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July 17, 2025

Croatia , Most Visited Destinations in the World

Croatia Travel Guide

🇭🇷 Croatia Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of Croatia is a rich and dramatic epic, a story of a resilient nation forged at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its narrative is one of ancient roots, powerful medieval kingdoms, centuries of struggle against formidable empires, and a modern quest for sovereignty that has defined its place in the world today. The land that is now Croatia has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In antiquity, the coastal regions were home to Illyrian tribes and were later colonized by the Greeks, who established trading posts on islands like Vis (Issa) and Hvar (Pharos). The Romans conquered the entire region by the 1st century BC, incorporating it into the provinces of Pannonia and Dalmatia. Roman rule left a profound and lasting legacy, evident in the magnificent ruins that still dot the landscape. The most spectacular of these is Diocletian’s Palace in Split, a colossal and remarkably preserved late-Roman palace built by the Emperor Diocletian at the turn of the 4th century AD, which today forms the living heart of the city. The arrival of the Croats, a Slavic people, in the 7th century marked the beginning of the nation’s distinct identity. They established two duchies, and by 925 AD, Duke Tomislav was crowned the first King of Croatia, uniting the duchies and creating a powerful medieval kingdom that was recognized by the Pope. This kingdom thrived for nearly two centuries, a golden age of Croatian independence and cultural development.

In 1102, following a succession crisis, the Croatian nobility entered into a personal union with the King of Hungary, agreeing to be ruled by Hungarian kings while retaining a significant degree of autonomy. This complex relationship with Hungary would last for over four centuries. During this period, the coastal cities of Dalmatia, such as Dubrovnik and Split, flourished as powerful maritime city-states, often under the influence or direct rule of the powerful Republic of Venice. The most remarkable of these was the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), a sophisticated and wealthy aristocratic republic that, through shrewd diplomacy and maritime trade, maintained its independence for centuries, becoming a major rival to Venice in the Adriatic. The 16th century brought the existential threat of the Ottoman Empire, which conquered large parts of Croatia. The remaining territory turned to the Austrian Habsburgs for protection, and in 1527, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Habsburg as their king. This marked the beginning of nearly 400 years of Habsburg rule. During this long period, Croatia was often a militarized frontier, the *Militärgrenze*, defending the heart of Europe against Ottoman expansion. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I, Croatia joined the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. This union of South Slavs was a complex and often fraught relationship, marked by political tensions, particularly between Croats and Serbs. During World War II, Croatia was the scene of a brutal civil conflict after being transformed into a Nazi-backed puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which committed horrific atrocities. After the war, Croatia became one of the six socialist republics of Josip Broz Tito’s Federal Yugoslavia.

The death of Tito and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s led to a resurgence of nationalism. In 1991, Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, a move that was met with armed opposition from the Serb-dominated Yugoslav People’s Army and local Serb forces. This led to the brutal Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995), a conflict that caused immense suffering and destruction but ultimately resulted in the establishment of a fully sovereign and independent Republic of Croatia. Since the end of the war, Croatia has made a remarkable recovery. It has successfully rebuilt its infrastructure, developed a thriving tourism industry, and has become a full member of both NATO (in 2009) and the European Union (in 2013), and more recently the Schengen Area and the Eurozone (in 2023). This journey has firmly anchored Croatia’s place as a modern, democratic, and proud European nation, one that has overcome a turbulent past to embrace a peaceful and prosperous future.

22) Geography

The geography of Croatia is a breathtaking masterpiece of nature, a country blessed with a stunningly beautiful and deeply indented coastline, a thousand idyllic islands, rugged mountain ranges, and fertile inland plains. Its unique, crescent-like shape is a result of its position at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. This geographical diversity has not only created a landscape of extraordinary beauty but has also profoundly influenced the country’s climate, culture, and economy, making it one of the most geographically varied and attractive destinations in the Mediterranean. The most famous and defining feature of Croatian geography is its spectacular coastline along the Adriatic Sea. The country boasts one of the most rugged and indented coastlines in the world, stretching for over 1,777 kilometers (1,104 miles) in a straight line, but for a staggering 5,835 kilometers (3,626 miles) when the shores of its many islands are included. This is the heart of the Dalmatian Coast, a name that has become synonymous with idyllic Mediterranean beauty. The coastline is characterized by its crystal-clear turquoise waters, its countless secluded coves and bays, and its beautiful pebble and sandy beaches. Fringing this coastline is a magnificent archipelago of over a thousand islands, each with its own unique character. These islands range from large, populated islands like Krk, Cres, Brač, and Hvar, which are famous for their historic towns, vibrant culture, and beautiful landscapes, to tiny, uninhabited islets that are perfect for a secluded escape. This island-studded sea is a paradise for sailors, yachters, and anyone seeking the perfect seaside vacation.

Parallel to this stunning coastline, and separating it from the interior, is the rugged Dinaric Alps mountain range. These limestone mountains run the length of the country and are responsible for the dramatic coastal scenery, where the mountains often plunge directly into the sea. The Dinaric Alps are characterized by their karst topography, a unique landscape formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks, which has created a world of underground rivers, caves, and dramatic rock formations. While not as high as the European Alps, peaks like Dinara, which gives the range its name and is the highest point in Croatia, create a formidable and beautiful mountain wilderness that is ideal for hiking and mountaineering. The most famous and spectacular example of this karst landscape is the Plitvice Lakes National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Here, a series of sixteen terraced lakes are interconnected by a network of spectacular waterfalls, all set within a dense and ancient forest. The unique process of travertine formation, where minerals are deposited by the water to create natural dams, makes this a constantly evolving and magical landscape. Further inland, beyond the Dinaric Alps, the geography of Croatia changes dramatically. The northern and eastern parts of the country, a region known as Slavonia, are part of the vast and fertile Pannonian Plain. This is the country’s agricultural heartland, a flat landscape of vast fields of corn, wheat, and sunflowers, crisscrossed by major rivers like the Sava, the Drava, and the mighty Danube, which forms part of the border with Serbia.

This geographical trinity—the Mediterranean world of the Adriatic coast and islands, the mountainous wilderness of the Dinaric Alps, and the continental plains of the Pannonian Basin—gives Croatia its unique character. The country also boasts a significant peninsula in the north, the Istrian Peninsula, which it shares with Slovenia and Italy. This heart-shaped peninsula is often compared to Tuscany for its rolling green hills, its medieval hilltop towns, and its strong Italian cultural influence. This incredible geographical diversity, all within the borders of a relatively small country, is Croatia’s greatest natural treasure and the foundation for its world-renowned tourism industry.

23) Politics and Government

The political system of the Republic of Croatia is a unitary parliamentary republic, based on the principles of democracy, the rule of law, and the separation of powers. Since gaining its independence in 1991 and emerging from the conflict that followed, Croatia has successfully developed into a stable and functioning democracy. The country’s political framework is defined by its Constitution, which was first adopted in 1990 and has been amended several times since to strengthen its democratic institutions and to align its legal framework with that of the European Union, which it joined in 2013. The governance structure is divided into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, with a system of checks and balances designed to ensure a democratic distribution of power. The head of state is the President of the Republic, who is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can serve a maximum of two terms. The role of the President is largely representative and ceremonial. The President represents the country abroad, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and plays a role in co-shaping foreign policy with the government. The President also has the responsibility of calling parliamentary elections and formally entrusting the mandate to form a government to the leader who can command a majority in the parliament. However, the President does not hold day-to-day executive power; this resides with the Prime Minister and the government.

The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is the central figure in the Croatian political system and holds the main executive power. The Prime Minister is typically the leader of the political party or coalition that wins a majority of seats in the parliament following a general election. The Prime Minister and the cabinet of ministers, whom he or she appoints, form the Government of the Republic of Croatia. The government is responsible for proposing and implementing laws, managing the state administration, directing the country’s domestic and foreign policy, and preparing the national budget. The government is collectively responsible to the parliament and must maintain the confidence of the parliamentary majority to remain in power. The legislative branch of government is the unicameral Croatian Parliament, known as the *Sabor*. The Sabor is the supreme legislative body of the country. Its members are elected for a four-year term through a system of proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies. The number of members can vary slightly but is typically around 151. The Sabor is responsible for passing all national laws, amending the constitution, approving the state budget, and exercising parliamentary oversight of the government. It has the power to question ministers and to hold a vote of no confidence in the government.

The political landscape in Croatia is a competitive, multi-party system. The two largest and most dominant political parties since independence have been the center-right Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP). These two parties have alternated in power for most of the past three decades. However, in recent years, the political scene has become more fragmented, with the rise of a number of smaller parties, including green, liberal, and populist parties, which have gained representation in the Sabor. This has often led to the need for coalition governments, as it has become more difficult for a single party to win an absolute majority. The judiciary is an independent branch of government, and its independence is guaranteed by the constitution. The court system is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of appeal in the country. There is also a Constitutional Court, which is responsible for reviewing the constitutionality of laws. The political system of Croatia is that of a modern European democracy, fully integrated into the structures of the European Union and NATO. It continues to work on strengthening its institutions, combating corruption, and deepening its democratic culture.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Republic of Croatia is a modern and comprehensive framework based on the civil law tradition, with its roots in Roman law and the legal systems of continental Europe, particularly those of Austria and Germany. This means that, unlike in common law systems, the primary source of law in Croatia is a codified body of written statutes and codes that are systematically organized. This provides a clear and predictable legal environment. Since its independence, Croatia has undergone a massive process of legal reform to modernize its laws, to transition from a socialist legal system to a market-based one, and to align its entire legal framework with the vast body of European Union law, known as the *acquis communautaire*, a process that was successfully completed with its accession to the EU in 2013. The supreme law of the land is the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, which was adopted in 1990. The Constitution guarantees the separation of powers, the rule of law, and a wide range of fundamental human rights and freedoms, in line with international and European standards. The judicial branch is established as an independent power, separate from the legislative and executive branches. The court system is structured in a multi-tiered hierarchy. The ordinary courts include Municipal Courts, which are the courts of first instance for most civil and minor criminal cases, and County Courts, which handle more serious criminal cases and act as appellate courts for the municipal courts. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia is the highest court in the country, ensuring the uniform application of laws and serving as the final court of appeal for all ordinary cases. In addition to the ordinary courts, there are specialized courts, such as Commercial Courts, Administrative Courts, and Misdemeanor Courts. A key institution is the Constitutional Court, which is not part of the regular judiciary but is a separate body responsible for reviewing the constitutionality of laws and protecting the constitutional rights of citizens.

The criminal justice system in Croatia has been thoroughly reformed to meet modern European standards. The system is governed by the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure. Law enforcement is the responsibility of the national Croatian Police force, which is a centralized body under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior. The police are responsible for maintaining public order, preventing and investigating crimes, and bringing offenders to justice. The prosecution of criminal offenses is the responsibility of the State Attorney’s Office of the Republic of Croatia (known as DORH), which is an independent and autonomous judicial body. The State Attorney’s Office is responsible for directing the police investigation in more complex cases and for representing the state in prosecuting criminal cases in court. A specialized body within the State Attorney’s Office, the Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organized Crime (USKOK), has been established to tackle high-level corruption and organized crime, which have been major challenges for the country. The rights of the accused are protected by law, including the presumption of innocence, the right to a defense lawyer, and the right to a fair and public trial. The judicial system, while having made great strides, still faces challenges, including a backlog of cases which can lead to lengthy court proceedings. For visitors, Croatia is a very safe country with a low crime rate. Violent crime is rare. However, like in any popular tourist destination, petty crime such as pickpocketing and theft from cars can occur, particularly in crowded tourist areas, on public transport, and at the beach during the busy summer months. Visitors should take normal, common-sense precautions, such as being aware of their surroundings and not leaving valuables unattended.

The laws are strictly enforced. Traffic laws, in particular, are rigorously applied, with strict limits on blood alcohol content and severe penalties for speeding. It is also important to respect local regulations, such as those concerning public order and environmental protection. For example, lighting fires in forests is strictly prohibited and heavily fined. The legal and criminal justice system in Croatia is robust and professional. By taking standard safety precautions and respecting the local laws, visitors can expect to have a very safe and secure experience in the country.

25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of the Republic of Croatia is firmly anchored in the principles of Euro-Atlantic integration, good neighborly relations, and active multilateralism. Since gaining its independence in the early 1990s, the country’s overriding strategic goal has been to secure its place within the mainstream of European political and security structures. This goal has been successfully achieved, and today, Croatia’s foreign policy is conducted primarily as a full and active member of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This deep integration into the Euro-Atlantic community is the cornerstone of the country’s international identity, providing it with security, economic prosperity, and a powerful platform to project its interests on the global stage. Membership in the European Union, which Croatia achieved in 2013, is the central framework for its foreign relations. A significant portion of its foreign policy is now coordinated with its 26 fellow member states through the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Croatia actively participates in the decision-making processes in Brussels and contributes to the EU’s role as a major global actor. The country has further deepened its integration by joining the Schengen Area and adopting the Euro as its currency in 2023, two moves that have solidified its position in the core of the European project. Within the EU, Croatia often advocates for policies that are of particular interest to it, such as the continued enlargement of the EU to include the other countries of the Western Balkans. Similarly, membership in NATO, which Croatia joined in 2009, is the bedrock of the country’s security policy. The alliance provides a collective defense guarantee that is vital for a country in a historically volatile region. Croatia is an active and reliable ally, contributing troops to NATO missions and participating in joint military exercises, thereby strengthening its own defense capabilities and contributing to regional and international security.

A second major pillar of Croatian foreign policy is the cultivation of stable and cooperative relationships with the countries of Southeast Europe, particularly the other states that emerged from the former Yugoslavia. This is a complex and often sensitive area of diplomacy, given the legacy of the wars of the 1990s. The relationship with neighboring Serbia is the most complex and is central to the stability of the entire region. While the two countries have made significant progress in normalizing their relations, a number of unresolved issues from the war, such as the fate of missing persons and border disputes, still create occasional political tensions. The relationship with Bosnia and Herzegovina is also of critical importance. As a signatory to the Dayton Peace Agreement that ended the Bosnian War, Croatia has a constitutional responsibility to protect the rights of the Bosnian Croats as one of the three constituent peoples of that country. Croatia is a strong supporter of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s territorial integrity and its aspirations to join the EU, viewing the stability and European integration of its neighbor as being in its own vital national interest. Relations with Slovenia, another EU member, are generally very good, although they have been marked by a long-standing maritime border dispute in the Piran Bay, which has been the subject of international arbitration. Beyond the immediate region, Croatia has also focused on strengthening its ties with other major global partners. The relationship with the United States is a key strategic partnership, with close cooperation on defense and security matters. The country is also working to enhance its economic and political ties with countries in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. Another important dimension of Croatian diplomacy is its engagement with the large and influential Croatian diaspora community around the world, particularly in countries like the United States, Australia, Germany, and Argentina. This diaspora is seen as a valuable asset for promoting Croatia’s interests and for fostering economic and cultural ties.

Finally, Croatia’s foreign policy is also increasingly focused on its identity as a Mediterranean country. It actively participates in multilateral forums that bring together the countries of the Mediterranean basin to cooperate on issues such as environmental protection, maritime security, and sustainable tourism. Through this multi-faceted and proactive foreign policy, Croatia has successfully transitioned from being a country recovering from conflict to being a stable, respected, and constructive member of the international community.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Republic of Croatia is organized in a two-tiered system of local and regional self-government, a framework that has been developed since the country’s independence to manage its governance and public services. As a unitary state, the central government in the capital, Zagreb, holds the ultimate authority, but the constitution guarantees the right of citizens to local and regional self-government. This system is designed to decentralize certain responsibilities and to make the administration of public services more responsive to the needs of the country’s diverse regions, from the coastal areas of Dalmatia and Istria to the inland plains of Slavonia. At the highest level of subnational government, Croatia is divided into 20 counties (*županije*) and the capital city of Zagreb, which has a special status as both a city and a county. These 21 units are the primary regional administrative divisions of the country. Each county is a unit of regional self-government and is responsible for a range of public services that are of regional importance. These responsibilities typically include the administration of secondary education and public health (including hospitals), regional planning, and economic development. Each county has its own assembly (*Županijska skupština*), whose members are elected by the local population for a four-year term. The county assembly is the main decision-making body at the regional level. The executive head of the county is the County Prefect (*Župan*), who is also directly elected by the people. The counties vary significantly in size and population, reflecting the country’s diverse geography and settlement patterns. The system of counties is a key part of the country’s decentralization efforts, giving the regions a greater say in their own affairs. The central government is also represented at the county level by a State Administration Office, which is headed by an official appointed by the national government to oversee the legality of the actions of the county government.

The second and most local tier of the administrative structure consists of the municipalities (*općine*) and cities or towns (*gradovi*). These are the basic units of local self-government in Croatia. There are over 400 municipalities and over 100 cities in total. Generally, municipalities are smaller, more rural units, while cities are larger, more urbanized centers, although the distinction is primarily a formal one. Each municipality and city has its own council (*Općinsko/Gradsko vijeće*), whose members are elected by the local population. The executive head of a municipality is the Mayor (*načelnik*), and the head of a city is the City Mayor (*gradonačelnik*), both of whom are also directly elected. These local self-government units are responsible for a wide range of public services that directly affect the daily lives of citizens. Their responsibilities include managing preschool and primary education, local health clinics, public utilities (such as water and sanitation), local roads, and urban planning. They are the level of government that is closest to the people and are vital for local community life and development. They have their own budgets, which are funded through a combination of local taxes, fees, and grants from the central government. In addition to this formal administrative structure, Croatia also uses a statistical classification system for regional policy purposes, known as the NUTS classification (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics), which is harmonized with the European Union’s system. For these statistical and EU funding purposes, the country is divided into larger regions that group several counties together. This is important for the planning and implementation of regional development projects that are co-financed by the EU’s structural and cohesion funds.

This two-tiered system of counties and municipalities is the backbone of the Croatian state. The ongoing process of decentralization aims to continue to transfer more responsibilities and financial resources from the central government to these regional and local levels of government. The goal is to create a more efficient, transparent, and democratic system of public administration that is accountable to its citizens and capable of managing the unique needs of each of Croatia’s beautiful and diverse regions.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Republic of Croatia is a developed, high-income service-based economy that has undergone a significant transformation since the country’s independence in 1991. After emerging from a period of socialist central planning under the former Yugoslavia and the devastating economic impact of the War of Independence, Croatia has successfully transitioned to a functioning market economy. Its economic development has been profoundly shaped by its integration into the European and global markets. The country became a full member of the European Union in 2013, and its recent accession to the Schengen Area and the Eurozone in 2023 has further deepened its integration and has provided a major boost to its economic stability and prospects. The services sector is the dominant force in the Croatian economy, accounting for the vast majority of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. The single most important and lucrative industry within this sector is tourism. The country’s spectacular Adriatic coastline, with its thousands of islands, pristine beaches, and historic cities like Dubrovnik and Split, has made Croatia one of Europe’s premier tourist destinations. The tourism industry is a massive source of foreign exchange earnings and a vital engine of economic growth, particularly for the coastal regions of Dalmatia and Istria. The industry supports a vast ecosystem of businesses, from hotels and private accommodation to restaurants, tour operators, and the thriving yacht chartering industry. The performance of the tourism sector has a huge impact on the overall health of the Croatian economy. Other important components of the services sector include wholesale and retail trade, real estate, and a modern and stable financial and banking sector. The industrial sector is another significant part of the economy, although its importance has declined relative to the services sector. A key industrial commodity is shipbuilding. Croatia has a long and proud tradition of shipbuilding, and its shipyards in cities like Rijeka and Split are known for constructing sophisticated vessels, such as oil tankers and car ferries. The food processing industry is also a major employer, leveraging the country’s strong agricultural base. Other important industrial activities include the production of chemicals, plastics, and machinery. The country also has some domestic oil and natural gas production, which helps to meet its energy needs.

The agricultural sector, while a smaller contributor to GDP, remains an important part of the economy and the cultural landscape, particularly in the fertile Pannonian Plain in the region of Slavonia. Key agricultural products include wheat, corn, sugar beets, and sunflowers. In the coastal regions, the agricultural focus is on Mediterranean products. The Istrian peninsula is famous for its high-quality olive oil and its prized truffles. The Dalmatian coast and islands are known for their production of wine, with a number of indigenous grape varieties like Plavac Mali gaining international recognition. The fisheries and aquaculture sector in the Adriatic Sea is also an important commodity, with sea bass, sea bream, and tuna being major products for both the local and export markets. The Croatian economy faces a number of structural challenges. These include the need to improve the business environment and to reduce the large role of the state in the economy. The country also faces demographic challenges, with an aging population and significant emigration of young, skilled workers to other EU countries in search of better job opportunities. A major economic challenge is the regional disparity between the prosperous coastal areas, which benefit from the tourism boom, and the less developed inland regions, particularly those that were most affected by the war.

The government’s main economic priorities are to leverage its EU membership to attract more foreign investment, to use EU funds to upgrade its infrastructure, and to implement structural reforms to boost its competitiveness and long-term growth potential. The diversification of the economy beyond its heavy reliance on summer tourism is also a key long-term goal. By building a more dynamic and diversified economy, Croatia aims to continue to improve the standard of living for its citizens and to solidify its position as a successful and prosperous member of the European Union.

28) Science and Technology

The science and technology sector in the Republic of Croatia is a field of significant tradition and growing potential. Building on a long history of notable scientific achievements and a strong educational foundation, the country is working to transition towards a more knowledge-based and innovative economy. As a full member of the European Union, Croatia is now part of the broader European Research Area, which provides its scientists and innovators with greater access to funding, technology, and collaborative networks. The government has identified science, technology, and innovation as key drivers for its future economic competitiveness, but the sector still faces challenges related to funding, the commercialization of research, and the “brain drain” of talented researchers. Croatia has a proud history of scientific and inventive minds. The most famous of these is the inventor and futurist Nikola Tesla, an ethnic Serb who was born in the Croatian village of Smiljan in the 19th century. His groundbreaking work on alternating current (AC) electrical systems laid the foundation for the modern power grid. Another notable figure is the inventor Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, who developed the first mechanical pencil in Zagreb in the early 20th century. This legacy of ingenuity continues today in the country’s academic and research institutions. The framework for scientific research is centered around a network of public universities, with the University of Zagreb being the oldest and largest, and a number of public research institutes, such as the Ruđer Bošković Institute, which is the country’s leading multidisciplinary research center for natural sciences and technology. These institutions are the main hubs for fundamental and applied research in a wide range of fields, from physics and marine biology to medicine and computer science.

One of the most dynamic and globally successful areas of the modern Croatian technology landscape is the Information Technology (IT) sector. The country has a vibrant and rapidly growing ecosystem of software development and IT services companies. Croatian developers are highly skilled, and the country has produced a number of remarkable tech success stories. The most famous of these is the electric supercar company, Rimac Automobili. Founded by the innovator Mate Rimac, the company has become a world leader in high-performance electric vehicle technology and battery systems, attracting major investment from global automotive giants like Porsche and Hyundai. Another major success is the IT company Infobip, a global leader in cloud communications. These companies have demonstrated the immense potential of Croatian innovation and have helped to put the country on the global tech map. The government is actively working to support this sector through the development of science and technology parks and by promoting digital transformation across the economy. In terms of applied science, Croatia’s unique geography makes it a natural laboratory for several fields. The long and pristine Adriatic coastline makes marine biology and oceanography important areas of research. Scientists at institutes in Split and Dubrovnik are conducting vital work on marine ecosystems, sustainable aquaculture, and the impacts of climate change on the Adriatic Sea. The country’s seismic activity also makes it a center for research in seismology and earthquake engineering.

Despite this potential, the Croatian science and technology sector faces significant challenges. The level of investment in research and development, from both the public and private sectors, is still below the EU average. The process of translating scientific research from universities and institutes into commercially successful products and services, known as technology transfer, needs to be strengthened. The emigration of many young and talented scientists and engineers to other EU countries with higher salaries and better research opportunities is another major concern that the country is working to address. The key to the future of the sector will be to create a more dynamic and supportive innovation ecosystem that can retain its top talent and can fully leverage the country’s scientific potential to create a more competitive and knowledge-based economy.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical spirit of Croatia is a rich and resilient tapestry, woven from the threads of its unique geographical position as a bridge between Central Europe and the Mediterranean, its deep-seated Catholic heritage, and its tumultuous history of struggle for national identity and sovereignty. It is not a philosophy of grand, abstract systems, but a practical and often poetic worldview that is deeply connected to a sense of place, a strong appreciation for tradition, and a fierce love of liberty. This philosophy is expressed in the nation’s art, its literature, and in the everyday values that shape Croatian society. A central pillar of the Croatian philosophical outlook is a profound sense of its own distinct identity, forged over centuries of interaction with and resistance to powerful neighboring empires. Having been ruled for long periods by Venice, Hungary, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire, and later being part of Yugoslavia, the Croatians have cultivated a deep-seated desire to preserve their own language, culture, and traditions. This has created a philosophy that values sovereignty and self-determination not just as political concepts, but as essential elements of the national soul. This love of liberty is a recurring theme in Croatian history and literature, from the heroic tales of resistance against the Ottomans to the struggle for independence in the 1990s. This philosophy is often coupled with a strong sense of belonging to the Western European cultural and religious sphere, with the country often seeing itself as an *Antemurale Christianitatis*, a “bulwark of Christianity,” defending the borders of Europe. This deep Catholic faith has profoundly shaped the country’s ethical and moral values, emphasizing the importance of family, community, and tradition. The family unit is the cornerstone of Croatian society, and this is a reflection of a philosophy that sees the family as the primary source of identity, support, and continuity.

Another powerful and pervasive element of the Croatian philosophy is a deep, almost spiritual, connection to the natural landscape, particularly the Adriatic Sea. For the people of the Dalmatian coast, the sea is not just an economic resource; it is a way of life, a source of inspiration, and a fundamental part of their identity. This philosophy is one that understands the rhythms of the sea and the seasons, a worldview that is both pragmatic and deeply romantic. It is a philosophy of living in harmony with nature, a value that is also reflected in the love for the fertile plains of Slavonia and the rugged mountains of the interior. This connection to the land and sea has fostered a strong regionalism within the country, with each region—Dalmatia, Istria, Slavonia, and Central Croatia—having its own distinct cultural identity, dialects, and traditions. This regional pride is not seen as a threat to national unity but as a vital part of the rich mosaic that makes up the Croatian nation. In everyday life, the Croatian philosophy is often expressed in the concept of *fjaka*. This is a term from the Dalmatian coast that is famously difficult to translate, but it can be described as a sublime state of mind where one has a relaxed detachment from the stresses of life, a kind of blissful inertia. It is not laziness, but a conscious choice to slow down, to savor the moment, and to not worry about things that are beyond one’s control. It is the philosophy of sitting in a café for hours with friends, of enjoying a long, leisurely lunch, and of understanding that the quality of life is not measured by frantic activity but by the quality of one’s relationships and the ability to find joy in the simple pleasures of life.

This unique blend of a fierce love of independence, a deep respect for tradition and family, a profound connection to the natural world, and the art of living a relaxed and meaningful life is what constitutes the enduring and appealing philosophical spirit of Croatia. It is a philosophy that has been shaped by a challenging history but has resulted in a resilient, proud, and life-affirming culture.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural etiquette of Croatia is a delightful experience, as it is a country where warm Mediterranean hospitality is blended with a more reserved Central European formality. Croatians are generally friendly, proud, and hospitable people who appreciate it when visitors show an interest in and respect for their customs. Understanding a few key social graces will ensure your interactions are smooth, positive, and will allow you to connect more deeply with the local culture. Greetings are an important and valued part of any social or business interaction. When meeting someone for the first time, a firm handshake with direct eye contact is the standard and appropriate greeting for both men and women. The common verbal greetings are “Dobro jutro” (Good morning), “Dobar dan” (Good day), and “Dobra večer” (Good evening). When you are introduced, it is polite to say your name. Among friends and younger people, a light kiss on each cheek is a common greeting. When you enter a shop, a café, or a government office, it is customary to greet the staff with one of the aforementioned phrases, and to say “Doviđenja” (Goodbye) when you leave. This simple acknowledgment is a sign of politeness and is a part of daily life. In conversation, it is polite to use the formal “Vi” form of address when speaking to someone you don’t know, someone who is older than you, or someone in a position of authority. The informal “ti” is reserved for friends, family, and children. You should wait for the other person to invite you to use the informal “ti” before you do so. Croatians are proud of their national identity and their distinct language and culture. It is a common mistake for visitors to refer to Croatia as being part of Yugoslavia or to confuse it with other Balkan countries. Croatians will appreciate it if you recognize their country’s unique identity and its long and independent history.

Hospitality is a cornerstone of Croatian culture, and being invited to a Croatian home is a significant gesture of friendship. You should always bring a small gift for your host. A bottle of good quality Croatian wine, a box of chocolates, or flowers for the hostess are all excellent choices. If giving flowers, always give an odd number, as even numbers are reserved for funerals. It is customary to take off your shoes upon entering a home. Your host will be incredibly generous, and you will almost certainly be offered food and drink, such as homemade *rakija* (a strong fruit brandy), which you should at least sample. It is polite to try everything you are offered, and compliments on the food will be warmly received. Dining etiquette is generally relaxed but follows European standards. Wait for your host to say “Prijatno” (the equivalent of “Bon appétit”) before you begin eating. Keep your hands on the table, but not your elbows. When you have finished, place your knife and fork together on the right side of the plate. In restaurants and cafes, tipping is customary. If the service was good, a tip of around 10-15% is standard. For smaller bills, such as for a coffee, it is common to simply round up the amount. The dress code in Croatia is generally smart and style-conscious, especially in the cities. While casual wear is fine for sightseeing, Croatians tend to dress up for an evening out, for dinner, or for a stroll along the main promenade (*riva* or *korzo*). Beachwear should be confined to the beach; it is considered inappropriate to walk around a town or village in just a swimsuit.

In conversations, Croatians are generally direct and open. They enjoy engaging in lively discussions about a wide range of topics. However, the Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995) can be a very sensitive and emotional topic. It is best to avoid bringing it up unless it is raised by a Croatian, and even then, to listen with sensitivity and respect. Patience is also a virtue. The pace of life, particularly on the coast and islands, is much more relaxed than in many other parts of the world, a concept known as *pomalo* (take it easy). Embracing this slower, more relaxed approach to life is key to enjoying your time in Croatia. By showing respect for these customs, you will be rewarded with the genuine warmth and incredible hospitality of the Croatian people.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are a fundamental and passionate part of the national identity in Croatia. For a relatively small country, Croatia has achieved extraordinary success on the international sporting stage, producing world-class athletes and teams that have become a source of immense national pride and a powerful symbol of the country’s spirit and resilience. This passion for sport is deeply ingrained in the culture, while the country’s spectacular and diverse geography provides a magnificent natural playground for a huge variety of recreational activities. The undisputed king of sports in Croatia is football (soccer). It is a national obsession that unites the country like nothing else. The Croatian national football team, known as the “Vatreni” (The Fiery Ones), is the focus of intense passion and pride. The team’s iconic red-and-white checkered jerseys are a symbol of the nation recognized around the world. Croatia’s performance in the FIFA World Cup has been nothing short of remarkable. The team’s historic run to the final of the 2018 World Cup in Russia, where they finished as runners-up, and their third-place finish in the 1998 World Cup, just a few years after the country gained its independence, were moments of incredible national celebration that brought the entire country together. The domestic football league, the Hrvatska Nogometna Liga, is also passionately followed, with a fierce and historic rivalry between the two biggest clubs, Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split, which is known as the “Eternal Derby.” Beyond football, Croatia is a global powerhouse in a number of other team sports. The national handball team has won two Olympic gold medals and a World Championship, making it one of the most successful handball nations in the world. The national water polo team is also consistently ranked among the world’s best, having won numerous Olympic, World, and European titles. Basketball also has a strong tradition in Croatia, with the country producing a number of legendary players who have had successful careers in the NBA, such as Dražen Petrović, Toni Kukoč, and Dino Rađa. The success of these national teams is a testament to the country’s deep pool of athletic talent and its passionate sporting culture.

In terms of individual sports, tennis has a proud history, with Croatian players like Goran Ivanišević, who famously won Wimbledon in 2001, and Marin Čilić, who won the US Open in 2014, achieving success at the highest level. Alpine skiing is also very popular, largely due to the incredible success of the siblings Janica and Ivica Kostelić, who dominated the sport and won numerous Olympic medals, putting Croatia, a country not traditionally known for winter sports, on the world skiing map. The true recreational treasure of Croatia, however, lies in its spectacular natural environment, particularly its stunning Adriatic coastline. The crystal-clear sea and the archipelago of over a thousand islands make Croatia a world-class destination for a vast array of water sports. Sailing is incredibly popular, and the country is one of the premier yacht chartering destinations in the world. The indented coastline, with its countless bays, coves, and islands, provides an idyllic and almost endless cruising ground. Scuba diving is another major recreational activity, with a rich underwater world of reefs, caves, and ancient Roman shipwrecks to explore. Sea kayaking, windsurfing, kitesurfing, and stand-up paddleboarding are also extremely popular along the coast. The country’s numerous rivers, such as the Cetina and the Zrmanja, offer thrilling opportunities for whitewater rafting and canoeing.

On land, the country’s rugged Dinaric Alps and its eight beautiful national parks provide a paradise for hiking, trekking, and rock climbing. The Paklenica National Park is a world-renowned destination for rock climbers, with its dramatic canyons and limestone cliffs. The Plitvice Lakes National Park, with its network of wooden walkways that wind around stunning waterfalls and turquoise lakes, offers an unforgettable walking experience. Cycling is also a rapidly growing recreational activity, with a growing network of marked trails that run through the scenic landscapes of Istria, the islands, and the interior. This incredible combination of a passionate sporting culture and an unparalleled natural arena for recreation makes Croatia a truly exceptional destination for both watching and participating in a huge variety of sports and outdoor activities.

32) Environmental Concerns

Croatia is a country of extraordinary natural beauty, blessed with a pristine Adriatic coastline, a thousand idyllic islands, crystal-clear rivers, and vast, protected wilderness areas. This stunning natural heritage is the nation’s most precious asset and the very foundation of its thriving tourism industry. This has fostered a strong and growing environmental consciousness within the country. However, this beautiful and fragile environment faces a number of significant and growing threats from rapid development, pollution, and the impacts of climate change. The government and a vibrant civil society are working to address these challenges, but the task of balancing economic growth with environmental protection is a constant and complex struggle. The most significant environmental concern is the protection of the Adriatic Sea and the coastal ecosystem. The Croatian Adriatic is one of the cleanest and best-preserved parts of the Mediterranean, but it is under immense pressure from the booming tourism industry. The rapid and often poorly planned development of hotels, apartments, and marinas along the coast can lead to the destruction of natural habitats, coastal erosion, and an increase in pollution. The management of wastewater from coastal settlements and from the thousands of boats that cruise the Adriatic in the summer is a critical issue. While major cities have upgraded their wastewater treatment facilities, many smaller coastal towns and islands still lack adequate infrastructure, which can lead to the discharge of untreated sewage into the sea, threatening water quality and marine life. The management of solid waste is another major challenge, particularly on the islands and during the peak tourist season, when the volume of waste generated increases dramatically. Overfishing has also put pressure on some fish stocks in the Adriatic, and the government is working with the European Union to implement more sustainable fishing practices. The threat of marine pollution from shipping traffic and the potential for oil spills is also a constant concern. Preserving the exceptional quality of the Adriatic water is not just an environmental imperative; it is an economic necessity for the future of Croatian tourism.

Inland, the country’s beautiful rivers and karst ecosystems are also facing threats. The construction of new hydropower dams on some of the country’s last free-flowing rivers is a major point of contention. While hydropower is a source of renewable energy, environmental groups argue that these dams can cause irreversible damage to river ecosystems, threaten endangered species, and alter the unique natural landscapes. The illegal dumping of waste is another problem that can pollute the country’s sensitive karst groundwater systems. The devastating legacy of the Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995) also includes an environmental component. Large areas of the country, particularly along the former lines of conflict, remain contaminated with unexploded landmines. This not only poses a direct danger to people but also prevents the safe use of agricultural land and forests and complicates conservation efforts. The de-mining process is a slow, dangerous, and expensive undertaking that continues to this day. Climate change is a cross-cutting issue that is expected to exacerbate many of these environmental challenges. It is predicted to lead to rising sea levels, which will threaten low-lying coastal areas, and to more frequent and intense heatwaves and droughts, which will increase the risk of forest fires and put pressure on the country’s water resources and its agricultural sector. The increasing temperature of the sea also poses a direct threat to the health of the marine ecosystem.

On a positive note, Croatia has a strong record of conservation and has designated a significant portion of its territory as protected areas. The country has eight spectacular national parks, including the world-famous Plitvice Lakes and Krka National Parks, and eleven nature parks. These parks are the cornerstones of the country’s conservation efforts and are vital for protecting its rich biodiversity. There is also a vibrant and active environmental movement in Croatia, with numerous non-governmental organizations working to raise public awareness and to advocate for stronger environmental policies. The country’s membership in the European Union has also been a major driver for environmental protection, as it has required Croatia to adopt the EU’s high environmental standards and regulations. The future of Croatia’s stunning natural heritage will depend on its ability to successfully implement these standards and to foster a truly sustainable model of development that can protect its most valuable treasure for generations to come.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in Croatia are a rich blend of modern European values and deeply ingrained traditions, with the family remaining the central and most important institution in the society. While contemporary dating practices are the norm, particularly in the cities, the path to marriage is often still marked by customs that reflect the country’s strong Catholic heritage and its close-knit community life. The approval and involvement of the family are highly valued, and the wedding itself is typically a major social celebration that brings together the entire extended family and community. In modern Croatia, couples meet in a variety of ways common throughout the Western world: at university, through work, social circles, or online. The period of dating allows a couple to get to know each other independently. However, as the relationship becomes serious, the introduction to each other’s families is a crucial and expected milestone. Sunday family lunches are a cherished tradition in Croatia, and bringing a partner to one of these gatherings is a clear sign that the relationship is serious. The family’s opinion is highly respected, and their blessing is an important part of the journey towards marriage. The engagement (*zaruke*) is a formal commitment and is often celebrated with a special dinner for the two families. The wedding itself is a grand affair. For a marriage to be legally recognized in Croatia, all couples must have a civil ceremony, which is usually held at the local town hall (*gradska vijećnica*). This is the only legally binding ceremony. However, for the vast majority of Croatians, the religious ceremony is the true heart of the marriage. Given the country’s overwhelmingly Catholic population, this is typically a full Catholic mass held in a church. The church wedding is a deeply significant religious and social event, rich with tradition and attended by a large number of guests.

The wedding reception (*svadba* or *pir*) is a massive, joyous, and often boisterous celebration that can last well into the early hours of the morning. It is a testament to the importance of community and family in Croatian culture. The celebration is characterized by its abundance of food, drink, music, and dancing. The wedding feast is a lavish spread of Croatian delicacies, often starting with a welcome drink of homemade *rakija* (fruit brandy). Music is central to the celebration, with a live band or a DJ playing a mix of traditional folk music, Croatian pop hits, and international songs. The dance floor is rarely empty. A number of charming traditions are an integral part of the celebration. For example, at midnight, the bride often changes out of her wedding dress and into another elegant dress. The cutting of the wedding cake is a key moment, as are the various playful games that are sometimes organized to entertain the guests. In a significant reflection of the country’s social progress, same-sex partnerships are legally recognized in Croatia through a “life partnership” law, which grants same-sex couples most of the same rights as married couples. This, along with the legalization of same-sex marriage in 2022, shows the evolution of social values. Despite these modern changes, the core of the Croatian wedding remains a powerful and joyous affirmation of love, family, and community, celebrated with a unique blend of solemn tradition and exuberant Mediterranean spirit.

34) Work Opportunities

The labor market in the Republic of Croatia presents a picture of a modern European economy in transition, with a dynamic services sector, particularly in tourism, but also with significant regional disparities and structural challenges. As a full member of the European Union, the Croatian labor market is integrated into the larger European market, which brings both opportunities and challenges. For Croatian nationals, this means the freedom to work anywhere in the EU, but it has also led to a significant “brain drain” of skilled workers. For foreign nationals, the opportunities are primarily in specific, high-demand sectors, and the process is governed by EU regulations. The largest and most dynamic sector for employment in Croatia is the services industry, and within this, tourism is the absolute engine of job creation. The country’s booming tourism industry along the Adriatic coast creates a huge demand for a wide range of workers, particularly during the high season from spring to autumn. There are abundant opportunities in hotels, restaurants, bars, and tour operations. These range from seasonal service jobs to professional career positions in hotel management, culinary arts, and yacht chartering. The demand for multilingual staff is very high, particularly for those who can speak English, German, and Italian. While much of this work is seasonal, the tourism industry provides a vital source of income and employment for a large part of the coastal population. The Information Technology (IT) sector is another area of significant and rapid growth. Croatia has a vibrant and innovative tech scene, particularly in the capital, Zagreb. There is a strong and growing demand for skilled IT professionals, including software developers, data scientists, and cybersecurity experts. The country has produced a number of successful tech startups, and many international tech companies have also established offices in Croatia, attracted by the country’s skilled workforce. The construction sector is also a major employer, driven by both tourism-related development and major infrastructure projects that are often co-financed by the EU.

For foreign nationals, the rules for working in Croatia depend on their country of citizenship. For citizens of the European Union, the European Economic Area (EEA), and Switzerland, the principle of freedom of movement applies. This means that they have the right to come to Croatia, look for a job, and work without needing a work permit, enjoying the same rights as Croatian citizens. They simply need to register their residence if they plan to stay for more than three months. For non-EU/EEA citizens, or “third-country nationals,” securing employment is more complex. To work legally in Croatia, they must first secure a formal job offer from a Croatian employer. The employer must then apply for a work and stay permit on behalf of the employee. This process typically involves a “labor market test,” where the employer may need to demonstrate to the Croatian Employment Service that there were no suitable candidates available on the domestic or EU labor market to fill the position. However, the government also maintains a quota system for certain high-demand occupations, which can streamline the process for qualified professionals in fields where there is a shortage of local workers, such as in construction and tourism. Once the work permit is approved, the foreign national can then apply for a temporary residence permit. The entire process can be bureaucratic and should be started well in advance. A good command of the Croatian language is a major advantage for most jobs, although English is widely used in the IT sector and in many high-level positions in the tourism industry.

Despite the opportunities, the Croatian labor market faces challenges. The unemployment rate, while having decreased significantly in recent years, can still be high, especially for young people and in the less developed inland regions of the country. Wages are generally lower than in the more affluent Western European countries, which is a major driver of emigration. The government is focused on implementing labor market reforms aimed at increasing employment, boosting wages, and attracting and retaining skilled workers to support the country’s long-term economic growth.

35) Education

The education system in the Republic of Croatia is a comprehensive, state-funded framework that has undergone significant reform to align with modern European standards. The system is based on a long tradition of academic excellence, with the University of Zagreb being one of the oldest universities in Southeast Europe. The Ministry of Science and Education is responsible for the administration and oversight of the entire system, from preschool to higher education. Education is a high priority in Croatian society, and the country boasts a very high literacy rate. The system is structured to provide a solid general education for all and to offer diverse pathways to both vocational training and higher academic studies. The educational journey begins with optional preschool, which has become increasingly common. Formal education is compulsory and free for all children from the age of six or seven, starting with eight years of primary education (*osnovna škola*). The primary education system is divided into two stages: the first four years are taught by a single classroom teacher, while the last four years are taught by subject-specific teachers. The curriculum is broad, covering the Croatian language, mathematics, science, history, geography, foreign languages (usually English from the first grade), arts, music, and physical education. Upon successful completion of primary school, students can enroll in secondary education. Secondary education (*srednja škola*) is not compulsory but is attended by the vast majority of students. It typically lasts for four years, although some vocational programs are three years long. There are several types of secondary schools. The *Gimnazija* is a four-year academic high school that provides a broad and in-depth general education, designed to prepare students for university. It culminates in a national final examination known as the *državna matura*, which is the main prerequisite for enrolling in higher education. There are also four-year vocational and technical schools, which provide students with the skills for a specific profession (e.g., in economics, engineering, or tourism) and also end with the *matura*, giving students the option to either enter the workforce or to continue to university. Additionally, there are three-year vocational schools that train students for specific skilled trades and crafts.

The higher education system in Croatia is diverse and is a full participant in the Bologna Process, which aims to harmonize higher education systems across Europe. The system includes a number of public universities, polytechnics, and colleges of applied sciences, as well as a growing number of private institutions. The largest and most prestigious university is the University of Zagreb, but there are also major universities in other cities like Split, Rijeka, and Osijek. The higher education system follows the three-cycle model of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral degrees. Admission to public universities is competitive and is based on a combination of a student’s high school grades and their performance on the *državna matura* examination. For EU citizens, tuition at public universities is generally very low or free. The education system faces a number of challenges. These include the need to continue to modernize the curriculum to better align it with the needs of the modern labor market, to improve the infrastructure of some older school buildings, and to address the “brain drain” of some of its best academics and graduates to other EU countries. However, the system provides a solid foundation of knowledge and skills, and the country is committed to the ongoing improvement of its educational framework as a key part of its national development strategy.

36) Communication & Connectivity

Communication and connectivity in the Republic of Croatia are modern, reliable, and of a high standard, befitting a full member of the European Union. The country has a competitive and well-developed telecommunications infrastructure that provides excellent mobile and internet services across most of its territory, including on many of its numerous islands. This robust digital foundation is a critical asset for the country’s booming tourism industry, its growing business sector, and the daily lives of its citizens. The telecommunications market has been fully liberalized and is served by several major providers, with the main players being Hrvatski Telekom (Croatian Telecom), A1 Croatia, and Telemach. This competition has resulted in high-quality services, extensive network coverage, and competitive pricing for consumers. The mobile phone market is the primary and most widespread form of communication. Mobile phone penetration is extremely high, and the country has comprehensive 4G/LTE network coverage that reaches almost the entire population. This provides fast and reliable mobile data access in all cities, towns, and major tourist areas. The rollout of 5G technology is also well underway, particularly in the larger urban centers, promising even faster speeds and next-generation mobile services. For visitors from other EU countries, the “Roam Like at Home” policy applies, which means they can use their mobile phone’s calls, texts, and data allowances without any extra charges. For non-EU visitors, purchasing a local prepaid SIM card is a very easy and affordable option. These can be bought at official provider stores, kiosks, and even supermarkets, and they offer a cost-effective way to stay connected. Internet connectivity is also of a very high standard. High-speed broadband internet is widely available, delivered through a combination of DSL, cable, and an rapidly expanding fiber optic network. The government is actively promoting the expansion of fiber optic (FTTH – Fiber to the Home) infrastructure to provide gigabit-speed connectivity across the country. Wi-Fi is ubiquitous. It is a standard and almost always free amenity in hotels, private accommodation, cafes, restaurants, and bars. Many cities and tourist towns also offer free public Wi-Fi hotspots in their main squares and public areas, making it very easy for travelers to stay connected.

The media landscape in Croatia is pluralistic and diverse. The state-owned Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) is the national public broadcaster, operating several television and radio channels. Alongside HRT, there is a vibrant private media market with a number of national and local private television channels. The print media is also diverse, with several national daily newspapers, such as *Jutarnji list* and *Večernji list*, which offer a range of political viewpoints. Radio is a very popular medium, with a multitude of national, regional, and local radio stations. Freedom of the press and freedom of expression are constitutionally guaranteed and are generally respected, and the country has a dynamic and often critical media environment. The online news portal scene is very active, and social media is widely used as a source of information and a platform for public discourse. The postal service is operated by Hrvatska pošta (Croatian Post), which is a reliable state-owned company providing domestic and international mail and parcel services. For urgent shipments, all major international courier services, such as DHL, FedEx, and UPS, are also widely available in the country.

This modern and reliable communication infrastructure is a key advantage for Croatia. It is the backbone of the country’s thriving tourism industry, enabling the vast online booking and marketing ecosystem. It also supports the country’s growing IT sector and its integration into the European single market. For visitors, it means that whether you are on a yacht in a secluded bay or in a café in a historic city, staying connected to the world is a simple and seamless experience.

37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Republic of Croatia are a powerful and deeply cherished representation of the nation’s long history, its distinct identity, and its hard-won sovereignty. These symbols are a constant and proud presence in Croatian public life, encapsulating the spirit of the people and the unique character of the land.

Symbol	Description
National Flag	The flag of Croatia is a tricolor featuring three equal horizontal bands of red, white, and blue. These are the traditional pan-Slavic colors. In the center of the flag is the national coat of arms. The red-white-blue tricolor has been used as the Croatian flag since the 19th century and is a powerful symbol of the nation.
Coat of Arms (The Šahovnica)	The coat of arms of Croatia is one of the most distinctive in the world. Its central feature is a shield with a red-and-white checkerboard pattern of 25 squares, known as the šahovnica. This iconic checkerboard is the quintessential symbol of Croatia and has represented the Croatian nation for centuries. The main shield is surmounted by a crown made of five smaller shields, which represent the five main historical regions of Croatia: ancient Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia.
National Anthem	The national anthem is “Lijepa naša domovino” (Our Beautiful Homeland). The lyrics were written by the poet Antun Mihanović in the 1830s, and the music was composed by Josip Runjanin. It is a beautiful and patriotic ode to the beauty of the Croatian land, its plains, its mountains, and its sea.
National Flower: The Croatian Iris	The Croatian Iris (Iris croatica) was declared the national flower in 2000. It is a species of iris that is endemic to Croatia, growing in the light forests of the northwest. Its beautiful purple flower is a symbol of the country’s unique and rich biodiversity.
National Animal: The Pine Marten (Kuna)	The Pine Marten (Kuna in Croatian) is the national animal. In the Middle Ages, the highly valued pelts of the pine marten were used as a form of currency and for paying taxes in the Croatian lands. In recognition of this history, the national currency of Croatia, before the adoption of the Euro, was named the Kuna. The marten is a symbol of the country’s long history and its natural heritage.
Key Flora and Fauna	Croatia’s biodiversity is remarkable. The Griffon Vulture is an iconic bird of the Adriatic islands, particularly Cres. The Dinaric Alps are home to large predators like the Brown Bear, the Wolf, and the Eurasian Lynx. The Adriatic Sea is rich in marine life, including dolphins and the endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal. The country’s flora is also diverse, from the Mediterranean scrub and Aleppo pines of the coast to the vast oak forests of Slavonia.
Cultural Symbol: The Glagolitic Script	The Glagolitic script is the oldest known Slavic alphabet and is a powerful symbol of Croatia’s unique medieval cultural heritage. It was used in Croatia from the 9th century until the 19th century, particularly in religious texts, and its angular and distinctive letters can be seen carved in stone on ancient churches throughout the country, especially in Istria and on the island of Krk.
Cultural Symbol: The Licitar Heart	The Licitar is a colorfully decorated biscuit made of sweet honey dough, which is a traditional symbol of Zagreb and northern Croatia. The most common shape is the heart, which is often given as a gift to express love and affection. The art of making Licitars is a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. These vibrant red hearts are a cherished symbol of Croatian culture and hospitality.

38) Tourism

Tourism is the vibrant and dominant engine of the Croatian economy, a sector that has experienced explosive growth since the end of the War of Independence and has transformed the country into one of Europe’s most popular and sought-after travel destinations. The country’s extraordinary natural beauty, particularly its spectacular Adriatic coastline, combined with its rich history, its pleasant Mediterranean climate, and its modern infrastructure, has created an irresistible tourism product. The industry is the primary source of foreign exchange for the country and a massive employer, particularly in the coastal regions, and it has been the main driver of Croatia’s economic development in the 21st century. The absolute heart of Croatian tourism is the stunning Dalmatian Coast. This is the jewel in the country’s crown, a magnificent stretch of coastline that runs from the island of Pag in the north to the Bay of Kotor in the south. It is a landscape of breathtaking beauty, where the rugged, grey limestone mountains of the Dinaric Alps plunge dramatically into the crystal-clear, turquoise waters of the Adriatic Sea. Fringing this coast is a magnificent archipelago of over a thousand islands, each with its own unique character. The islands of Hvar and Brač are famous for their beautiful beaches (like the iconic Zlatni Rat), their lively nightlife, and their lavender fields. The island of Korčula is known for its beautiful, fortified old town, which is the birthplace of Marco Polo. The remote island of Vis offers a more tranquil and authentic experience, while the Elaphiti Islands near Dubrovnik are a paradise for a quiet island-hopping escape. The entire coastline is a sailor’s dream, and Croatia is one of the world’s premier destinations for yacht chartering, with a vast network of modern marinas. The historic cities that dot this coastline are equally compelling attractions. Dubrovnik, the “Pearl of the Adriatic,” is a UNESCO World Heritage site, famous for its magnificent and perfectly preserved medieval city walls that encircle a stunning old town of marble streets, baroque churches, and aristocratic palaces. Split, the second-largest city, is another UNESCO site, a vibrant and bustling city that has grown out of the colossal and incredibly well-preserved palace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian. Other historic coastal towns like Zadar, Šibenik, and Trogir also offer a wealth of history and charm.

While the coast is the main draw, Croatia’s inland regions also offer a wealth of attractions. The country’s most famous natural wonder is the Plitvice Lakes National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in the mountainous interior. It is a magical landscape of sixteen terraced lakes that are interconnected by a series of spectacular waterfalls and cascades. Another stunning national park is the Krka National Park, where the Krka River forms a series of beautiful waterfalls, including the famous Skradinski Buk, where visitors can swim in the pools below the falls. The Istrian Peninsula in the north is another major tourist region. This heart-shaped peninsula is often called the “Croatian Tuscany” for its rolling green hills, its medieval hilltop towns like Motovun and Grožnjan, its rich culinary scene (which is famous for its truffles, olive oil, and wine), and its strong Italian cultural influence. The capital city, Zagreb, in the north of the country, is a vibrant and charming Central European city with a beautiful historic Upper Town, numerous museums, a thriving café culture, and a famous Christmas market. With its unique combination of stunning natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, excellent food and wine, and modern, safe infrastructure, it is no wonder that Croatia has firmly established itself as a superstar of world tourism.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

The visa and entry requirements for the Republic of Croatia are governed by its membership in the European Union (EU) and the Schengen Area, which it joined in 2023. This has made travel to Croatia more seamless and standardized for a vast number of international visitors. The country’s visa policy is now fully harmonized with the common Schengen visa policy. This means that for many travelers, entering Croatia is a straightforward process that does not require a visa for short stays. However, it is absolutely essential for all travelers to verify the most current requirements for their specific nationality with an official source before making any travel plans, as the rules can be complex. For all travelers, regardless of their nationality, a valid travel document is required for entry. For most people, this will be a passport. It is a strict requirement that the passport be valid for at least three months beyond the intended date of departure from the Schengen Area. The passport must also have been issued within the last ten years and should have at least two blank pages for any necessary stamps. Upon arrival at a border crossing, which are now internal Schengen borders for travelers arriving from other Schengen countries (meaning there are generally no systematic passport checks), or at an external border for those arriving from outside the Schengen Area, you will be subject to the standard Schengen entry procedures. All citizens of the European Union, the European Economic Area (EEA) (which includes Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway), and Switzerland have the right to enter, reside, and work in Croatia without a visa, under the principle of freedom of movement. They simply need to carry a valid national ID card or passport. For citizens of a large number of other countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, a visa is not required for short-term visits. These nationals can enter Croatia and the entire Schengen Area for tourism, business, or family visits for a period of up to 90 days within any 180-day period. This 90-day limit applies to the Schengen Area as a whole, so if you have recently spent time in another Schengen country, that time will count towards your 90-day limit.

For citizens of countries that are not on the visa-waiver list, a Schengen visa is mandatory and must be obtained in advance of travel. The application for a Schengen visa must be submitted to the embassy or consulate of the country that is the main destination of the trip. If you are visiting several Schengen countries for an equal amount of time, you should apply to the country of your first entry. The application process for a Schengen visa is standardized and typically requires a completed application form, a valid passport, passport-sized photos, proof of travel health insurance with a minimum coverage of €30,000, a detailed itinerary with flight and accommodation bookings, and proof of sufficient financial means to cover the stay. The process can take several weeks, so it is crucial to apply well in advance. For any stay in Croatia that is longer than 90 days, or for purposes such as work or study, all non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens must apply for a national long-stay visa (Visa D) and a temporary residence permit. This process must be initiated before traveling to Croatia and has its own specific set of requirements depending on the purpose of the stay. It is also important for all foreign visitors to be aware of the legal requirement to register their stay with the local police. If you are staying in a hotel, hostel, or other registered tourist accommodation, this registration will be done for you automatically by the accommodation provider. However, if you are staying in private accommodation, it is your and your host’s responsibility to register your stay within 48 hours of your arrival.

Finally, it is worth noting that the European Union is planning to implement a new European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS). Once this system is in place, citizens of current visa-exempt countries will be required to obtain this electronic pre-travel authorization online before their trip. While not yet operational, it is an important future requirement to be aware of. To ensure a smooth journey, the most reliable and final step in your travel preparations should always be to check the official website of the Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs or the nearest Croatian embassy or consulate for the most accurate and up-to-date entry requirements for your specific nationality.

40) Useful Resources

To plan the perfect trip to the stunning and diverse country of Croatia, having access to reliable, comprehensive, and up-to-date resources is absolutely key. From official tourism portals showcasing the best of the country to practical sites for booking transportation and checking entry requirements, a wealth of online information is available to help you craft an unforgettable Croatian adventure. The most important and comprehensive resource for any potential visitor is the official website of the **Croatian National Tourist Board (HTZ)**, which can be found at **croatia.hr**. This beautifully designed and user-friendly portal is the ultimate one-stop shop for travel inspiration and practical planning. It is available in multiple languages and features detailed guides to all of the country’s diverse regions, from Istria and Dalmatia to the inland capital of Zagreb. You can find extensive information on destinations, beaches, national parks, UNESCO World Heritage sites, and a wide range of activities, including sailing, hiking, and gastronomy. The site also provides practical tips, a calendar of events, and links to local tourist boards, making it an invaluable tool for building your itinerary. For definitive information on entry requirements, the most reliable source is the **Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia (mvep.gov.hr)**. Their website provides the most current information on the visa regime for all nationalities and lists the locations of Croatian embassies and consulates around the world. It is crucial to consult this official source before making any travel arrangements. For visitors wanting to explore Croatia’s magnificent natural heritage, the official website of the **Croatian National and Nature Parks (parkovihrvatske.hr)** is an essential resource. This site provides detailed information on all of the country’s eight national parks (like Plitvice Lakes and Krka) and eleven nature parks, including opening hours, entrance fees, trail maps, and important regulations for visitors.

When it comes to getting around the country, the websites of the main transportation companies are indispensable. For ferry travel between the mainland and the islands, the website of **Jadrolinija**, the main state-owned ferry company, is essential for checking timetables and booking tickets, especially during the busy summer season. For long-distance bus travel, which is a very efficient and popular way to get around, websites like **GetByBus** and **BusCroatia** are excellent tools that allow you to compare the schedules and prices of numerous different bus companies and to purchase tickets online. The website of **Croatian Railways (HŽ Putnički Prijevoz)** provides information for the country’s train network. For up-to-date health and safety information, it is vital to consult your home country’s government travel advisory body, such as the **U.S. Department of State** or the **UK’s FCDO**. These sites provide current information on safety, health recommendations, and local laws. Another crucial health resource is the **U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)**, which offers detailed health information for travelers to Croatia. For in-depth, practical travel advice and cultural insights, reputable international travel guides are also highly recommended. **Lonely Planet**, **Rick Steves’ Europe** (which has excellent coverage of the Dalmatian Coast), and the **DK Eyewitness Guide to Croatia** are all excellent resources that provide well-researched information on accommodation, restaurants, and transportation, as well as valuable cultural context. For news and to get a sense of current events, English-language news portals like **Total Croatia News** are very useful.

Finally, for booking flights, the official websites of the main international airports, such as **Zagreb (ZAG)**, **Split (SPU)**, and **Dubrovnik (DBV)**, offer information on airlines and flight schedules. By combining the official information from government and tourism bodies with the practical, on-the-ground advice from expert guides and other travelers, you can confidently plan an incredible journey through the jewel of the Adriatic.