Czech Republic Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of the Czech Republic is a long and complex narrative of kingdoms, empires, religious reformation, and a resilient struggle for national identity at the very heart of Europe. The lands of the modern Czech Republic, historically known as Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia, have been a crossroads of cultures for millennia. Slavic tribes arrived in the area around the 6th century, and by the 9th century, they had formed the Great Moravian Empire, a significant early Slavic state. A pivotal moment in this period was the arrival of the Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius, who introduced Christianity and the first Slavic literary language, laying the cultural and religious foundations of the nation. Following the decline of Great Moravia, the center of power shifted to Bohemia and the Přemyslid dynasty. Under their rule, the Kingdom of Bohemia became a powerful and autonomous state within the Holy Roman Empire. The 14th century, particularly the reign of King Charles IV, is considered the golden age of Bohemia. Charles IV, who was also Holy Roman Emperor, established Prague as the magnificent political and cultural capital of Central Europe, founding Charles University in 1348, the first in the region, and commissioning iconic landmarks like the Charles Bridge and St. Vitus Cathedral.

The 15th century was a period of religious and political turmoil, defined by the Hussite Wars. This conflict was sparked by the reformist preacher Jan Hus, who challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and was executed for heresy. His followers, the Hussites, successfully fought off several crusades launched against them, creating a powerful sense of Czech national identity and a legacy of religious reform that predated Martin Luther by a century. After a period of independence, the Kingdom of Bohemia was gradually incorporated into the powerful Habsburg Monarchy in the 16th century. For the next 400 years, the Czech lands were ruled from Vienna as part of the Austrian and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. While this period saw significant industrialization, making the region an economic powerhouse, it was also marked by a process of Germanization and the suppression of Czech national aspirations. The 19th century saw a powerful cultural and political revival, a “Czech National Revival,” which sought to restore the Czech language, culture, and a desire for self-determination. This movement laid the groundwork for the 20th century’s push for independence.

The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I finally brought this dream to fruition. In 1918, the independent state of Czechoslovakia was created, uniting the Czech lands with the neighboring Slovaks under the leadership of its first president, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. The First Republic was a beacon of democracy and prosperity in interwar Europe. However, this period of freedom was tragically cut short. The 1938 Munich Agreement, in which Britain and France appeased Hitler, allowed for the Nazi German annexation of the Sudetenland, which was followed by a full-scale occupation in 1939. After liberation by the Soviet and American armies at the end of World War II, Czechoslovakia fell under the influence of the Soviet Union. In 1948, a communist coup established a totalitarian regime that would last for over 40 years. A brief period of liberalization in 1968, known as the “Prague Spring,” was brutally crushed by a Soviet-led Warsaw Pact invasion. The communist regime finally collapsed in 1989 through the peaceful “Velvet Revolution,” led by dissident playwright Václav Havel. This restored democracy and led, in 1993, to the peaceful “Velvet Divorce,” in which the country amicably separated into two sovereign states: the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Since then, the Czech Republic has successfully integrated into Western political and economic structures, joining NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

22) Geography

The geography of the Czech Republic is characterized by its location in the very heart of Central Europe and by a diverse landscape of rolling hills, plateaus, and surrounding mountain ranges that form a distinct natural basin. The country is landlocked, sharing borders with Germany to the west and northwest, Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the southeast, and Austria to the south. This strategic position at the crossroads of the continent has profoundly shaped its history, making it a centuries-old hub for trade, culture, and conflict. The country is composed of three historical lands: Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the east, and a small part of Silesia in the northeast. The entire country is essentially a large, elevated plateau, encircled by a ring of low mountains and highlands that form a clear natural border. In the southwest, the Šumava Mountains (part of the larger Bohemian Forest) form the border with Germany, while the Ore Mountains (‘Krušné hory’) define the border in the northwest. The northern border with Poland is marked by the Sudetes mountain range, which includes the Krkonoše Mountains, home to the country’s highest peak, Sněžka, at 1,603 meters.

The interior of the country is a picturesque and varied landscape. The large western region of Bohemia is a basin drained by the Elbe (‘Labe’) and Vltava rivers. This area features a mosaic of rolling hills, fertile plains, and dense forests. It is here that the nation’s capital, Prague, is located, picturesquely situated on the banks of the Vltava River. The eastern region of Moravia is also a fertile agricultural area, drained primarily by the Morava River. This region is known for its fertile lowlands, which are a major center for winemaking, particularly in the south. The Czech Republic is blessed with a dense network of rivers. The most important of these is the Elbe River, which rises in the Krkonoše Mountains and flows through Bohemia before crossing into Germany and eventually emptying into the North Sea. The Vltava is the longest river within the Czech Republic itself, flowing through Prague and joining the Elbe north of the capital. The Morava and Oder rivers drain the eastern parts of the country, flowing south to the Danube and north to the Baltic Sea, respectively. This gives the Czech Republic the unique distinction of being a “roof of Europe,” where its waters flow to three different seas.

The country’s climate is temperate, with four distinct seasons. The winters are generally cold, cloudy, and snowy, particularly in the mountainous regions, making it a popular destination for skiing. The summers are typically warm and sunny, with occasional rain showers, perfect for exploring the country’s many castles, historic towns, and natural parks. The Czech Republic is also rich in natural beauty, with a significant portion of its land covered by forests. It has a well-developed system of national parks and protected landscape areas, which preserve a diverse range of ecosystems. These include the deep forests of Šumava National Park, the dramatic sandstone rock formations of the Bohemian Switzerland National Park, and the unique karst landscapes of the Moravian Karst, which is famous for its extensive network of caves and the spectacular Macocha Abyss. This combination of a central basin, surrounding mountains, and a dense river network creates the distinctive and beautiful geography of the Czech Republic.

23) Politics and Government

The Czech Republic is a stable and pluralistic multi-party parliamentary republic, with a political system that is firmly rooted in the principles of liberal democracy and the rule of law. The country’s political framework is defined by its 1993 Constitution, which was adopted following the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The constitution establishes a clear separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, ensuring a system of checks and balances. The head of state is the President of the Republic, who is directly elected by the public for a five-year term and is limited to two consecutive terms. While the presidency is a prestigious and respected office, its powers are largely ceremonial. The President’s key responsibilities include representing the nation abroad, acting as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, appointing the Prime Minister, and having the power to veto legislation, although this veto can be overridden by a majority vote in the Parliament. The President plays an important role as a national figurehead and a moral authority, but the day-to-day running of the country rests with the government.

Executive power is held by the Government of the Czech Republic, which is led by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the most powerful political figure in the country. Following a general election, the President appoints the leader of the political party or coalition that can command a majority of support in the lower house of Parliament as the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister then appoints the other members of the Cabinet (the ministers), who are formally appointed by the President. The government is collectively responsible to the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of Parliament, and it must maintain the confidence of a majority of its members to remain in power. The government is responsible for setting national policy, managing the state administration, and proposing new legislation. The political landscape is characterized by a dynamic and often fragmented multi-party system, which frequently results in coalition governments, requiring negotiation and compromise between different political parties to form a stable majority.

Legislative authority is vested in the bicameral Parliament of the Czech Republic. The Parliament consists of two chambers: the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, and the upper house, the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies is the more powerful of the two. It has 200 members who are elected for a four-year term through a system of proportional representation. The Chamber of Deputies is the primary legislative body; all bills, including the state budget, must originate here, and it has the power to pass a vote of no confidence in the government. The Senate has 81 members who are elected for six-year terms, with one-third of the seats being contested every two years. The Senate’s primary role is to review and amend legislation passed by the Chamber of Deputies. While it can delay or propose changes to bills, its veto can be overturned by a simple majority in the lower house. This system, with its directly elected president, a powerful prime minister accountable to parliament, and a two-chamber legislature, creates a robust democratic framework that has ensured political stability and a commitment to democratic values since the country’s return to freedom in 1989.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Czech Republic is a sophisticated and modern civil law system, deeply rooted in the continental European legal tradition. Its foundations are based on the legal principles of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, with significant influences from German and French law. Since the end of the communist era in 1989, the entire legal framework has been extensively reformed to align with the principles of a democratic state, the rule of law, and the legal standards of the European Union. The supreme and foundational legal document is the Constitution of the Czech Republic, along with the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which forms a part of the constitutional order. All other legislation must be in conformity with these constitutional principles. The body of law is codified, meaning that the primary source of law is written statutes and codes passed by the Parliament, such as the Civil Code and the Criminal Code. Unlike in common law systems, judicial precedent is not a primary source of law, although the decisions of higher courts, particularly the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, are highly influential and provide important guidance for the interpretation of the law.

The judicial system is independent of the executive and legislative branches of government, a principle that is enshrined in the Constitution and is a cornerstone of the country’s democratic governance. The court system is organized into a four-tiered structure. At the base are the District Courts, which are the courts of first instance for most civil and criminal cases. Above them are the Regional Courts, which act as appellate courts for the District Courts and also as courts of first instance for more serious cases. The next tier consists of two High Courts, one in Prague and one in Olomouc, which primarily serve as courts of appeal for the Regional Courts. The highest court in the regular judicial system is the Supreme Court, located in Brno, which is the final court of appeal for all cases except constitutional matters. A separate and highly important part of the judiciary is the Constitutional Court, which is also located in Brno. This court is the guardian of the constitutionality of the country’s laws. It has the power to annul laws or parts of laws that it finds to be in conflict with the Constitution or the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms.

The criminal justice system is administered by several state bodies. Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of the Police of the Czech Republic, which is a single, national police force responsible for maintaining public order, investigating crimes, and protecting citizens. The criminal justice process is based on the principles of due process, with the accused being presumed innocent until proven guilty and having the right to a fair trial and legal representation. The system is inquisitorial in its pre-trial phase, with a police investigation being overseen by a public prosecutor, but the trial itself is adversarial. The Czech Republic has a very low crime rate, particularly for violent crime, and is considered to be a very safe country. The legal and judicial framework is robust and well-developed, providing a secure and stable environment for citizens, visitors, and businesses, and fully meeting the standards expected of a modern European democracy.

25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of the Czech Republic is firmly anchored in the principles of Western liberal democracy, a commitment to transatlantic cooperation, and active membership in key European and international organizations. Since the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the nation’s primary foreign policy objective has been its “return to Europe” and its full integration into the community of democratic nations from which it was forcibly separated for over four decades of communist rule. This overarching goal has been successfully achieved and continues to guide the country’s diplomatic efforts. The foreign policy is characterized by a strong emphasis on the promotion of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law around the world, a principle deeply influenced by the legacy of its first post-communist president, the dissident and human rights advocate Václav Havel. The country often takes a principled and vocal stance on international human rights issues, providing support to democratic activists and opposition movements in authoritarian countries. This value-based approach is a distinctive and respected feature of Czech diplomacy.

At the heart of the Czech Republic’s foreign relations is its membership in the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The country joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004, two landmark events that solidified its geopolitical orientation and provided it with a framework for security and prosperity. Within the EU, the Czech Republic is an active and generally constructive member, participating in the single market and contributing to the development of common policies. While it has not yet adopted the Euro as its currency, its economy is deeply integrated with the rest of the EU, particularly with its neighbor and largest trading partner, Germany. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Visegrád Group (V4), a regional alliance with Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia, which serves as a platform for coordinating policies and promoting the interests of Central European countries within the EU. Within NATO, the Czech Republic is a reliable ally, contributing to collective defense and participating in international security missions. This commitment to the transatlantic alliance is seen as the ultimate guarantor of the nation’s security and independence.

Beyond the EU and NATO, the Czech Republic maintains a pragmatic and broad-based foreign policy, with diplomatic and economic ties to countries around the world. It has a particularly strong and historically deep relationship with the United States, which was a key supporter of its democratic transition. The country also seeks to build strong economic partnerships with growing economies in Asia and other regions. The relationship with Russia is complex and often strained, a legacy of the 1968 Soviet-led invasion and concerns over Russian foreign policy in Eastern Europe. The Czech Republic is an active member of numerous other international organizations, including the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the Council of Europe. Through these multilateral forums, it works to promote international law, peaceful conflict resolution, and global cooperation. The foreign policy of the Czech Republic is thus that of a confident, mid-sized European nation, deeply integrated with its allies, and committed to promoting the values of democracy and human rights on the world stage.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Czech Republic is organized into a multi-tiered system that has been reformed since the end of the communist era to promote a greater degree of regional self-governance and to align with the administrative standards of the European Union. At the highest level, the country is divided into 14 administrative regions. These are 13 regions (‘kraje’) and the capital city of Prague (‘Hlavní město Praha’), which has the status of a region in its own right. This system of regions was established in 2000 to replace the older, more centralized administrative structure. Each of these 14 regions is a self-governing entity with its own directly elected regional assembly and a regional president (‘hejtman’). These regional governments have a range of important responsibilities, including the management of regional transportation networks, secondary schools, public hospitals, and social care facilities. They also play a crucial role in regional development, creating and implementing strategies to promote economic growth and tourism within their territories. This regional tier of government is vital for managing public services that are too large for individual municipalities but are best handled at a sub-national level.

For the purposes of state administration, the country is also historically and geographically divided into three traditional lands: Bohemia (‘Čechy’) in the west, Moravia (‘Morava’) in the southeast, and Czech Silesia (‘České Slezsko’) in the northeast. While these historical lands have deep cultural and historical significance and are a source of regional identity for many Czechs, they no longer have any formal administrative or political function in the modern state. The primary units of state administration below the national level are the 14 regions. Below the regional level, the next tier of administration consists of the districts (‘okresy’). There are 76 districts in the Czech Republic. For many years, the districts were an important level of state administration, with a district office in each one. However, in a major public administration reform in 2003, the district offices were abolished, and their powers were transferred to the regional governments and to a new category of municipalities with extended competence. While the districts no longer function as a level of government, they are still used for statistical purposes and as the geographical jurisdiction for some state bodies, such as courts and police departments.

The fundamental and most important unit of local self-government in the Czech Republic is the municipality (‘obec’). There are over 6,200 municipalities in the country, ranging in size from small rural villages to large statutory cities. Each municipality is a self-governing entity with its own elected municipal council, a mayor (‘starosta’), and a municipal office. Municipal governments have a wide range of responsibilities for the day-to-day life of their communities. These include managing local primary schools and kindergartens, maintaining local roads and public spaces, providing public utilities like water and sewage, and overseeing local planning and construction. This system of local government ensures that citizens have a direct say in the affairs of their immediate community and that public services can be tailored to local needs. The overall administrative structure of the Czech Republic is thus a well-developed, multi-layered system that balances the needs of national policy, regional development, and local self-governance, in line with the principles of a modern European democracy.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Czech Republic is a highly developed, export-oriented social market economy, recognized as one of the most stable and prosperous in Central and Eastern Europe. Since the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the country has undergone a successful and rapid transformation from a centrally planned communist economy to a modern, diversified, and highly integrated member of the European Union. The Czech economy is characterized by a strong industrial tradition, a skilled workforce, and a strategic location in the heart of Europe, which has made it a highly attractive destination for foreign direct investment. The country has a high standard of living, low unemployment, and a strong commitment to prudent fiscal policies. The “Czech economic miracle” of the post-communist era has resulted in a resilient and competitive economy that is a key part of the European industrial supply chain. A significant portion of the economy has been privatized, and the country boasts a vibrant private sector, from large multinational corporations to a dense network of small and medium-sized enterprises.

The industrial sector remains the backbone of the Czech economy. The country has a long and proud history of engineering and manufacturing, and this tradition continues to be a primary driver of its economic success. The most important industry is the automotive sector. The Czech Republic is one of the world’s leading producers of cars on a per capita basis. The iconic Czech brand Škoda Auto (now part of the Volkswagen Group) is the largest company in the country, and numerous other international car manufacturers and component suppliers have established major production facilities in the Czech Republic, making it a central hub of the European automotive industry. Other key industrial sectors include electronics, machinery and equipment manufacturing, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. The country also has a strong tradition in high-tech engineering and is developing a growing reputation in fields like nanotechnology and aerospace. While the country is not rich in most natural resources, it does have significant deposits of black and brown coal, which are still used for energy production, as well as kaolin and clay for its famous ceramics and glass industries.

The service sector has also grown to become a vital part of the economy, now accounting for the largest share of the GDP and employment. The tourism industry is a major contributor, with the historic city of Prague being one of the most visited cities in Europe. Visitors are drawn to the country’s stunning architecture, its rich cultural heritage, and its beautiful natural landscapes. The financial services sector is also well-developed and stable, with a modern banking system dominated by large European banking groups. In terms of commodities, the Czech Republic’s main exports are machinery and transport equipment (especially cars and car parts), electronics, and other manufactured goods. Its most famous and culturally significant agricultural commodity is hops, particularly the Saaz noble hop, which is an essential ingredient for pilsner-style beer and is exported worldwide. The country is, of course, world-renowned for its beer, and the brewing industry is an important part of the national economy and culture. The Czech economy is deeply integrated with the EU, with Germany being its single largest trading partner by a significant margin. This high level of integration has been a major engine of growth but also makes the economy sensitive to economic developments in the rest of Europe.

28) Science and Technology

The Czech Republic has a long and distinguished history in science and technology, a tradition that continues to be a cornerstone of its modern, innovation-driven economy. From the medieval astronomical clock in Prague to the foundations of genetics laid by Gregor Mendel in Brno, the Czech lands have been a cradle of scientific inquiry and technical ingenuity for centuries. This rich heritage has provided a strong foundation for the country’s contemporary success in a range of high-tech fields. The modern scientific and research landscape is supported by a robust network of public universities, research institutes affiliated with the Czech Academy of Sciences, and a growing number of private companies engaged in research and development (R&D). The government has made the promotion of science, research, and innovation a key national priority, recognizing that it is essential for maintaining the country’s long-term economic competitiveness.

The country has established itself as a European leader in several specific high-tech sectors. One of the most prominent of these is nanotechnology. Czech scientists have made significant contributions to the development of nanofibers, and the country has become a major global producer and innovator in this field. This technology has applications in a wide range of industries, from advanced air and water filtration systems to medical textiles and cosmetics. The automotive industry, which is the backbone of the Czech economy, is also a major driver of technological innovation. Much of the R&D in this sector is focused on developing new technologies for electric vehicles, autonomous driving, and advanced manufacturing processes. The country also has a strong and growing information technology (IT) sector. Prague and Brno have become major European hubs for software development, IT services, and cybersecurity. A number of successful global technology companies, particularly in the field of antivirus software like Avast and AVG, have their origins in the Czech Republic.

This vibrant tech ecosystem is supported by a highly skilled workforce, a strong tradition of technical education, and significant investment from both the public and private sectors. The Czech government and the European Union provide a range of grants and incentives to support research projects and to encourage collaboration between universities and businesses. The country is also home to major international research infrastructures, such as the Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) Beamlines facility, a state-of-the-art laser research center that is part of a pan-European project. This facility attracts top scientists from around the world and places the Czech Republic at the forefront of laser physics research. From the fundamental research conducted at its universities and academies to the applied innovation happening in its high-tech companies, the Czech Republic has successfully leveraged its scientific heritage to become a key player in the European and global technology landscape.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical tradition of the Czech lands is a rich and often turbulent stream of thought, deeply intertwined with the nation’s struggles for religious, political, and cultural identity. It is a philosophy that has often been characterized by a spirit of critical inquiry, a concern for human freedom, and a search for meaning in a world frequently dominated by larger, more powerful empires. A pivotal figure in the history of Czech thought, and indeed European philosophy, was the 15th-century religious reformer Jan Hus. Influenced by the English philosopher John Wycliffe, Hus championed the idea that the ultimate religious authority was the Bible, not the Pope, and he strongly criticized the corruption within the Catholic Church. His philosophy emphasized individual conscience and the right of the common person to interpret scripture. His execution for heresy sparked the Hussite Wars, a conflict that was not just a religious struggle but also a powerful expression of Czech national and philosophical identity, prefiguring the Protestant Reformation by a century. The legacy of Hus and the Hussite movement instilled a lasting tradition of skepticism towards imposed authority and a deep-seated value for individual moral conviction.

The 17th century saw the emergence of another towering figure in Czech and world philosophy, John Amos Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský). A bishop of the Unity of the Brethren church and a prominent educator, Comenius is often considered the father of modern education. His philosophical work was driven by a profound belief in the inherent goodness of humanity and the idea that education was the key to universal peace and understanding. He advocated for a holistic and lifelong approach to learning that was accessible to all, regardless of gender, social class, or ability. His philosophy, known as “pansophism,” was an ambitious attempt to create a universal system of knowledge that would bring harmony to a world torn apart by religious wars. Comenius’s humanistic and universalist ideals have had a lasting impact on educational theory and practice worldwide, and he remains a powerful symbol of Czech intellectual and moral leadership.

In the 20th century, Czech philosophy was profoundly shaped by the experience of living under two successive totalitarian regimes, Nazism and Communism. This experience gave rise to a powerful philosophical tradition focused on the themes of dissent, authenticity, and the “power of the powerless.” The most famous exponent of this tradition was the playwright and philosopher Václav Havel. As a leading dissident during the communist era, Havel’s essays, most notably “The Power of the Powerless,” explored the nature of life within a totalitarian system and articulated a philosophy of “living in truth.” He argued that even small acts of individual integrity and refusal to conform to the lies of the regime could, over time, erode the foundations of an oppressive system. This philosophy of civil dissent and moral responsibility became the intellectual and spiritual driving force behind the Velvet Revolution of 1989. Havel’s thought, along with that of other dissident philosophers like Jan Patočka, represents a profound and enduring contribution to the philosophy of human rights and political freedom, born directly out of the crucible of Czech history.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Observing the cultural etiquette of the Czech Republic is a wonderful way to show respect for the local culture and to ensure smooth and pleasant interactions with its people. While Czechs, particularly in Prague, are accustomed to tourists, understanding a few key social norms will be greatly appreciated. Czech culture is generally more reserved and formal than many Western cultures, especially upon first meeting. A key aspect of this formality is the greeting. When meeting someone for the first time, a firm but brief handshake is the standard greeting, accompanied by direct eye contact. It is important to greet both men and women in this way. The standard verbal greeting is “Dobrý den” (Good day), which is used throughout the day until the evening. In more informal situations or among young people, “Ahoj” (Hi/Bye) is common. It is also customary to use formal titles and surnames until you are invited to use first names. This is particularly important in a business context or when interacting with older people. Addressing someone by their first name without permission can be seen as overly familiar and disrespectful.

Punctuality is highly valued in Czech society. Whether you are meeting for business or for a social engagement, it is important to arrive on time. Being late is considered rude and a sign of disrespect for the other person’s time. If you are invited to a Czech home, it is a sign of great hospitality. You should always bring a small gift for your hosts, such as a box of good quality chocolates, a bottle of wine, or flowers for the hostess. If you bring flowers, it is customary to give them in an odd number (unless it is for a funeral), and be aware that chrysanthemums are generally reserved for gravesites. Upon entering a home, it is essential to remove your shoes. Your hosts will almost always provide you with a pair of slippers (‘přezůvky’) to wear inside. This is a deeply ingrained custom, and failing to remove your shoes would be a significant breach of etiquette.

When it comes to dining, table manners are generally formal. You should keep your hands on the table (but not your elbows) throughout the meal. The fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right. It is polite to wait until everyone has been served before you begin eating, and the host will often signal the start of the meal by saying “Dobrou chuť” (Enjoy your meal). When drinking, particularly beer, it is customary to make eye contact with the person you are toasting before taking the first sip. In pubs and restaurants, it is considered normal to share a table with strangers if the establishment is crowded. A simple nod and asking “Je tu volno?” (Is this seat free?) is the polite way to do so. Finally, while Czechs are generally private people, they are also known for their dry sense of humor. They are very proud of their country and their culture, and showing a genuine interest in their history, music, or, of course, their beer, is a great way to connect and will be warmly appreciated.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are an integral part of life and culture in the Czech Republic, with a passionate following for several major sports and a deep-seated love for outdoor activities. The nation’s two most popular and ardently followed sports are ice hockey and football (soccer). Ice hockey holds a particularly special place in the national psyche. The Czech national ice hockey team is a perennial global powerhouse, and its victories in major international competitions, such as the Olympic Games and the World Championships, are moments of immense national pride and celebration. The legendary victory at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, where the Czech team defeated Russia to win the gold medal, is one of the most iconic moments in the country’s modern history. The domestic professional league, the Czech Extraliga, is of a very high standard and its matches draw passionate and knowledgeable crowds. Star players who go on to play in the National Hockey League (NHL) in North America, such as Jaromír Jágr and David Pastrňák, are revered as national heroes.

Football is the other dominant sport, with a massive grassroots following and a professional league, the Czech First League, that inspires fierce rivalries between clubs, most notably the Prague derby between Sparta and Slavia. The national football team also has a proud history, having reached the final of the UEFA European Championship in 1996. Major international football tournaments see the entire country rally behind the national team, with public viewing areas in town squares filled with enthusiastic fans. Beyond these two giants, tennis is another sport where the Czech Republic has a long and storied tradition of producing world-class players. From legends like Ivan Lendl and Martina Navrátilová in the Czechoslovak era to modern stars like Petra Kvitová and Karolína Plíšková, Czech players have consistently been at the top of the sport. The country is a major force in both the men’s Davis Cup and the women’s Billie Jean King Cup international team competitions.

The Czech love for the outdoors is another key aspect of their recreational life. The country’s beautiful and varied landscape of forests, mountains, and rivers provides the perfect setting for a wide range of activities. Hiking is a national passion, and the country is crisscrossed by an incredibly dense and well-marked network of hiking trails, arguably one of the best in the world. In the winter, these same mountains become a popular destination for cross-country and downhill skiing. Cycling is also extremely popular, with numerous dedicated bike paths and long-distance routes that follow the country’s major rivers. During the summer months, canoeing and rafting on rivers like the Vltava are a favorite pastime for families and groups of friends. Another unique and cherished part of Czech recreational culture is the “cottage” or “chata” tradition. Many Czech families own a small cottage in the countryside where they spend their weekends gardening, mushroom picking in the forests, and simply enjoying the peace and tranquility of nature. This deep connection to the outdoors is a defining feature of the Czech lifestyle.

32) Environmental Concerns

The Czech Republic, like many industrialized nations in Central Europe, faces a number of significant environmental challenges, many of which are a legacy of the communist era. During the period of communist rule from 1948 to 1989, the government prioritized heavy industry and energy production with very little regard for the environmental consequences. This resulted in severe air and water pollution, widespread acid rain, and the degradation of large tracts of forest land, particularly in the industrial regions of Northern Bohemia. The area, often referred to as the “Black Triangle,” became notorious for having some of the worst air pollution in all of Europe, primarily due to the burning of low-quality brown coal in its power plants and factories. Since the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the Czech Republic has made enormous progress in addressing these legacy issues, but the long-term effects still present a major challenge. The country has invested heavily in modernizing its industries and installing pollution control technologies, leading to a dramatic improvement in air and water quality. However, air pollution, particularly from fine particulate matter, remains a concern in some industrial areas and major cities, especially during the winter months.

A primary ongoing environmental concern is the country’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels for its energy production. A significant portion of the Czech Republic’s electricity is still generated from burning coal, particularly lignite (brown coal), which is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions and a key contributor to climate change. The country is now facing the complex challenge of transitioning its energy sector away from coal towards cleaner and more sustainable sources. This involves a planned phasing out of coal mining and coal-fired power plants, a process that has significant social and economic implications for the traditional mining regions. The government is promoting a shift towards renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, and is also heavily invested in nuclear power, which it views as a stable, low-carbon source of energy to ensure its energy security during this transition. This energy transition is arguably the most significant environmental policy challenge facing the country in the coming decades.

Another key environmental issue is water management and the health of the country’s rivers and landscapes. While the quality of water in major rivers has improved significantly since the 1990s, challenges remain, including pollution from agricultural runoff and the need to restore rivers to a more natural state after decades of channelization and regulation. The Czech landscape has also been affected by modern agricultural practices, which have led to soil erosion and a loss of biodiversity in some areas. In response to these challenges, there is a growing focus on sustainable land management and nature conservation. The Czech Republic has a well-developed system of national parks and protected areas, which are vital for preserving the country’s rich biodiversity. There is also a strong public awareness of environmental issues and a vibrant civil society sector, with numerous non-governmental organizations working on a range of issues from forest protection and sustainable transport to climate change advocacy. The country’s membership in the European Union has also been a major driver of environmental progress, as it is required to implement the EU’s stringent environmental laws and standards.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in the Czech Republic reflect the modern, secular, and individualistic values of contemporary European society. The process of courtship is very similar to that in other Western countries. Young people typically meet through social circles, at university, at work, or through online dating apps. The concept of formal, chaperoned dating is a relic of the past. Couples generally get to know each other over a period of time before making a decision to commit to a more serious relationship or marriage. Cohabitation before marriage is extremely common and widely accepted, with a large percentage of couples living together for several years before deciding to get married, if they choose to do so at all. The decision to marry is a personal one made by the couple, and while family approval is generally welcomed, it is not the deciding factor it might be in more traditional societies. The country has one of the highest rates of atheism and agnosticism in the world, and this is reflected in the approach to marriage. The vast majority of weddings are civil ceremonies rather than religious ones. The civil ceremony is a simple and straightforward legal act, usually held at a town hall or a designated scenic location like a castle.

While the formal ceremony may be simple, Czechs still embrace a number of charming and unique wedding traditions that add a fun and festive atmosphere to the celebration. Before the ceremony, it is traditional for the groom’s friends to create a rope or a barrier decorated with flowers and ribbons, which the bride and groom must “pay” their way through, often with a bottle of alcohol, symbolizing the overcoming of obstacles in their new life together. After the ceremony, as the newlyweds exit the venue, they are often showered with rice, lentils, or peas to ensure fertility. A very common tradition is the breaking of a plate. A plate is smashed at the feet of the couple, who must then work together to sweep up the pieces, symbolizing their ability to cooperate and face challenges together. At the wedding reception, the couple will often share a bowl of soup with a single spoon, feeding each other to symbolize their mutual support. Another fun tradition is the “kidnapping of the bride,” where the bride is spirited away by the groom’s friends to a nearby pub, and the groom must find her and pay a ransom to get her back. These traditions, along with a celebratory feast, music, and dancing, make a Czech wedding a lively and memorable event.

34) Work Opportunities

The work opportunities in the Czech Republic are plentiful and diverse, driven by a strong, stable, and highly industrialized economy. The country boasts one of the lowest unemployment rates in the entire European Union, making it an attractive destination for both local job seekers and foreign professionals. The labor market is characterized by a high demand for skilled workers, particularly in the manufacturing, IT, and business service sectors. The backbone of the Czech economy is its powerful industrial base. The automotive industry is the single largest employer, with major factories operated by Škoda Auto, Hyundai, and Toyota, as well as a vast network of component suppliers. This sector offers a wide range of jobs for engineers, technicians, IT specialists, and skilled manufacturing workers. Other key industrial sectors with significant employment opportunities include electronics, machinery manufacturing, and high-tech engineering.

In recent years, the service sector has grown to become the largest part of the economy and a major source of new jobs. The capital city, Prague, and other major cities like Brno and Ostrava have become major European hubs for international business services and information technology. Many multinational corporations have established their shared service centers, IT support hubs, and R&D centers in the Czech Republic, attracted by the country’s skilled and well-educated workforce, its central location, and its relatively lower labor costs compared to Western Europe. This has created a huge demand for multilingual professionals in fields such as finance, accounting, human resources, customer support, and software development. The tourism industry is another major employer, particularly in Prague, offering a wide range of jobs in hotels, restaurants, and tour services. For foreign nationals, particularly those from other EU countries, finding work in the Czech Republic is relatively straightforward. Citizens of the EU have the right to live and work in the country without needing a work permit.

For non-EU citizens, obtaining employment requires securing a job offer from a Czech employer who will then assist with the application for an employee card, which serves as both a work permit and a long-term residence permit. The process is more complex than for EU citizens, but the high demand for skilled workers, especially in the IT and engineering sectors, means that there are many opportunities for qualified professionals from around the world. The country’s strong tradition of technical education, its excellent universities, and its strategic focus on research and innovation are continually creating new opportunities in high-value sectors. The combination of a robust economy, a high quality of life, a beautiful and historic environment, and a central European location makes the Czech Republic a highly appealing and dynamic place to build a career.

35) Education

The education system in the Czech Republic is of a very high standard, with a long and proud tradition of academic excellence. The system is state-funded, and education at public schools, from primary level up to university, is free of charge for Czech citizens and, in most cases, for other EU citizens as well. The system is administered by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports and is structured to provide a comprehensive and accessible education for all. Schooling is compulsory for nine years, typically from the age of six to fifteen. This period covers primary school (‘základní škola’), which is divided into two stages. After completing their compulsory education, students have several options for their secondary education. The most common path is the general secondary school, or ‘gymnázium’, a four-year program that provides a broad academic education and prepares students for the final school-leaving exam, the ‘maturita’, which is the prerequisite for university entrance. Another popular option is the secondary technical school, which provides both a general education and specialized vocational training in a particular field, such as engineering, business, or healthcare. There are also vocational schools that focus primarily on practical training for specific trades.

The Czech Republic has a dense network of public and private universities and colleges, with a history of higher education that dates back to the founding of Charles University in Prague in 1348, making it one of the oldest universities in the world. Charles University remains the country’s most prestigious and largest institution of higher learning. Other major universities include Masaryk University in Brno, Palacký University in Olomouc, and a number of excellent Czech Technical Universities. The country’s universities offer a wide range of bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral programs and have a strong reputation, particularly in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine. The country has become an increasingly popular destination for international students, attracted by the high quality of education, the low cost of living, and the fact that many universities now offer a wide range of programs taught entirely in English. This commitment to providing a high-quality, accessible, and internationally recognized education system is a key factor in the country’s economic success and its ability to produce a highly skilled and adaptable workforce.

36) Communication & Connectivity

Communication and connectivity in the Czech Republic are highly advanced and on par with the highest standards in Western Europe. The country boasts a modern, reliable, and competitive telecommunications infrastructure, ensuring that residents and visitors can stay connected with ease. The market for telecommunication services is fully liberalized and competitive, with several major providers offering a range of mobile, broadband, and television services. This competition has resulted in excellent service quality, widespread network coverage, and affordable prices for consumers. The country has made a rapid transition to a digital society, and access to high-speed internet is considered a standard utility for most households and businesses. The digital infrastructure is robust, providing a strong foundation for the country’s dynamic IT sector and its growing digital economy.

Mobile connectivity is excellent throughout the country. There are three main mobile network operators—O2, T-Mobile, and Vodafone—all of which provide extensive 4G/LTE coverage that reaches even most rural areas. The rollout of 5G networks is also well underway, particularly in major cities and towns, offering ultra-fast mobile data speeds. For travelers visiting from other EU countries, the “Roam Like at Home” regulations apply, meaning you can use your mobile phone in the Czech Republic without any extra roaming charges, using the data and call allowances from your home plan. For visitors from outside the EU, purchasing a local prepaid SIM card is a simple and very cost-effective way to stay connected. These can be purchased at the airport, at official stores of the mobile operators, or in many convenience stores and supermarkets. The process is quick and easy, providing immediate access to a local phone number and affordable data packages.

Fixed-line internet and broadband connectivity are also of a very high standard. A variety of technologies are used, including DSL, cable, and increasingly, high-speed fiber-optic connections, which are being rolled out across the country. This ensures that homes and businesses have access to fast and reliable internet. For travelers, Wi-Fi is ubiquitous and generally free. It is a standard amenity in hotels, guesthouses, and Airbnb accommodations. Free Wi-Fi is also commonly available in cafes, restaurants, shopping centers, and even on some forms of public transport, such as long-distance buses and trains. This high level of connectivity makes it incredibly easy for visitors to navigate, use translation apps, book tickets, and stay in touch with family and friends. The excellent state of the country’s communication infrastructure is a key asset that supports its thriving tourism industry, its position as a major hub for international business, and the high quality of life enjoyed by its residents.

37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Czech Republic are a rich and layered collection of emblems that reflect the nation’s long and often complex history, its distinct cultural identity, and its deep-seated sense of patriotism. These symbols are a source of great national pride and are deeply woven into the fabric of the country’s identity. The most important of these is the national flag, which consists of two equal horizontal bands of white on top and red on the bottom, with a blue isosceles triangle at the hoist side. The white and red are the traditional heraldic colors of Bohemia, while the blue was added to represent the historical land of Moravia. The flag was first adopted by the newly formed state of Czechoslovakia in 1920 and was retained by the Czech Republic after the peaceful dissolution in 1993, a testament to its enduring power as a symbol of the nation.

The Coat of Arms of the Czech Republic is a complex and historically significant symbol that represents the unity of the three historical lands that make up the nation. The shield is quartered. The first and fourth quarters feature the traditional emblem of Bohemia: a silver, double-tailed, rampant lion with a golden crown on a red field. The second quarter features the emblem of Moravia: a red-and-silver checkered eagle with a golden crown on a blue field. The third quarter represents Czech Silesia: a black eagle with a silver “crescent of St. Albert” on its chest, set on a golden field. This powerful heraldic symbol encapsulates the long and storied history of the Czech lands and their unification into a single state. The national anthem is “Kde domov můj?” which translates to “Where is my home?”. The lyrics, taken from a comic opera from 1834, are not martial or boastful but are instead a gentle and poetic ode to the beauty of the Czech landscape, describing a land of pristine streams, whispering pine forests, and blossoming gardens, evoking a deep sense of love for the homeland.

The natural world and cultural traditions provide a host of other powerful national symbols. The national tree is the Small-leaved Lime or Linden tree (‘lípa’). The fragrant linden tree is a symbol of peace, love, and national identity, and its leaves are often seen as a motif in official insignia and art. In the realm of legend, the mythical founder of the Přemyslid dynasty, Přemysl the Ploughman, and the prophetic princess Libuše are central figures in the nation’s founding story. The Crown of Saint Wenceslas, the centerpiece of the Bohemian Crown Jewels, is a sacred national treasure and a powerful symbol of Czech statehood and sovereignty, named after the nation’s patron saint, Saint Wenceslas. Finally, no discussion of Czech symbols would be complete without mentioning beer (‘pivo’). The Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per capita in the world, and its brewing tradition, particularly the invention of the Pilsner style of beer in the city of Plzeň, is a source of immense national pride and a cherished part of the country’s cultural identity.

Symbol	Representation
National Flag	White and red horizontal bands (Bohemia) with a blue triangle (Moravia).
Coat of Arms	A quartered shield featuring the Bohemian lion, the Moravian eagle, and the Silesian eagle, representing the three historical lands.
National Motto	“Pravda vítězí” (Truth Prevails), the motto of the President of the Republic.
National Anthem	“Kde domov můj?” (Where is my home?), a poetic ode to the beauty of the Czech landscape.
National Tree	Small-leaved Lime or Linden tree (‘lípa’), a symbol of peace and national identity.
Patron Saint	Saint Wenceslas, the Duke of Bohemia, a central figure in Czech history and a symbol of statehood.
Cultural Symbol	The Bohemian Crown Jewels, particularly the Crown of Saint Wenceslas, symbolizing sovereignty.
National Drink / Icon	Beer (‘pivo’), particularly the Pilsner style, a source of immense national pride and cultural identity.

38) Tourism

Tourism is a major and vital sector of the Czech economy, an industry that has flourished since the end of the communist era, transforming the country into one of the most popular travel destinations in all of Europe. The nation’s primary draw is its incredible wealth of historical and cultural attractions, from its magnificent capital city to a fairytale-like landscape dotted with over 2,000 castles and chateaux. The undisputed jewel in the country’s tourism crown is Prague. The “City of a Hundred Spires” is a breathtakingly beautiful and remarkably preserved city that has captivated visitors for centuries. Its historic center is a UNESCO World Heritage site, a stunning showcase of over a thousand years of architectural history, from Romanesque and Gothic to Renaissance, Baroque, and Art Nouveau. Key attractions include the sprawling Prague Castle complex, the iconic Charles Bridge with its gallery of baroque statues, the historic Old Town Square with its famous Astronomical Clock, and the atmospheric Jewish Quarter. Prague is not just a museum of the past; it is a vibrant, modern European capital with a world-class arts and music scene, a bustling nightlife, and a culinary landscape that is undergoing a delicious renaissance.

While Prague is the main gateway and the reason for many people’s visit, the Czech Republic offers a vast array of enchanting destinations beyond the capital. The country has a total of 16 UNESCO World Heritage sites, a remarkable number for a country of its size. The charming medieval town of Český Krumlov in Southern Bohemia is arguably the second most popular destination. Its stunning castle, perched on a rock above a meandering loop of the Vltava River, and its perfectly preserved old town make it feel like a journey back in time. Other popular historic towns include Kutná Hora, with its unique and macabre Sedlec Ossuary (the “Bone Church”), and the beautiful Renaissance town of Telč. The country is also famous for its historic spa towns, such as Karlovy Vary (Carlsbad) and Mariánské Lázně (Marienbad), where visitors can experience elegant colonnades and traditional spa treatments. For those interested in nature, the Czech Republic offers beautiful national parks like Bohemian Switzerland, with its dramatic sandstone formations, and the deep forests of the Šumava National Park. The country’s rich brewing tradition is another major draw, with many visitors coming to sample the world-famous Czech beer in its historic breweries and traditional pubs.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for the Czech Republic is a straightforward process for the vast majority of international travelers, as the country is a member of the European Union (EU) and the Schengen Area. The Schengen Agreement is a treaty that has effectively abolished internal border controls among its member countries, creating a single jurisdiction for international travel purposes. This means that a visa issued for any Schengen country is valid for travel throughout the entire zone, and once a traveler has entered the Schengen Area, they can travel freely between member countries without further immigration checks. This makes multi-country European trips that include the Czech Republic incredibly convenient. The fundamental requirement for all foreign nationals entering the Czech Republic is to hold a valid passport. For non-EU/EEA citizens, the passport must be valid for at least three months beyond your intended date of departure from the Schengen Area, and it must have been issued within the last 10 years.

For citizens of other European Union countries, the European Economic Area (EEA), and Switzerland, the entry process is simplest. They have the right to enter, live, and work in the Czech Republic without a visa, simply by presenting a valid passport or national identity card. For citizens of a large number of other countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the United Kingdom, a visa is not required for short stays. These nationals are permitted to enter the Schengen Area, and therefore the Czech Republic, for tourism, business, or family visits for a period of up to 90 days within any 180-day period without needing to apply for a visa in advance. This visa-free access covers the vast majority of tourists who visit the country. It is important for these travelers to be aware of the 90/180-day rule, which applies to the entire Schengen zone as a whole.

For citizens of countries that are not on the visa-waiver list, it is necessary to obtain a Schengen Visa in advance of travel. The application for this visa must be submitted to the embassy or consulate of the Czech Republic in your country of residence. If you plan to visit multiple Schengen countries, you should apply to the embassy of the country that will be your main destination or your first point of entry into the area. The application process typically requires a completed application form, a valid passport, passport-sized photos, proof of travel arrangements (such as flight itineraries and hotel bookings), proof of sufficient financial means for your stay, and proof of valid travel medical insurance that covers the entire Schengen Area. For those planning to stay in the Czech Republic for longer than 90 days, for purposes such as work or study, it is necessary to apply for a long-term national visa or a residence permit. This process is more complex and must be initiated well in advance of your planned travel. It is always recommended to check the specific and most up-to-date requirements on the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic before making any travel arrangements.

40) Useful Resources

To ensure a well-planned, smooth, and enriching trip to the Czech Republic, it is highly recommended to consult a range of reliable resources both before you go and while you are there. For the most comprehensive and inspiring travel planning information, the official website of the Czech Tourism agency, “Visit Czech Republic,” is an excellent starting point. This website offers a wealth of information on destinations across the entire country, from the famous sights of Prague to hidden gems in Moravia and Bohemia. It provides practical advice on everything from transportation and accommodation to themed itineraries, such as castle tours or beer trails. For visa and entry requirements, the definitive source is the official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. This site will give you the most current information on the Schengen visa policy and will specify which nationalities require a visa for entry. It is always wise to double-check these official government sites before finalizing your travel plans.

For navigating the country, the Czech Republic has a superb and integrated public transportation system. The national journey planner, IDOS, is an indispensable resource. It has a comprehensive website and a mobile app that allows you to plan any journey by train, bus, or local public transport across the entire country, providing timetables, connections, and prices. The national railway carrier, České dráhy (Czech Railways), and private operators like RegioJet and Leo Express all have user-friendly websites and apps for booking long-distance train tickets in advance, which is often cheaper than buying on the day. For getting around Prague, the city’s public transport authority (DPP) has an excellent website and app, ‘Lítačka’, for buying tickets and planning routes on the metro, trams, and buses. Ride-hailing apps like Uber and Bolt are also widely available and are a convenient option in major cities. For health and safety, it is always a good idea to check the travel advisories issued by your home country’s government. While the Czech Republic is a very safe country, these advisories will provide general safety tips and any relevant health information.

When it comes to accommodation, websites like Booking.com and Airbnb have extensive listings for hotels, guesthouses, and apartments across the country. Reputable travel guidebooks, such as those from Lonely Planet, Rick Steves, or Rough Guides, are also invaluable for their curated recommendations and deep cultural context. For dining and finding great restaurants and pubs, local review sites or Google Maps can be very helpful. The currency of the Czech Republic is the Czech Koruna (CZK), also known as the Czech Crown. While the country is in the EU, it has not adopted the Euro. It is best to use the local currency for most transactions. ATMs are widely available, and credit cards are accepted in most hotels, restaurants, and shops, but it is always a good idea to have some cash on hand for smaller purchases, especially in more rural areas. Learning a few basic Czech phrases, such as “Dobrý den” (Good day) and “Děkuji” (Thank you), will be greatly appreciated and will add to the enjoyment of your trip.

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