Cuba Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of Cuba is a dramatic and complex tapestry of indigenous cultures, colonial conquest, struggles for independence, revolution, and geopolitical intrigue. Before the arrival of Europeans, the island was inhabited by indigenous peoples, primarily the Taíno and Siboney, who had established peaceful agricultural and fishing communities. This world was irrevocably shattered on October 28, 1492, when Christopher Columbus landed on the island’s shores, claiming it for the Spanish crown. Spanish colonization began in earnest in the early 16th century under Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, who founded key settlements including Baracoa and Havana. The Spanish conquest was brutal; the indigenous populations were decimated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and were subjected to forced labor under the ‘encomienda’ system. To replace the dwindling native workforce, the Spanish began the large-scale importation of enslaved Africans to toil on the rapidly expanding sugar and tobacco plantations, creating a deeply stratified and multicultural society that would define Cuba for centuries.

The 19th century was characterized by a growing desire for independence from Spanish rule. A series of rebellions and wars for independence marked the era, beginning with the Ten Years’ War (1868-1878). While these initial efforts were unsuccessful, they laid the groundwork for a powerful nationalist movement. The intellectual and spiritual leader of this movement was the writer and poet José Martí, whose passionate advocacy for a free and sovereign Cuba made him the nation’s foremost national hero. His efforts culminated in the final war of independence, which began in 1895. The conflict took a decisive turn in 1898 when the United States intervened after the mysterious explosion of the USS Maine in Havana harbor. The ensuing Spanish-American War resulted in Spain ceding Cuba to the United States. While Cuba was granted formal independence in 1902, it was under the shadow of the Platt Amendment, a US-imposed clause in the Cuban constitution that gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs, leading to a prolonged period of American political and economic dominance.

The first half of the 20th century was marked by political instability, corruption, and continued US influence, culminating in the repressive dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. This set the stage for the Cuban Revolution, a guerrilla campaign led by Fidel Castro, his brother Raúl, and the iconic Argentine revolutionary Che Guevara. On January 1, 1959, their forces triumphed, and Batista fled the country. Castro quickly consolidated power, establishing a one-party communist state aligned with the Soviet Union. This move set Cuba on a collision course with the United States, leading to the severing of diplomatic ties, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961, and the terrifying Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The US imposed a comprehensive economic embargo that continues to shape Cuban life to this day. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 triggered a severe economic crisis in Cuba known as the “Special Period.” Since then, the country has navigated a difficult path, with Fidel Castro’s transfer of power to his brother Raúl in 2008, and subsequently to President Miguel Díaz-Canel, marking a new, though still challenging, chapter in its revolutionary history.

22) Geography

The geography of the Republic of Cuba is defined by its status as the largest and most populous island in the Caribbean Sea. It is an archipelago, consisting of the main island of Cuba, the much smaller Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) to the south, and a multitude of smaller cays and islets, such as Cayo Coco and Cayo Largo, that dot its coastline. Strategically located at the confluence of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean, Cuba lies just 150 kilometers south of Key West, Florida, and is situated east of Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula and north of Jamaica. This pivotal location has profoundly shaped its history, making it a key prize for colonial powers and a focal point of geopolitical interest throughout the centuries. The main island is long and narrow, often likened to a crocodile, stretching for over 1,250 kilometers from east to west but with a width that varies from just 31 kilometers at its narrowest point to 191 kilometers at its widest.

Cuba’s topography is predominantly characterized by flat to gently rolling plains, which are ideal for agriculture and cover about two-thirds of the island. These plains are where the majority of the country’s famous sugar cane and tobacco crops are cultivated. However, the landscape is punctuated by several significant mountain ranges that add to its scenic diversity. In the southeast, the rugged Sierra Maestra range rises dramatically from the coast, containing Cuba’s highest peak, Pico Turquino. This remote and inaccessible mountain range famously served as the hideout for Fidel Castro’s revolutionary army. In the central part of the island, the Sierra del Escambray offers lush, forested peaks and deep valleys, while in the west, the Sierra de los Órganos in the Pinar del Río province is world-famous for its unique and spectacular karst landscape. This area, particularly the Viñales Valley, is characterized by dramatic, rounded limestone mountains known as ‘mogotes’ that rise abruptly from the flat valley floor, creating one of the most iconic and photographed landscapes in the country.

The climate of Cuba is tropical, moderated by the surrounding trade winds. There are two main seasons: a dry season from November to April and a rainy season from May to October. The country lies within the Atlantic hurricane belt and is vulnerable to powerful tropical cyclones, particularly between August and October. With over 5,700 kilometers of coastline, Cuba is blessed with an abundance of stunning beaches, from the world-famous white sands of Varadero to countless secluded coves. The coastline is also fringed by one of the world’s most extensive and well-preserved coral reef systems, making it a prime destination for diving and snorkeling. The island has numerous natural harbors, most notably the deep, bottle-shaped bay of Havana. Due to its narrow shape, Cuba has no long or wide rivers. The longest is the Cauto River in the east, but most are short and have a limited flow. The country’s primary natural resources include nickel, of which it is a major world producer, cobalt, and extensive tracts of arable land.

23) Politics and Government

The political system of the Republic of Cuba is defined by its 2019 Constitution as a socialist state of law and social justice, operating as a one-party republic. The central and most powerful political institution in the country is the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). According to the constitution, the PCC is the “superior leading political force of society and of the State,” meaning it is the only legal political party and its authority permeates all levels of government and society. The party’s role is not to compete in elections but to guide the nation along a socialist path. All other political parties are illegal. This one-party system ensures that political power remains highly centralized and firmly in the hands of the party leadership. The political structure is designed to maintain the principles of the 1959 Revolution and to safeguard the country against what it perceives as the threat of US imperialism. The First Secretary of the Communist Party is the most powerful political figure in the country, a role held for decades by Fidel Castro, then his brother Raúl Castro, and now by the current President, Miguel Díaz-Canel.

The formal structure of the state is built around the concept of “Poder Popular,” or People’s Power. The supreme organ of state power is the National Assembly of People’s Power, a unicameral legislature with over 600 seats. Members of the National Assembly are elected for five-year terms. The election process is not adversarial in the Western sense; candidates are nominated by municipal assemblies from lists approved by national and local candidacy commissions, which are heavily influenced by the PCC. Voters are then presented with a slate of candidates to approve. The National Assembly is responsible for passing laws and, crucially, for electing the nation’s top leadership, including the President, Vice President, and the Prime Minister. It also elects the members of the Council of State, a 31-member body that represents the Assembly between its sessions, and the Council of Ministers, which is the main executive and administrative body of the government. The President of the Republic is the head of state, while the Prime Minister, a position that was restored in the 2019 constitution, serves as the head of government, responsible for the day-to-day running of the Council of Ministers.

In practice, there is no separation of powers between the Communist Party and the state. The government implements the policies decided upon by the party leadership. While the system of municipal, provincial, and national assemblies is designed to provide a framework for citizen participation, all real power resides with the Political Bureau and the Central Committee of the PCC. Political dissent is not tolerated, and the state maintains a tight control over the media, with all outlets being state-owned and reflecting the party line. Freedom of speech, press, and assembly are severely restricted. While the country holds regular elections for its assemblies, the process does not allow for political pluralism or competition from outside the established system. The political environment is one of uniformity and control, where the state and the party are effectively one and the same, and the primary political goal is the preservation of the socialist system established by the Revolution.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Republic of Cuba is a civil law system based on the socialist legal tradition, with its roots in Spanish civil law. The supreme law of the land is the Constitution, with the most recent version having been approved by a referendum in 2019. This document lays out the political and economic structure of the socialist state and guarantees certain rights, although it also subordinates all law and individual rights to the objectives of the socialist society. The main body of law is codified in various acts and codes, such as the Civil Code and the Penal Code, which are passed by the National Assembly of People’s Power. The legal philosophy that underpins the system is that of “socialist legality,” which posits that the law is a tool to be used in the service of building and defending the socialist state. This means that the law is not seen as an independent check on state power but rather as an instrument of it. The interpretation and application of the law are expected to align with the political and social goals set forth by the Communist Party of Cuba.

The judicial system is organized in a hierarchical structure of “People’s Courts.” At the apex is the People’s Supreme Court, which is the highest judicial authority in the nation. Below it are the Provincial People’s Courts and, at the lowest tier, the Municipal People’s Courts, which handle the majority of civil and criminal cases. A distinctive feature of the Cuban court system is the use of both professional and lay judges. Lay judges are ordinary citizens who are elected to serve alongside professional judges for a term, a system intended to provide a measure of popular participation in the administration of justice. However, a fundamental challenge to the system is the lack of judicial independence. The Constitution subordinates the courts to the National Assembly of People’s Power and, by extension, to the Communist Party. Judges are not independent arbiters but are expected to rule in a way that is consistent with revolutionary principles. This lack of independence is particularly evident in cases that are deemed to be political in nature.

The criminal justice system is administered by several state bodies. Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of the National Revolutionary Police Force (PNR), which is under the control of the Ministry of the Interior. The Ministry of the Interior also controls the powerful state security apparatus, which is tasked with monitoring and suppressing political dissent. The rights of the accused are outlined in the law, but in practice, due process protections are often weak. Individuals accused of crimes against state security or other politically motivated offenses face a system where the odds are heavily stacked against them. They may be held in lengthy pre-trial detention, have limited access to legal counsel, and face trials that lack transparency. The country has been widely criticized by international human rights organizations for its use of the law to criminalize peaceful dissent and for the existence of political prisoners. While the death penalty is still on the books for certain serious crimes, Cuba has maintained a de facto moratorium on its use for many years.

25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of Cuba has been one of the most distinctive and consequential in the modern history of the Americas. For over six decades, its international relations have been profoundly shaped by the principles of the 1959 Revolution: fierce nationalism, anti-imperialism, and a commitment to international socialism. Immediately following the revolution, Cuba aligned itself closely with the Soviet Union, a move that placed it at the epicenter of the Cold War. This alliance provided Cuba with a vital economic lifeline and a security guarantee, but it also made it a primary adversary of the United States. This period was defined by Cuba’s active support for leftist revolutionary movements across Latin America and Africa. The Cuban government sent tens of thousands of troops to support allied governments and insurgencies, most notably in Angola and Ethiopia, a policy of “proletarian internationalism” that projected Cuban influence far beyond its size and economic weight. This assertive foreign policy was a source of great prestige for the revolutionary government but also contributed to its diplomatic isolation from many Western nations.

The single most dominant and defining feature of Cuba’s foreign relations has been its antagonistic relationship with the United States. Following the revolution and the nationalization of US-owned property, the US severed diplomatic ties and, in 1962, imposed a comprehensive economic, commercial, and financial embargo, known in Cuba as “el bloqueo” (the blockade). This embargo has had a devastating and long-lasting impact on the Cuban economy and has been the central point of contention between the two nations ever since. The relationship has been marked by periods of extreme tension, including the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis, and periods of cautious engagement. A historic, but brief, thaw in relations occurred during the Obama administration, which saw the restoration of diplomatic ties in 2015 and an easing of some travel and trade restrictions. However, this rapprochement was largely reversed by the subsequent Trump administration, which tightened the embargo and re-designated Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism. The relationship remains complex and deeply politicized, with the embargo continuing to be a major obstacle to Cuba’s economic development and its full integration into the regional community.

In the post-Cold War era, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba was forced to find new allies and adapt its foreign policy. It has cultivated strong relationships with other leftist governments in Latin America, particularly Venezuela, which for many years provided Cuba with subsidized oil in exchange for the services of Cuban doctors and other professionals. Cuba has also forged close political and economic ties with China and Russia, who have become important trading partners and sources of investment. The country is an active member of regional bodies like the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC). Its relationship with the European Union and Canada is more pragmatic; these nations maintain full diplomatic relations and are significant sources of tourism and investment, though they also periodically express concerns about the human rights situation on the island. A key and widely praised element of Cuba’s modern foreign policy is its “medical internationalism,” a program that sends thousands of Cuban doctors and nurses to provide healthcare in underserved countries around the world, generating both goodwill and a valuable source of foreign currency.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Republic of Cuba is organized into a clear, hierarchical system designed to manage the governance of the nation from the national to the local level. At the highest level, the country is divided into 15 provinces (‘provincias’) and one special municipality (‘municipio especial’). This structure was established in 2011 when the former La Habana Province was split into two new provinces, Artemisa and Mayabeque, to facilitate more effective administration around the capital city. The 15 provinces, from west to east, are: Pinar del Río, Artemisa, La Habana (Havana, the capital city), Mayabeque, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Villa Clara, Sancti Spíritus, Ciego de Ávila, Camagüey, Las Tunas, Holguín, Granma, Santiago de Cuba, and Guantánamo. Each province serves as the main intermediary level of government between the national authorities and the local municipalities, and each has its own distinct economic profile, culture, and history. The special municipality is the Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth), a large island located off the southern coast of the main island, which is administered directly by the central government due to its unique geographical and strategic position.

Each of the 15 provinces is governed by a Provincial People’s Power Assembly, which is led by a Governor. The Governor and the members of the provincial assembly are not directly elected by the public but are elected by the delegates of the municipal assemblies within that province. The provincial government is responsible for overseeing the economic and social development of its territory, coordinating the work of state-owned enterprises within the province, and implementing the policies and plans handed down from the central government. This structure ensures that the political and economic direction set by the national government and the Communist Party of Cuba is carried out consistently across the entire country. The provincial capitals are the main administrative and commercial hubs for their respective regions, housing the main government offices, hospitals, and educational institutions.

The fundamental unit of local government and citizen participation in Cuba is the municipality (‘municipio’). The country is divided into 168 municipalities. Each municipality has its own Municipal Assembly of People’s Power, whose delegates are directly elected by the residents of the electoral wards (‘circunscripciones’) within that municipality. These municipal assemblies are responsible for the day-to-day administration of local public services, such as schools, clinics, and local commerce. They are also the body from which the candidates for the provincial and national assemblies are nominated, forming the base of the “Poder Popular” (People’s Power) system. While this structure is designed to provide a framework for grassroots participation in governance, in practice, the autonomy of municipal and provincial governments is limited. They operate within the highly centralized political and economic system of the state, where all major decisions on policy and resource allocation are made by the central government and the leadership of the Communist Party in Havana. The administrative divisions thus function as a mechanism for implementing central policy rather than as centers of independent local power.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Republic of Cuba is a unique and highly challenged system, operating as one of the world’s last remaining centrally planned socialist economies. The vast majority of the means of production are owned and run by the state, following the principles of Marxism-Leninism. This economic model was established in the years following the 1959 Revolution, when the government nationalized private industries and agricultural land. For three decades, the Cuban economy was sustained by a close, heavily subsidized relationship with the Soviet Union, which provided a stable market for Cuban sugar and supplied the island with cheap oil and other essential goods. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 had a catastrophic impact on the Cuban economy, triggering a severe economic depression known as the “Special Period in Peacetime.” This event, combined with the long-standing and tightening United States economic embargo (‘el bloqueo’), forced the country into a prolonged period of extreme hardship and economic adaptation. The economy today remains under the firm control of the state, but it has undergone limited reforms to allow for some private enterprise and to attract foreign investment in key sectors.

The main pillars of the contemporary Cuban economy are the export of services and tourism. The most valuable economic export is not a physical commodity but the services of its highly trained professional workforce. Cuba sends tens of thousands of doctors, nurses, and other medical personnel to work in other countries, particularly in Latin America and Africa, in exchange for hard currency or subsidized goods, such as oil from Venezuela. This medical internationalism is a significant source of revenue for the state. The tourism industry is the other major engine of the economy and the primary source of foreign currency. The country attracts visitors with its unique combination of historic colonial cities, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture. The government has invested heavily in this sector, often through joint ventures with foreign hotel chains. In terms of physical commodities, Cuba’s main exports are nickel, of which it is a major world producer; tobacco, which is world-renowned in the form of premium hand-rolled cigars; sugar and its derivatives like rum; and fishery products. The agricultural sector, however, has struggled with inefficiency and underinvestment for decades, and the country is heavily reliant on imports for a significant portion of its food supply.

In recent years, the Cuban government has cautiously introduced market-oriented reforms to stimulate the struggling economy. The most significant of these has been the expansion of the private sector, or ‘cuentapropismo’. This has allowed for the creation of small private businesses, most notably in the tourism sector, such as private restaurants (‘paladares’) and private homestays (‘casas particulares’), as well as in a range of other services. However, this private sector remains heavily regulated and constrained by the state. The economy faces a multitude of chronic challenges, including a complex and recently unified dual-currency system that has caused significant distortions, low productivity, a deteriorating infrastructure, and persistent shortages of food, medicine, and consumer goods. The ongoing US embargo severely restricts access to international finance and trade, further complicating the economic picture. The fundamental challenge for Cuba is to find a sustainable economic model that can provide for its people while adhering to its socialist principles in an increasingly globalized world.

28) Science and Technology

The story of science and technology in Cuba is one of remarkable paradoxes, characterized by world-class achievements in certain niche areas set against a backdrop of general technological scarcity and limited infrastructure. The most significant and internationally recognized area of Cuban scientific prowess is in the fields of biotechnology and medicine. Following the 1959 Revolution, the government made a strategic decision to invest heavily in public health and scientific research, viewing it as a cornerstone of national sovereignty and a potential source of economic development. This state-driven focus has yielded impressive results. Cuba has developed a robust biopharmaceutical industry, centered around institutions like the Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) and the Finlay Institute. These centers have been responsible for developing a number of innovative vaccines and therapeutic drugs. Cuba was one of the first countries to develop a vaccine against meningitis B and has created treatments for diabetic foot ulcers and certain types of cancer. Most recently, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Cuban scientists developed their own successful vaccines, such as Abdala and Soberana 02, making it the smallest country in the world to do so.

This success in high-level biotechnology stands in stark contrast to the general state of technology in other sectors of the Cuban economy and in daily life. Decades of economic hardship, a centrally planned economy, and, crucially, the comprehensive US embargo have severely restricted Cuba’s access to modern technology, scientific equipment, spare parts, and international collaboration. This has left many industries, from agriculture to manufacturing, operating with outdated, often Soviet-era machinery. The general infrastructure of the country, including the power grid and transportation systems, suffers from chronic underinvestment and a lack of modern technological upgrades. This creates a challenging environment for scientists and researchers, who often have to work with limited resources and find ingenious, low-tech solutions to complex problems, a skill known locally as ‘resolver’ (to resolve or to figure it out). This ability to innovate out of necessity is a hallmark of the Cuban scientific community.

In the realm of information and communication technology (ICT), Cuba has historically been one of the least connected countries in the Western Hemisphere. For many years, internet access was extremely rare, slow, and tightly controlled by the state. The state-owned telecommunications company, ETECSA, holds a monopoly on all services. The landscape began to change with the introduction of public Wi-Fi parks in 2015, where Cubans could buy scratch-off cards for hourly internet access. More recently, the rollout of mobile data (3G and 4G) has been a transformative development, bringing internet access directly to the smartphones of millions of Cubans for the first time. However, connectivity remains expensive, often slow by international standards, and subject to state censorship and surveillance. To overcome these limitations, Cubans developed a unique offline solution known as the ‘Paquete Semanal’ (the Weekly Package), a one-terabyte collection of pirated digital content—including movies, music, apps, and news—that is distributed across the country on portable hard drives, creating a vibrant offline internet.

29) Philosophy

The official philosophy of the Republic of Cuba is Marxism-Leninism, which has served as the ideological foundation of the state since the early years of the Cuban Revolution. This philosophy was formally adopted as the guiding principle of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) and the nation, shaping its political system, its centrally planned economy, and its educational curriculum. The Cuban interpretation of Marxism-Leninism emphasizes several key themes: a commitment to building a classless, socialist society; a staunch opposition to imperialism, particularly from the United States; the importance of a single vanguard party to lead the proletariat; and the principle of internationalism, which manifested in Cuba’s support for revolutionary movements abroad. This official philosophy posits that history is a struggle between social classes and that the ultimate goal is the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a communist society where the means of production are owned collectively. The state, therefore, plays a central role in directing all aspects of economic and social life to achieve these ends. This ideology is promoted through all state-run media and is a mandatory part of education at all levels, instilling the values of the revolution in every generation.

However, the official state philosophy does not exist in a vacuum. It is uniquely blended with and reinforced by the powerful nationalist thought of José Martí, Cuba’s 19th-century independence hero. Martí, a poet, writer, and revolutionary, is revered as the “Apostle” of Cuban independence. His philosophical ideas about national sovereignty, social justice, anti-imperialism, and the need for a unified Latin American identity (‘Nuestra América’ or ‘Our America’) are cornerstones of Cuban national identity. The revolutionary government, from Fidel Castro onwards, masterfully integrated Martí’s thought into its own socialist ideology. By framing the revolution as the ultimate fulfillment of Martí’s struggle for true independence, not just from Spain but also from US dominance, the government was able to create a powerful and uniquely Cuban brand of socialism. This synthesis of Martí’s patriotic ideals with Marxist-Leninist principles has given the Cuban Revolution a deep-seated nationalist legitimacy that has been crucial to its endurance. Martí’s quotes and image are as ubiquitous across Cuba as those of Marx, Lenin, or Che Guevara.

Beyond the official and political philosophies, there is a rich and resilient popular philosophy that governs the daily life and worldview of many Cubans. This is most evident in the realm of spirituality. Despite the state’s historical promotion of atheism, religious belief has persisted and thrived. The most prominent example is Santería, or the Regla de Ocha-Ifá, a syncretic religion that blends the traditional beliefs of the West African Yoruba people, who were brought to Cuba as slaves, with the iconography of Roman Catholicism. Adherents worship a pantheon of ‘orishas’ (deities) who are associated with specific Catholic saints. This vibrant spiritual tradition, with its complex rituals, music, and divination, provides a deep source of meaning, community, and guidance for a large segment of the population. On a more practical level, a key part of the popular Cuban philosophy is the concept of ‘resolver’ (to resolve or to solve). Born out of decades of economic hardship and shortages, ‘resolver’ is a philosophy of everyday life that emphasizes creativity, ingenuity, resilience, and the ability to find a way to get by, no matter the obstacle. It is a testament to the indefatigable and resourceful spirit of the Cuban people.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural etiquette of Cuba is key to experiencing the true warmth and vibrancy of its people. Cuban culture is expressive, tactile, and social, and understanding its nuances will be greatly appreciated. Greetings are a fundamental part of daily interaction. A handshake is common in most situations, often accompanied by direct eye contact and a warm smile. Among friends and in more informal settings, a kiss on the cheek is the standard greeting between a man and a woman or between two women. It is not uncommon for men to greet each other with a friendly hug or a hearty pat on the back. Cubans are generally not reserved about personal space and tend to stand closer to each other when talking than in many Western cultures. Communication is often loud, passionate, and animated, filled with expressive hand gestures. This should not be misinterpreted as anger; it is simply the normal, enthusiastic way of communicating. It is considered polite to greet people with a “Buenos días” (Good morning), “Buenas tardes” (Good afternoon), or “Buenas noches” (Good evening/night) when entering a room or a shop.

Family is the cornerstone of Cuban society, and respect for elders (‘los mayores’) is deeply ingrained in the culture. When interacting with older people, it is important to be polite and deferential. If you are invited into a Cuban home, it is a sign of great hospitality and friendship. You should accept any offer of a small cup of strong, sweet Cuban coffee (‘un cafecito’), as refusing it can be seen as impolite. Bringing a small, simple gift for your hosts, such as something for the children or a bottle of rum, is a thoughtful gesture but not strictly required. When it comes to dining, table manners are relatively relaxed. It is polite to wait until your host says “Buen provecho” (enjoy your meal) before starting to eat. Cubans are known for their generosity, and they will often go to great lengths to provide the best food they have for their guests, even in times of scarcity. It is a sign of appreciation to eat what you are offered and to compliment the cook.

In public, Cubans dress casually but take pride in their appearance, and being clean and well-dressed is important. For tourists, casual clothing is perfectly acceptable, though it’s a good idea to dress a little more smartly if you are attending a special event or a performance at a theater. A unique aspect of Cuban public etiquette is the queue, or ‘la cola’. Due to frequent shortages, lining up for goods and services is a part of daily life. The system, however, works on an honor basis. When you arrive at a queue, you don’t just go to the back; you must ask, “¿El último?” (“Who is last?”). The person who is last will identify themselves, and you are now the new ‘último’. You can then stand nearby and wait for your turn without having to be in a physical line. It is also important to be sensitive when discussing certain topics. While Cubans may privately express a wide range of opinions, it is wise for a foreigner to avoid initiating direct criticism of the government, Fidel Castro, or the revolution, as this can be a very sensitive and complex subject.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports are not just a pastime in Cuba; they are a fundamental part of the national identity and a source of immense pride. The undisputed king of Cuban sports is baseball, or ‘pelota’, as it is passionately called on the island. Baseball is more than a game; it is a cultural institution that has been woven into the fabric of Cuban life for over 150 years. The sport is followed with a religious fervor, with fierce rivalries between the provincial teams that compete in the top domestic league, the Cuban National Series (‘Serie Nacional de Béisbol’). From the grand stadiums of Havana to dusty, informal diamonds in rural villages, the game is played and debated everywhere. Cuba has a storied history of producing some of the world’s most talented baseball players. The national team has historically been a dominant force in international amateur competitions, including the Olympic Games and the Baseball World Cup. The issue of Cuban players defecting to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States is a complex and often emotional topic, but the skill and success of these players on the world stage is a source of great pride for many Cubans, regardless of the politics involved.

While baseball reigns supreme, Cuba has also achieved extraordinary success in a number of other sports, particularly amateur boxing. The Cuban school of boxing is world-renowned for its technical skill, discipline, and rigorous training methods. This has allowed the nation, despite its small size, to consistently produce a staggering number of Olympic and world champions, making it a true global boxing superpower. Legends like Teófilo Stevenson and Félix Savón are national heroes. Volleyball is another sport where Cuba has a rich history of international success, with both its men’s and women’s teams having been among the world’s elite for many years. Track and field is also a source of national pride, with Cuban athletes consistently winning medals in jumping and running events at the highest international levels. In recent years, football (soccer) has seen a massive surge in popularity, especially among the younger generation. The passion for European leagues, particularly Spain’s La Liga with its famous rivals Real Madrid and Barcelona, is immense, and it is now common to see children playing football in the streets alongside the traditional games of baseball.

Recreation and popular pastimes are a vital part of the social fabric of Cuba. One of the most ubiquitous sights in any Cuban neighborhood is a game of dominoes. Played with great passion, speed, and noise, dominoes is not just a game but a primary form of social interaction, a way for friends and neighbors to gather, talk, and engage in friendly competition. Music and dance are also central to Cuban life and are a form of recreation for everyone. Spontaneous dancing can break out anywhere there is music, and learning to dance salsa is a rite of passage. The Malecón, Havana’s famous sea wall, serves as the city’s great public living room. In the evenings, it comes alive with people of all ages who gather there to socialize, fish, listen to music, and enjoy the cool ocean breeze. This vibrant public life, played out in the streets, parks, and plazas, is a defining characteristic of Cuban culture and a testament to the resilient and sociable spirit of its people.

32) Environmental Concerns

The environmental situation in Cuba is a study in contrasts, a unique paradox created by the country’s political and economic history. On one hand, decades of limited industrial development, a lack of access to industrial-scale agricultural inputs like pesticides and fertilizers, and a low-consumerism model have inadvertently resulted in the preservation of large tracts of natural habitat. Cuba boasts some of the most extensive and well-preserved coral reefs in the Caribbean, vital mangrove forests, and significant areas of intact tropical forest. The country has a high degree of biodiversity and is home to a large number of endemic species, including the world’s smallest bird, the bee hummingbird. The government has also demonstrated a strong commitment to conservation, with a well-developed system of national parks and protected areas covering a significant portion of its territory. This has made Cuba a prime destination for eco-tourism and a key area of interest for conservation scientists. The relative lack of industrial pollution has left many of its ecosystems in a healthier state than those of its more developed neighbors.

However, despite these positive aspects, Cuba faces a number of serious and growing environmental challenges. One of the most significant is pollution from urban and industrial sources. For decades, untreated sewage and industrial effluent have been discharged directly into the country’s bays and rivers, leading to severe water pollution, particularly in the iconic Havana Bay. The country’s aging industrial infrastructure is often inefficient and lacks modern pollution control technology. In the agricultural sector, outdated and soil-degrading practices have led to erosion and a loss of fertility in some areas. The increasing pressure from the tourism industry also poses a threat. The development of large coastal resorts can lead to the destruction of fragile mangrove and dune ecosystems, and the waste generated by tourist facilities places a significant strain on local infrastructure. Overfishing, both legal and illegal, is also a concern for the long-term health of the country’s valuable marine resources.

Perhaps the most significant environmental threat facing Cuba is its extreme vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. As an island nation, it is on the front line of the climate crisis. Rising sea levels pose an existential threat to low-lying coastal communities and ecosystems. The warming of the ocean is contributing to more frequent and severe coral bleaching events, which can devastate the coral reefs that protect the coastline and support the fishing and tourism industries. Cuba is also located directly in the Atlantic hurricane belt, and scientific models predict that climate change will lead to more intense and destructive hurricanes. In response to these grave threats, the Cuban government has taken a notably proactive and science-based approach. In 2017, it launched “Tarea Vida” (Life Task), a comprehensive, long-term state plan to address climate change. This plan involves a wide range of adaptation and mitigation strategies, including the protection and restoration of coastal ecosystems like mangroves and coral reefs, the relocation of vulnerable coastal communities, the development of climate-resilient agriculture, and a transition towards renewable energy sources. This makes Cuba a regional leader in climate change adaptation planning.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in Cuba are a reflection of the island’s vibrant, open, and family-oriented culture, blended with the legal and social realities of a socialist state. Courtship is generally direct and expressive, often infused with the natural flair and confidence that characterizes Cuban social interactions. Music and dance play a central role in the social lives of young people, and dance floors are often where relationships begin. Unlike in more conservative societies, there is less formality in the dating process. Public displays of affection are common, and couples are generally open about their relationships. Cohabitation before marriage is widespread and socially accepted. The legal framework of the state also influences relationships; marriage and divorce are both straightforward and inexpensive civil processes, which has contributed to a more fluid and less rigid view of marital commitment than in many other countries. The family, however, remains the cornerstone of society, and gaining the approval of one’s family is still an important step for any serious couple.

When a couple decides to marry, the wedding celebration is a joyous and important event, but it often differs significantly from the large, extravagant affairs common in many Western countries. Due to economic constraints, Cuban weddings tend to focus more on the spirit of the celebration than on opulent decorations or venues. The official ceremony is a simple civil act that takes place at a courthouse. The real celebration is the party, or ‘fiesta’, that follows. This is a time for family and friends to come together to celebrate the union with an abundance of food, drink (especially rum), music, and, above all, dancing. The party might be held in a family home, a local community hall, or a rented space. The emphasis is on creating a lively, joyful atmosphere where everyone can share in the couple’s happiness. The bride will often wear a white dress, and the groom a suit, but the overall affair is typically less formal and more spontaneous than a traditional Western wedding. It is a testament to the Cuban ability to create immense joy and celebration even in the face of material limitations.

34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Cuba is unique and fundamentally different from that of most other countries, as it is dominated by a state-controlled, centrally planned economy. For the vast majority of the Cuban workforce, employment means working for the state. The government is the primary employer across almost all sectors of the economy, from healthcare and education to industry, agriculture, and public administration. A Cuban might work as a doctor in a state-run polyclinic, a teacher in a public school, a worker in a state-owned cigar factory, an engineer at a nickel processing plant, or a bureaucrat in a government ministry. While this system provides a high level of job security, a major and persistent challenge is the extremely low level of official state salaries. The average monthly wage paid by the state is often insufficient to cover the basic cost of living, a reality that has forced a large portion of the population to find alternative ways to supplement their income and make ends meet.

In response to the country’s ongoing economic challenges, the Cuban government has cautiously and gradually opened up space for a small but growing private sector. This has created a new and dynamic sphere of work opportunities, particularly in a areas that cater to the tourism industry. These self-employed workers are known as ‘cuentapropistas’. The most visible and often most lucrative of these private enterprises are the ‘casas particulares’ (private homestays) and the ‘paladares’ (private restaurants). Renting out rooms to tourists or running a small, family-owned restaurant can provide an income that is many times higher than a state salary, making these highly sought-after roles. Other common private sector jobs include private taxi drivers (often using classic American cars), tour guides, artisans selling handicrafts, and a range of small service providers, from hairdressers to mobile phone repair technicians. This private sector has become a vital part of the Cuban economy, offering a higher quality of service and a greater degree of choice than was previously available.

Despite the growth of the private sector, significant challenges remain. ‘Cuentapropistas’ face a complex and often burdensome regulatory environment, high taxes, and difficulties in sourcing supplies and raw materials in an economy plagued by shortages. The opportunities for foreign nationals to work in Cuba are extremely limited and tightly controlled. Expatriates are generally only able to work in roles within foreign embassies, as representatives of foreign companies that have joint ventures with the state, or in some cases, as accredited journalists or NGO workers. It is not possible for a foreigner to simply arrive and find a job in the local economy. For the average Cuban, the world of work is a complex navigation between a low-paid but secure state job and the more lucrative but less certain opportunities of the private sector, all underpinned by the universal need to ‘resolver’—to find creative and resourceful ways to solve the economic challenges of daily life.

35) Education

The education system in the Republic of Cuba is widely regarded as one of the greatest achievements and most enduring pillars of the 1959 Revolution. The government established a state-funded, universal, and completely free education system that extends from pre-school through to university and postgraduate studies. This commitment to education as a fundamental human right and a tool for social development has resulted in consistently high literacy rates and a highly educated populace. The structure of the system is comprehensive. It begins with early childhood education, followed by six years of primary education and three years of basic secondary education, both of which are compulsory. Students then have the option to pursue a three-year pre-university education to prepare for higher education or to enter technical and vocational schools to learn a skilled trade. The system is renowned for its high standards and its emphasis on scientific and academic rigor. One of the most famous and successful initiatives in the history of Cuban education was the 1961 Cuban Literacy Campaign, a massive, volunteer-led effort that dramatically reduced illiteracy across the entire country in just one year, a feat that earned international acclaim.

A defining characteristic of the Cuban education system is its strong ideological foundation. The curriculum is based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism and the nationalist thought of José Martí. Education is seen not just as a means of imparting knowledge and skills but also as a crucial vehicle for instilling socialist values, a sense of collective responsibility, and a commitment to the principles of the revolution. This ideological component is present at all levels of the system. Alongside academic subjects, there is a strong emphasis on specialized education in the arts and sports. Cuba has a network of specialized schools that have produced world-class ballet dancers, musicians, artists, and athletes, particularly in sports like baseball and boxing. Despite its many successes, the education system faces significant challenges today. Decades of economic hardship and underinvestment have led to deteriorating school infrastructure, a shortage of basic materials like textbooks and computers, and low teacher salaries, which has contributed to a “brain drain” from the profession. The curriculum, while strong in fundamentals, has been slow to modernize and adapt to the demands of a globalized, digital world. Nevertheless, the unwavering commitment to providing free and accessible education for all remains a central and proud tenet of Cuban society.

36) Communication & Connectivity

The landscape of communication and connectivity in Cuba is one of rapid but controlled change, defined by the state’s monopoly over the sector and the population’s increasing demand for access to the digital world. For decades, Cuba was one of the least connected countries in the Western Hemisphere. All telecommunications services are controlled by a single state-owned company, ETECSA (Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A.). This monopoly has historically resulted in limited access, slow service, and high prices for the average Cuban. For many years, private internet connections in homes were illegal for most citizens, and communication was largely limited to landline telephones and the postal service. This isolation created a society where information was tightly controlled and communication with the outside world was difficult and expensive, a situation the government often justified as necessary to protect the country from external subversion.

The first major shift in this landscape came in 2015 with the introduction of public Wi-Fi parks. Suddenly, hundreds of designated public spaces, from town squares to parks, were equipped with Wi-Fi hotspots. To access the internet, users had to purchase a scratch-off ETECSA card, which provided a username and password for one hour of access. These parks quickly became vibrant social hubs, with people of all ages gathering with their laptops and smartphones to connect with family abroad, access social media, and browse the wider internet for the first time. This was a significant step forward, but the system remained inconvenient, with users having to brave the elements and a lack of privacy. The next, and even more transformative, development was the rollout of mobile data services in late 2018. The introduction of 3G and, subsequently, 4G networks brought internet access directly to the smartphones of millions of Cubans, fundamentally changing the way people communicate and access information.

Despite this progress, connectivity in Cuba remains challenging and distinct from most of the world. Internet access, both at Wi-Fi parks and via mobile data, is still expensive relative to the low average state salaries. While the speed and reliability of the network have improved, it can still be slow and inconsistent, especially outside of major cities. The state also maintains the ability to censor content and can block access to certain websites or apps, particularly during times of social or political unrest. To navigate these limitations of high cost and limited access, Cubans developed a unique and ingenious offline solution known as the ‘Paquete Semanal’ or “Weekly Package.” This is a massive one-terabyte collection of digital content—including the latest movies, TV series, music, mobile apps, websites, and news articles—that is curated each week and distributed across the country on portable hard drives. For a small fee, Cubans can “download” the package onto their own devices, creating a vibrant offline internet that has become a primary source of entertainment and information for a large portion of the population.

37) National Symbols

The national symbols of Cuba are a powerful and evocative collection of emblems that tell the story of the nation’s struggle for independence, its natural beauty, and its unique cultural identity. These symbols are a source of great patriotic pride and are deeply woven into the fabric of Cuban life. The most important national symbol is the flag, known as “La Estrella Solitaria” or “The Lone Star.” It consists of three blue stripes, representing the three departments into which Cuba was divided during the colonial era; two white stripes, symbolizing the purity of the patriotic cause; a red equilateral triangle, representing liberty, equality, fraternity, and the blood shed in the struggle for independence; and a single white five-pointed star set within the triangle, symbolizing the new and independent republic. The flag was designed in 1849 and was officially adopted in 1902, and it remains a potent symbol of national sovereignty and pride.

The Coat of Arms of Cuba is another rich and complex symbol. The shield is divided into three sections. The top section depicts a golden key between two mountains with a rising sun in the background, symbolizing Cuba’s key geographical position in the Gulf of Mexico. The section on the left shows the stripes of the flag, while the section on the right features a landscape with a prominent Royal Palm tree, representing the rich and fertile Cuban soil. The shield is topped by a Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, a classic symbol of freedom. The shield is supported by a branch of oak on one side, symbolizing the strength of the nation, and a branch of laurel on the other, symbolizing honor and glory. The national anthem, “La Bayamesa” (“The Bayamo Song”), originated as a patriotic marching song during the Ten Years’ War for independence in the 19th century and its rousing lyrics call on Cubans to fight for their homeland.

Cuba has also designated several species from its rich natural environment as national symbols. The national flower is the ‘Mariposa’ or Butterfly Jasmine (Hedychium coronarium), a beautiful and intensely fragrant white flower that women used during the wars of independence to carry secret messages within its petals. The national bird is the ‘Tocororo’ or Cuban Trogon (Priotelus temnurus), a colorful bird whose plumage of red, white, and blue matches the colors of the national flag. It is said that the Tocororo cannot live in captivity, and it is thus a powerful symbol of freedom. The national tree is the majestic Royal Palm (‘Palma Real’), a tree that is a ubiquitous and defining feature of the Cuban landscape, symbolizing the resilience and unwavering character of the Cuban people. Beyond these official emblems, there are many unofficial cultural symbols that are instantly recognizable as Cuban to the rest of the world, including the iconic classic American cars of the 1950s, the world-famous Cuban cigar, and the revolutionary image of Che Guevara.

Symbol	Representation
National Flag	“La Estrella Solitaria” (The Lone Star), with stripes for the colonial divisions, a triangle for liberty, and a star for independence.
Coat of Arms	Features a key (Cuba’s position), a Royal Palm (fertile land), and a rising sun (the new republic).
National Motto	“Patria o Muerte, Venceremos!” (Homeland or Death, We Shall Overcome!).
National Anthem	“La Bayamesa” (The Bayamo Song), a patriotic song from the wars of independence.
National Bird	Tocororo (Cuban Trogon), whose colors match the flag and which symbolizes freedom.
National Flower	Mariposa (Butterfly Jasmine), a fragrant white flower used to carry messages during the independence wars.
National Tree	Royal Palm (Palma Real), symbolizing the resilient character of the Cuban people.
Unofficial Cultural Symbol	Classic American cars from the 1950s, a testament to Cuban ingenuity and a living museum on wheels.

38) Tourism

Tourism is one of the most vital sectors of the Cuban economy and a primary source of the hard currency that the country desperately needs. For travelers, Cuba offers a uniquely compelling and multifaceted experience that is unlike anywhere else in the Caribbean. The island’s main draw is its incredible combination of rich history, vibrant culture, and stunning natural beauty. The heart of any cultural trip to Cuba is its capital, Havana. The historic center, La Habana Vieja (Old Havana), is a UNESCO World Heritage site, a captivating labyrinth of cobblestone streets, magnificent colonial-era plazas, and beautifully restored baroque and neoclassical buildings. Beyond the architecture, Havana pulsates with life; the iconic Malecón seawall, the rumble of classic 1950s American cars, the sounds of salsa and son music spilling out of doorways, and the warmth of its people create an unforgettable atmosphere. Other key historical cities include Trinidad, another UNESCO site with perfectly preserved colonial streets and buildings, and the eastern city of Santiago de Cuba, the cradle of the revolution and the heart of Afro-Cuban culture. For those seeking sun and sand, Cuba’s coastline is blessed with some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, most famously the long, white-sand peninsula of Varadero, which is the country’s main beach resort destination. The northern cays, such as Cayo Coco and Cayo Santa María, also offer pristine beaches and turquoise waters.

The experience of tourism in Cuba is unique due to the country’s political and economic system. There are two main ways for travelers to experience the island. The first is through the state-run tourism industry, which operates most of the large, all-inclusive resorts, particularly in destinations like Varadero. These resorts offer a conventional beach holiday experience. The second, and increasingly popular, way to travel is independently, which allows for a much deeper and more authentic immersion into Cuban life. This has been made possible by the growth of the private sector, particularly the ‘casas particulares’ (private homestays). Staying in a casa particular allows visitors to stay in a private room in a Cuban family’s home, offering a unique opportunity to interact with local people and to support private enterprise directly. Similarly, dining in ‘paladares’ (private restaurants) provides a taste of authentic and often innovative Cuban cuisine, a significant step up from the often uninspired food found in state-run establishments. Traveling independently allows visitors to explore the country at their own pace, using a combination of Viazul buses and ‘taxis colectivos’ (shared taxis) to move between cities and towns. This mode of travel offers a more unfiltered and rewarding glimpse into the realities and incredible resilience of daily life in Cuba.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for Cuba is a relatively straightforward process for most international travelers, but it has some unique aspects that are crucial to understand before you travel. For the vast majority of tourists, a formal visa is not required. Instead, visitors must obtain a document called a “Tourist Card” (‘tarjeta del turista’). This is a simple, two-part card that is stamped upon entry and exit. The tourist card is typically valid for a single-entry stay of up to 90 days for most nationalities (30 days for Canadian citizens), and it can usually be extended for an additional 90 days from within Cuba at an immigration office. It is essential to keep this card safe during your trip, as you will need to present the second half to immigration officials when you depart the country. The method for obtaining the tourist card varies. It can often be purchased from the airline you are flying with, either online during the booking process or at the check-in counter at the airport on the day of departure. Alternatively, it can be obtained in advance from Cuban embassies or consulates, or through authorized travel agencies. The color of the tourist card differs; a green card is used for travelers arriving on flights from the US, while a pink card is used for travelers arriving from any other country.

Beyond the tourist card, there are several other mandatory requirements for entry into Cuba. All travelers must have a passport that is valid for the duration of their stay. While a six-month validity is not always strictly enforced, it is highly recommended to avoid any potential issues with airlines or immigration. Visitors must also be able to provide proof of a return or onward flight ticket. Another critical requirement is proof of valid medical insurance that covers the duration of your stay in Cuba. Your insurance policy should explicitly state that it provides coverage in Cuba. While you may not be asked to show proof upon arrival, immigration officials reserve the right to do so, and if you cannot provide it, you may be required to purchase a local Cuban insurance policy at the airport. It is also now mandatory for all travelers to complete a digital entry form, known as the “D’Viajeros” form, online within 72 hours before their arrival. This form combines immigration, customs, and health information into a single QR code, which you must present to officials upon arrival.

A special and often confusing set of rules applies to citizens and residents of the United States. While Cuba welcomes American visitors, United States law restricts travel to Cuba for purely touristic purposes. US law requires that American travelers must qualify for one of twelve specific categories of authorized travel, such as “Support for the Cuban People,” “Family Visits,” or “Educational Activities.” The “Support for the Cuban People” category is the one most commonly used by independent travelers. It requires visitors to maintain a full-time schedule of activities that support the local Cuban people, such as staying in ‘casas particulares’, eating in ‘paladares’, and engaging with local artists and entrepreneurs. It is important to understand that this is a US government requirement, not a Cuban one. From the Cuban perspective, a US traveler enters with the same tourist card as anyone else. However, US travelers must be prepared to certify their travel category and keep records of their activities to comply with their own country’s laws.

40) Useful Resources

To ensure a successful, safe, and enriching journey to the unique destination of Cuba, it is essential to consult a range of reliable resources both before you travel and while you are on the island. For pre-travel planning, the first step should be to check the official visa and entry requirements. This information can be found on the websites of the Cuban embassy or consulate in your home country. For US travelers, the website of the U.S. Embassy in Havana provides crucial and up-to-date information on the legal categories for travel. Reputable and recently updated travel guidebooks, such as those from Lonely Planet or Rough Guides, are invaluable for understanding the country’s geography, history, and for getting practical advice on itineraries, transportation, and accommodation. Booking your first few nights of accommodation in advance, particularly if you are arriving in Havana, is highly recommended. Websites specializing in ‘casas particulares’ (private homestays) have become a key resource for independent travelers, allowing you to book rooms directly with Cuban families.

One of the most critical aspects of preparing for a trip to Cuba is understanding the money situation. The official currency is the Cuban Peso (CUP). US-issued credit and debit cards do not work anywhere in Cuba due to the embargo. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to bring enough cash for the entire duration of your trip. The best currencies to bring are Euros, Canadian Dollars, or British Pounds, as these can be exchanged for Cuban Pesos at a favorable rate at official exchange houses (‘Cadecas’) or banks. While US dollars can be exchanged, they are often subject to a penalty, making them a less economical choice. For health and safety, it is vital to obtain comprehensive travel insurance that explicitly covers Cuba and to carry proof of this policy with you. Consulting the travel advisories from your home government will provide the latest information on safety and any health precautions recommended for the region.

Once on the ground in Cuba, several resources will make your travel experience much smoother. As internet access can be unreliable and expensive, downloading an offline map app, such as Maps.me, to your smartphone before you leave home is one of the most useful things you can do. This will allow you to navigate the streets of cities like Havana without needing a data connection. Learning a few basic Spanish phrases will go a long way in enhancing your interactions with local people, as English is not widely spoken outside of the main tourist hubs. For long-distance travel between cities, the state-run Viazul bus service is a primary option for tourists, and tickets should be booked online in advance if possible. Alternatively, ‘taxis colectivos’ (shared long-distance taxis) can be a faster and more convenient way to travel. Finally, always be aware of your surroundings. While Cuba is generally a very safe country with low rates of violent crime, petty theft can occur in crowded tourist areas. By being prepared and using these resources, you can navigate the unique challenges of traveling in Cuba and have an incredibly rewarding experience.

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