type of visa, and the requested duration of stay. Processing times can also vary, so it is crucial to apply well in advance of your planned travel date.

Upon arrival in Burkina Faso, at the international airport in Ouagadougou (OUA), you will need to present your passport with the valid visa to the immigration authorities. They will stamp your passport with an entry stamp. It is also a legal requirement for foreign visitors to register with the local police or gendarmerie within a few days of arrival, although this is often handled by your hotel if you are staying in one. Due to the extremely volatile security situation, many foreign governments have issued “Do Not Travel” advisories for Burkina Faso. Before even considering applying for a visa, the first step for any potential traveler must be to consult their own government’s travel advice for the most current safety and security information.

40) Useful Resources

Given the extremely challenging and volatile security situation in Burkina Faso, accessing accurate, up-to-date, and reliable information is not just a matter of convenience; it is a matter of personal safety. The information landscape can be difficult to navigate, and it is crucial to prioritize official government safety advisories over any other resource. Travel to Burkina Faso is currently not recommended by most Western governments, and the resources listed here should be understood within that critical context. The most important resources for any potential traveler to consult are the official travel advisory websites of their own government. These are the most reliable sources for real-time information on the security situation, the risk of terrorism and kidnapping, and entry and exit requirements. Key examples include the **U.S. Department of State’s Travel Advisories**, the **UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) travel advice**, and **Global Affairs Canada’s travel advice and advisories**. These should be the first and last point of reference when assessing the feasibility and safety of any travel to the country. For visa information, the definitive source is the official website of the **Embassy of Burkina Faso** in your country of residence. These websites provide the official visa application forms, lists of required documents, and current fee schedules. It is essential to get visa information directly from an official diplomatic mission, as requirements can change. For health information, the **U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)** and the **World Health Organization (WHO)** provide comprehensive and authoritative advice for travelers to Burkina Faso. This includes information on mandatory vaccinations like yellow fever, recommended immunizations, and crucial advice on malaria prevention and other health risks.

To understand the current political, social, and security context within the country, following international and reputable local news sources is vital. International news agencies such as **Reuters**, **Associated Press (AP)**, and **Agence France-Presse (AFP)** provide regular and reliable reporting from the ground. Broadcasters like the **BBC World Service** and **Radio France Internationale (RFI)** (in French) are also key sources. For in-depth analysis of the conflict, the reports from organizations like the **International Crisis Group (ICG)** and the **Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)** are invaluable. Local news outlets can also provide a deeper perspective. Websites like **LeFaso.net** and **Burkina24** are prominent online news portals in French that cover daily events. Once, official tourism websites like the **Office National du Tourisme Burkinabè (ONTB)** were the main resource for travelers seeking information on attractions like FESPACO or the Sindou Peaks. However, given the collapse of the tourism industry due to the security crisis, these sites may not be regularly updated and should not be relied upon for current travel practicalities or safety information.

For humanitarian context, the websites of major international organizations operating in the country, such as the **United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)** and the **Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC)**, provide critical information on the scale of the displacement and humanitarian crisis. In the current climate, any consideration of travel to Burkina Faso must begin and end with a thorough review of official government safety advisories. These resources provide the most realistic and authoritative assessment of the significant risks involved.