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July 17, 2025

Georgia Travel Guide

🇬🇪 Georgia Travel Guide

21. Brief History

The history of Georgia is a long and complex tapestry, woven with threads of ancient kingdoms, golden ages, foreign domination, and a resilient struggle for independence. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area of modern-day Georgia is one of the oldest winemaking regions in the world, with viticulture dating back over 8,000 years. The earliest Georgian states were the kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, which emerged in the classical era. These kingdoms were known to the ancient Greeks and Romans and played a significant role in the region’s trade and politics. The adoption of Christianity as the state religion in the early 4th century was a pivotal moment, shaping the nation’s cultural and political identity for millennia. This early conversion cemented Georgia’s alignment with the Byzantine Empire and distinguished it from its Zoroastrian and later Islamic neighbors. The strategic location of Georgia, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, made it a constant target for larger empires, including the Romans, Persians, Arabs, and Seljuk Turks, leading to centuries of conflict and shifting allegiances.

A period of remarkable cultural and political flourishing, known as the Georgian Golden Age, occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries, particularly under the reigns of King David IV the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great. During this era, the unified Kingdom of Georgia became a dominant power in the Caucasus, expanding its territory and fostering a renaissance in architecture, art, and literature. Grand cathedrals and monasteries were constructed, and epic works like Shota Rustaveli’s “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” were penned. However, this golden era came to a devastating end with the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, followed by centuries of fragmentation and decline. The kingdom fractured into smaller, warring states, making it vulnerable to the ambitions of the Ottoman and Persian Empires. These two powerful neighbors vied for control over the Georgian lands for centuries, leading to constant warfare, depopulation, and the erosion of Georgian sovereignty.

In the late 18th century, seeking protection from its powerful southern neighbors, the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russian Empire. This treaty, however, ultimately led to the complete absorption of Georgia into the Russian Empire throughout the 19th century. Following the Russian Revolution, Georgia enjoyed a brief period of independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1918 to 1921, only to be forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union. Decades of Soviet rule saw periods of national suppression and economic transformation. In 1991, amidst the collapse of the USSR, Georgia declared its independence. The subsequent years were marked by civil unrest, secessionist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and economic instability. The peaceful Rose Revolution in 2003 ushered in a new era of pro-Western reforms, although tensions with Russia culminated in the Russo-Georgian War of 2008. Today, Georgia continues to navigate a complex geopolitical landscape while celebrating its rich, ancient heritage and pursuing deeper integration with Europe.

22. Geography

Nestled at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, the geography of Georgia is defined by its dramatic landscapes, ranging from high mountain peaks to lush coastlines. The country is largely dominated by the Caucasus Mountains, with the Greater Caucasus range forming its northern border with Russia. This formidable mountain barrier is home to some of Europe’s highest peaks, including Mount Shkhara at 5,193 meters, and has profoundly shaped Georgia’s climate, culture, and history. The rugged terrain of the Greater Caucasus, with its deep gorges, alpine meadows, and remote villages like those in Svaneti and Tusheti, creates a stunning and diverse environment. To the south, the Lesser Caucasus range runs parallel, creating a landscape of volcanic plateaus and highlands. Between these two mountain systems lies the heartland of Georgia, encompassing the Colchis Plain in the west and the Kartli Plain in the east. This central valley is where the majority of the population resides and where much of the country’s agriculture is concentrated.

The western part of Georgia is bordered by the Black Sea, which has a significant influence on its climate. The coastal regions, including the autonomous republic of Adjara, experience a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and warm, wet summers. This climate supports the cultivation of citrus fruits and tea and has made cities like Batumi popular seaside resorts. As one moves eastward from the coast, the landscape transitions into the fertile Colchis Plain, historically known to the ancient Greeks as the land of the Golden Fleece. This lowland area is drained by major rivers like the Rioni and Enguri. Further east, beyond the Likhi Range which divides the country, the climate becomes more continental, with hotter summers and colder winters. This eastern region is home to the capital, Tbilisi, and the renowned wine-growing region of Kakheti. The diverse microclimates found throughout Georgia allow for a wide variety of agricultural products and contribute to its rich biodiversity.

Georgia’s river systems are extensive, flowing from the high peaks of the Caucasus to the Black and Caspian Seas. The Mtkvari (Kura) River is the largest in the country, flowing eastward from Turkey, through Tbilisi, and into Azerbaijan before reaching the Caspian Sea. The country is also dotted with numerous lakes, from the large Paravani Lake on the volcanic plateau of Javakheti to the picturesque Ritsa Lake nestled in the mountains of Abkhazia. This abundance of water resources is crucial for both agriculture and hydroelectric power generation. The varied topography and climate have endowed Georgia with an incredible level of biodiversity, including vast forests that are home to species like the brown bear, wolf, and lynx. The country has a robust network of national parks and protected areas, such as Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park and Vashlovani National Park, which aim to preserve its unique natural heritage for future generations and attract eco-tourists from around the world.

23. Politics and Government

Georgia operates as a semi-presidential republic, where the President serves as the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. This framework has evolved significantly since the country regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Following constitutional reforms in recent years, the balance of power has shifted more towards the government and the parliament, with the Prime Minister holding the most significant executive authority. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Parliament and is responsible for appointing and dismissing cabinet ministers. This structure aims to create a more stable and accountable government, directly linked to the legislative branch. The President, who is now elected for a five-year term via an electoral college of 300 members, retains important roles in foreign policy, serves as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and acts as a symbol of national unity. This dual executive system reflects Georgia’s ongoing process of democratic consolidation and its efforts to align its political institutions with European standards.

The legislative branch of the Georgian government is the unicameral Parliament, composed of 150 members who are elected for four-year terms through a mixed electoral system. A portion of the seats is filled through proportional representation from party lists, while the remainder is determined by elections in single-member constituencies. This system is designed to provide representation for both national political parties and local interests. The Parliament is the supreme representative body of the country, responsible for enacting legislation, approving the national budget, and overseeing the activities of the government. The political landscape in Georgia is dynamic and often characterized by a strong rivalry between the ruling party and a fragmented opposition. Key political parties, such as Georgian Dream and the United National Movement, have dominated the political scene for years, with their competition shaping the direction of domestic policy and foreign relations. Elections are a central feature of Georgia’s political life and are closely watched by international observers as a barometer of the country’s democratic progress.

Since the Rose Revolution of 2003, Georgia has pursued a clear pro-Western foreign policy, with aspirations to join both the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) being central tenets of its political agenda. This strategic orientation has been a source of significant tension with its northern neighbor, Russia, especially concerning the status of the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which Russia recognizes as independent states. Domestically, the government has focused on implementing wide-ranging reforms aimed at combating corruption, strengthening the rule of law, and creating a more favorable environment for business and investment. These reforms have yielded considerable success in some areas, such as improving public services and reducing petty corruption. However, the country continues to face challenges related to judicial independence, political polarization, and economic inequality. The ongoing political debates and reforms reflect a nation actively working to build a modern, democratic state while navigating a complex regional and international environment.

24. Law and Criminal Justice

Georgia’s legal framework is based on civil law systems and has undergone a profound transformation since the country’s independence in 1991, and particularly after the 2003 Rose Revolution. A primary focus of these reforms has been to modernize the legal code, align it with European standards, and eradicate the corruption that was rampant in the post-Soviet era. The Constitution of Georgia stands as the supreme law of the land, guaranteeing fundamental human rights and freedoms and establishing the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The judicial system is structured in three tiers: the courts of first instance (district or city courts), the Courts of Appeal, and the Supreme Court of Georgia, which is the highest court of cassation. Additionally, the Constitutional Court of Georgia has the authority to review the constitutionality of laws and normative acts. A key reform was the introduction of a new Criminal Procedure Code, which aimed to enhance the rights of the accused and create a more adversarial and transparent trial process, moving away from the old inquisitorial Soviet model. The introduction of jury trials for serious crimes was another significant step toward ensuring public participation and fairness in the justice system.

In the realm of criminal justice, Georgia has achieved remarkable success in combating organized crime and petty corruption, particularly within the police force. The comprehensive police reforms initiated in the mid-2000s, which involved the dismissal of the entire traffic police force and the creation of a new, better-paid, and well-equipped patrol police, are often cited as a model for other post-Soviet countries. These measures led to a dramatic decrease in bribery and a significant increase in public trust in law enforcement. As a result, Georgia is now widely considered one of the safest countries in Europe, with low crime rates, particularly for violent and street crime. The government continues to prioritize law and order, with a focus on tackling transnational crime, drug trafficking, and cybercrime. The Ministry of Internal Affairs is the primary law enforcement agency, responsible for police, border protection, and emergency management services. The effective implementation of these reforms has been a cornerstone of Georgia’s state-building project and its efforts to attract foreign investment and tourism.

Despite these successes, the Georgian justice system still faces significant challenges and scrutiny. Critics and international observers often raise concerns about the independence of the judiciary, suggesting that it remains susceptible to political influence. The process of appointing and promoting judges has been a subject of ongoing debate and reform efforts aimed at increasing transparency and meritocracy. Ensuring the full protection of due process rights and addressing issues within the penitentiary system are other areas that continue to require attention. The government, often with the support of international partners like the European Union and the United States, is actively engaged in further judicial reforms to build a truly independent, impartial, and efficient court system. Striking the right balance between maintaining a tough stance on crime and upholding the highest standards of human rights and the rule of law remains a central challenge for Georgia’s ongoing democratic development.

25. Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of Georgia is fundamentally shaped by its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia and its complex relationship with its powerful northern neighbor, Russia. Since regaining independence in 1991, and with renewed vigor after the 2003 Rose Revolution, Georgia has consistently pursued a pro-Western course, with the primary strategic goals of integrating into Euro-Atlantic institutions, most notably the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This aspiration is enshrined in its constitution and enjoys broad support among the Georgian population and political elite. Georgia sees integration with the EU and NATO not only as a path to economic prosperity and democratic consolidation but also as the most reliable guarantee of its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The country has actively participated in NATO’s Partnership for Peace program and has been a significant contributor to NATO-led operations, such as the mission in Afghanistan. The 2008 NATO Bucharest Summit declared that Georgia would become a member of NATO, a promise that has yet to be fulfilled but remains a central pillar of its foreign policy.

Relations with the European Union have also deepened significantly over the years. Georgia is a key member of the EU’s Eastern Partnership initiative and in 2014, signed an Association Agreement with the EU, which includes a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA). This agreement has opened up the EU market to Georgian goods and has spurred extensive legal and economic reforms within the country to align its standards with those of the EU. In 2017, Georgian citizens were granted visa-free travel to the Schengen Area, a major milestone in EU-Georgia relations. In 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Georgia officially applied for EU membership, and in late 2023, it was granted candidate status, marking a historic moment in its European integration journey. The United States is another crucial strategic partner for Georgia, providing significant political, economic, and military support through initiatives like the U.S.-Georgia Strategic Partnership Charter. This partnership focuses on strengthening Georgia’s defense capabilities, democratic institutions, and economic development.

The defining challenge in Georgia’s foreign relations remains its relationship with Russia. The two countries have a long and intertwined history, but relations in the post-Soviet era have been fraught with tension, primarily over Russia’s support for the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. These tensions culminated in the brief but impactful Russo-Georgian War in August 2008, after which Russia recognized the independence of both territories and stationed military bases there, a move condemned by most of the international community as an illegal occupation of Georgian territory. In response, Georgia severed diplomatic relations with Russia. Despite the lack of formal diplomatic ties, the two countries maintain trade and transport links, and Russia remains a significant economic partner. Georgia actively works to keep the issue of its occupied territories on the international agenda, pursuing a policy of non-recognition and peaceful conflict resolution. It also cultivates strong relationships with its other neighbors, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, engaging in regional cooperation projects, particularly in the areas of energy and transport, such as the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway, which enhance its role as a critical transit hub connecting Asia and Europe.

26. Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of Georgia is a multi-tiered system that reflects its diverse geography and complex political history. The country is officially divided into two autonomous republics (avtonomiuri respublika), one de jure autonomous region, and nine regions (mkhare). The two autonomous republics are Abkhazia, in the northwest, and Adjara, in the southwest, along the Black Sea coast. While Adjara operates as a functioning autonomous entity within Georgia’s constitutional framework, with its own flag, government, and supreme council, Abkhazia is currently a breakaway territory. Since the conflict in the early 1990s and the 2008 war, the central government in Tbilisi has not exercised control over Abkhazia, which considers itself an independent state supported by Russia. Similarly, the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, which is de jure part of the Shida Kartli region, operates as a de facto independent state, also backed by Russia. The Georgian government officially refers to these territories as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali Region, emphasizing their status as occupied territories.

The nine regions (mkhare) were established by presidential decree in the mid-1990s as a temporary administrative arrangement until the secessionist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia are resolved and the country’s territorial integrity is restored. These regions are not self-governing units; rather, they serve as a level of state administration where the central government’s authority is represented by a State Commissioner, informally known as a “governor.” The governor is appointed by the Prime Minister and is responsible for coordinating the implementation of state policies and programs at the regional level, as well as supervising the activities of local self-government bodies. The nine regions are Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, and Shida Kartli. Each region is known for its unique cultural traditions, distinct dialects, and specific economic profiles, from the wine-making heartland of Kakheti to the mountainous, tower-filled landscapes of Svaneti.

Below the regional level, the system of local self-government consists of municipalities (munitsipaliteti). As of recent reforms, Georgia is divided into 69 municipalities, which include 12 self-governing cities (including the capital, Tbilisi) and 57 self-governing communities. Each municipality has its own elected representative council (sakrebulo) and an executive branch led by a directly elected mayor (or gamgebeli in communities). These local bodies are responsible for a range of public services, including managing local infrastructure, pre-school education, public utilities, and social welfare programs. The goal of ongoing decentralization reforms is to transfer more power, resources, and responsibility to these local authorities, thereby strengthening democratic governance from the ground up and making public administration more responsive to the needs of local communities. The capital city of Tbilisi has a special status as both a city and a region, with its own distinct governance structure headed by a directly elected mayor and a city council, reflecting its role as the nation’s political, economic, and cultural hub.

27. Economy & Commodities

The economy of Georgia is a dynamic and emerging free market, which has undergone a radical transformation since the Rose Revolution of 2003. Post-independence, the country faced near-total economic collapse, but subsequent governments have implemented sweeping reforms aimed at liberalization, deregulation, and privatization. These policies have created a business-friendly environment, consistently earning Georgia high rankings in the World Bank’s “Ease of Doing Business” report. The core of the modern Georgian economy has shifted towards services, which now account for the largest share of the country’s GDP. The tourism sector, in particular, has become a major driver of economic growth, attracting visitors with its diverse landscapes, rich history, and renowned hospitality. The financial services, transportation, and communications sectors are also well-developed. The country’s strategic location as a transit hub connecting the Caspian and Black Seas has bolstered its transport and logistics industry, with major oil and gas pipelines, as well as railway networks, crossing its territory. This transit role is a cornerstone of its economic strategy, positioning Georgia as a key link in the East-West trade corridor.

While the service sector dominates, industry and agriculture remain vital components of the Georgian economy. The industrial sector includes mining, manufacturing, and energy production. Georgia has significant deposits of manganese, copper, and gold, which are key export commodities. The manufacturing base is diverse, producing everything from beverages and food products to steel and machinery. The energy sector is heavily reliant on hydropower, with the country’s mountainous terrain and abundant rivers providing immense potential for clean energy generation. Georgia is a net exporter of electricity and is working to further develop its renewable energy capacity. Agriculture, though its share of GDP has declined, continues to employ a large portion of the population, particularly in rural areas. The country’s diverse microclimates allow for the cultivation of a wide variety of crops. Georgia is most famous for its wine production, with viticulture being an integral part of its national identity and a growing export industry. Other important agricultural products include nuts (especially hazelnuts), citrus fruits, grapes, and other horticultural products.

In terms of trade, Georgia’s main commodities for export include copper ores and concentrates, ferro-alloys, motor cars (re-export), wine, and mineral waters like the famous Borjomi brand. The country’s primary import partners supply petroleum products, vehicles, machinery, and pharmaceuticals. To foster growth, Georgia has pursued a policy of free trade, signing agreements like the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) with the European Union, which has significantly boosted trade with EU member states. The country also has free trade agreements with China, Turkey, and CIS countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is actively encouraged and has been a crucial factor in the development of sectors like energy, tourism, and real estate. Despite this positive trajectory, the economy faces challenges such as a high reliance on tourism and remittances, a persistent trade deficit, and the need to create more high-value jobs to combat unemployment and reduce poverty. Continued structural reforms, investment in education and infrastructure, and deeper integration into the global economy are key priorities for ensuring sustainable and inclusive growth.

28. Science and Technology

Georgia has a long and respected tradition in science and research, with roots stretching back to the medieval period when academies in Gelati and Ikalto were centers of learning in philosophy, astronomy, and medicine. In the 20th century, during the Soviet era, Georgia became a significant hub for scientific research within the USSR, with numerous institutes focusing on fields like physics, mathematics, physiology, and astrophysics. The Georgian National Academy of Sciences, founded in 1941, was the heart of this scientific establishment, overseeing a wide network of research institutions. Georgian scientists made notable contributions during this period, particularly in areas like theoretical physics, computer science, and engineering. The Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory, perched in the mountains of Samtskhe-Javakheti, became a prominent center for astronomical observation. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the ensuing economic turmoil of the 1990s led to a severe crisis in the science and technology sector, with drastic funding cuts, brain drain, and the deterioration of research infrastructure.

In the 21st century, Georgia has been actively working to rebuild and modernize its science and technology landscape, recognizing that innovation is crucial for long-term economic development and global competitiveness. The government has implemented several initiatives to support research and development (R&D) and foster a culture of innovation. The Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia is the primary state body responsible for funding scientific research through competitive grants across all fields of science. Another key institution is Georgia’s Innovation and Technology Agency (GITA), which was established to promote innovation, support tech startups, and facilitate the commercialization of scientific research. GITA provides grants, training programs, and access to a network of innovation hubs and tech parks across the country, aiming to create a vibrant ecosystem for entrepreneurs and tech companies. There is a growing focus on applied research and developing technologies in areas that align with Georgia’s economic strengths, such as agritech, fintech, and green energy.

Despite limited resources compared to global R&D leaders, the Georgian tech scene is showing promising signs of growth. The country has a high rate of internet penetration and a youthful, tech-savvy population. A burgeoning startup community is emerging in Tbilisi, focusing on areas like software development, mobile applications, and digital marketing. The government’s efforts to create a favorable business environment, with low taxes and minimal bureaucracy, have also helped attract some international tech companies to set up offices in Georgia. Furthermore, Georgian universities are placing a greater emphasis on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education to build a skilled workforce for the future. International collaboration is also a key part of the strategy, with Georgian research institutions and universities actively participating in European research programs like Horizon Europe. While challenges such as funding limitations and the need to bridge the gap between academia and industry remain, the commitment to science, technology, and innovation is a clear priority in Georgia’s national development strategy.

29. Philosophy

The philosophical tradition in Georgia is rich and ancient, deeply intertwined with the nation’s religious and literary history. Its origins can be traced back to the establishment of academies and centers of learning in the early Middle Ages, most notably at Phasis (Poti) in the ancient kingdom of Colchis, and later at the renowned academies of Gelati and Ikalto in the 11th and 12th centuries. During this Georgian Golden Age, these institutions became vibrant centers for the translation and study of classical Greek philosophy, particularly the works of Plato, Aristotle, and the Neoplatonists. Thinkers like Ioane Petritsi, a prominent 11th-century Neoplatonist philosopher, played a crucial role in synthesizing Christian theology with classical philosophical thought. Petritsi’s translations and commentaries on figures like Proclus were instrumental in transmitting these ideas within the Georgian intellectual sphere and developing a unique Georgian philosophical language. This early period was characterized by a deep engagement with theological questions, ethics, and metaphysics, laying a strong foundation for future intellectual inquiry.

The philosophical discourse in Georgia continued to evolve through the subsequent centuries, often in response to the country’s shifting political and cultural circumstances. During the 19th century, as Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire, Georgian intellectuals became engaged with the major European philosophical currents of the time, including German Idealism and Romanticism. Thinkers like Solomon Dodashvili sought to combine European enlightenment ideas with Georgian national identity, advocating for reason, education, and social progress. The early 20th century saw a flourishing of diverse philosophical thought, with debates raging between idealists, positivists, and Marxists. However, the establishment of Soviet rule in 1921 brought this intellectual freedom to an abrupt halt. For the next 70 years, philosophy in Georgia was dominated by the rigid ideology of dialectical materialism, the official philosophy of the Soviet state. While some thinkers managed to conduct valuable work within these constraints, particularly in fields like logic and the history of philosophy, the creative development of independent philosophical thought was severely suppressed.

Since Georgia regained its independence in 1991, there has been a significant revival of philosophical inquiry. Contemporary Georgian philosophers are now free to explore a wide range of traditions and ideas without ideological constraints. There is a renewed interest in re-examining the country’s own philosophical heritage, as well as engaging with contemporary Western and Eastern philosophical movements. Thinkers are tackling complex questions related to national identity, political philosophy, ethics, and the challenges of building a democratic society in the post-Soviet context. Figures like Merab Mamardashvili, a prominent 20th-century philosopher whose work on consciousness and the philosophy of culture gained international recognition, have become influential for the new generation. His ideas, often delivered in lectures and conversations, explored themes of freedom, responsibility, and the nature of thought itself, resonating deeply in a society emerging from totalitarianism. Today, Georgian universities and research centers are working to foster a new era of philosophical exploration, contributing to both national self-understanding and the global philosophical conversation.

30. Cultural Etiquette

Understanding and respecting cultural etiquette is key to any meaningful interaction in Georgia, a country famed for its extraordinary hospitality and strong traditions. The concept of the guest is sacred in Georgian culture; a popular saying declares that “a guest is a gift from God.” Visitors are often treated with a level of warmth and generosity that can be overwhelming. When invited to a Georgian home, it is customary to bring a small gift, such as a bottle of wine, pastries, or flowers for the hostess. Punctuality is appreciated, but being a few minutes late is generally acceptable. Upon entering a home, you will likely be offered slippers to wear. It is considered polite to accept all food and drink offered, as refusal can sometimes be seen as an offense. Complimenting the host on their home and the food is always a good practice. Georgians are known for their directness and curiosity; do not be surprised by personal questions about your family, job, or opinions on Georgia, as this is a way of showing genuine interest and building a connection.

The cornerstone of Georgian social life and the ultimate expression of its hospitality is the ‘supra’, a traditional feast that is much more than just a meal. The supra is a highly structured social event guided by a ‘tamada’, or toastmaster. The tamada is chosen for their eloquence, wit, and ability to lead the table in a series of elaborate toasts. These toasts are not simple cheers; they are often lengthy, poetic, and philosophical, covering topics such as peace, family, the homeland, and departed ancestors. It is considered disrespectful to drink without a toast being made. As a guest, you will almost certainly be toasted, and it is polite to offer a toast in return, thanking your hosts. While you are not expected to match the drinking prowess of your hosts, participating in the toasts is essential. The supra is a marathon, not a sprint, and is meant to foster a deep sense of camaraderie and friendship among all present. It is a powerful cultural institution that embodies the Georgian spirit of generosity and community.

In daily interactions, greetings are important. A handshake is the common form of greeting between men, often accompanied by direct eye contact. When greeting a woman, it is best to wait for her to extend her hand first. Close friends and family often greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. When it comes to dress code, Georgians in cities like Tbilisi are generally modern and stylish, but when visiting churches or monasteries, modest attire is required. Men should wear long trousers, and women should wear skirts or dresses that cover the knees and have their shoulders covered. Most religious sites will provide shawls and wrap-around skirts for visitors who are not appropriately dressed. In business settings, etiquette is relatively formal. Punctuality for meetings is expected, business cards are exchanged, and a smart dress code is the norm. Building personal relationships is often a prerequisite for successful business dealings, reflecting the high value placed on trust and personal connection in all aspects of Georgian life.

31. Sports and Recreation

Sports hold a special place in the heart of Georgian culture, embodying the nation’s strength, resilience, and competitive spirit. The country has a long and proud history in physical culture, with traditional sports that have been practiced for centuries. One of the most iconic of these is ‘Chidaoba’, a form of traditional wrestling that has its own unique set of rules and techniques. Chidaoba competitions are often a highlight of local festivals and celebrations. Another ancient sport is ‘Lelo Burti’, a full-contact, rugby-like game that is played with a heavy ball. Historically, entire villages would compete against each other in massive, chaotic matches. These traditional sports have laid a strong foundation for Georgia’s modern success in combat sports. The country is a powerhouse in wrestling (both freestyle and Greco-Roman) and judo, consistently producing Olympic, World, and European champions. The dedication and natural talent for these disciplines are evident at all levels, from local clubs to the national teams, making Georgian athletes formidable opponents on the international stage.

Beyond the wrestling mat, football (soccer) is arguably the most popular spectator sport in the country. The Georgian national team commands passionate support, and the domestic league, the Erovnuli Liga, features clubs with dedicated local followings. While the national team has yet to qualify for a major international tournament like the FIFA World Cup or the UEFA European Championship, the sport is followed with immense enthusiasm. The legacy of legendary players from the Soviet era, such as those from the famous Dinamo Tbilisi team that won the UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup in 1981, continues to inspire new generations. Rugby Union is another sport where Georgia has achieved remarkable success and has become a source of immense national pride. The national team, known as ‘The Lelos’ (a nod to the traditional sport of Lelo Burti), is a dominant force in European rugby outside of the elite Six Nations. They have qualified for every Rugby World Cup since 2003 and are known for their powerful forward pack and physical style of play. Rugby’s popularity has surged in recent decades, and it is now considered one of the country’s most important national sports.

For those seeking recreation, Georgia’s diverse and stunning geography offers a vast outdoor playground. The Greater Caucasus mountains provide world-class opportunities for mountaineering, trekking, and rock climbing. Regions like Svaneti and Kazbegi attract hikers and climbers from around the globe, offering trails that range from gentle walks through alpine meadows to challenging ascents of peaks over 5,000 meters high. In winter, these same mountains transform into a destination for skiing and snowboarding, with resorts like Gudauri and Bakuriani offering modern facilities and breathtaking slopes. The country’s numerous rivers are ideal for whitewater rafting and kayaking, while its national parks and protected areas offer endless trails for hiking and wildlife spotting. The Black Sea coast provides opportunities for swimming, sunbathing, and various water sports during the summer months. From the adrenaline rush of extreme sports to the simple pleasure of a walk in the mountains, Georgia’s natural landscape provides a rich and varied setting for all kinds of recreational activities.

32. Environmental Concerns

Georgia, a country celebrated for its stunning biodiversity and dramatic landscapes, faces a range of pressing environmental challenges that threaten its unique natural heritage. One of the most significant issues is deforestation and land degradation. For centuries, forests have been a vital resource for local communities, providing fuel, timber, and grazing land. However, unsustainable and often illegal logging practices, particularly during the economic hardship of the 1990s, have led to a significant reduction in forest cover. This deforestation contributes to soil erosion, increases the risk of landslides and floods, and leads to the loss of habitat for countless species. The pastures in many regions are also under pressure from overgrazing, which degrades the land and reduces its productivity. Addressing these issues requires a multi-faceted approach, including better enforcement of forestry laws, promoting sustainable forest management practices, and providing alternative livelihoods for rural populations to reduce their dependency on exploiting natural resources.

Water and air pollution are also major concerns, particularly in and around urban and industrial centers. The Mtkvari River, which flows through major cities including the capital, Tbilisi, suffers from pollution due to the discharge of untreated municipal sewage and industrial wastewater. Many of the country’s water treatment facilities are outdated or non-operational, leading to the contamination of rivers and posing risks to public health and aquatic ecosystems. Air quality is another critical issue, especially in Tbilisi, where the primary sources of pollution are vehicle emissions from an aging and poorly maintained car fleet, as well as industrial activities. The government has begun to take steps to address this, such as tightening vehicle inspection regulations and promoting public transport, but the scale of the problem requires more comprehensive and sustained efforts. Furthermore, waste management remains a significant challenge across the country, with many illegal dumpsites and a low rate of recycling, leading to land and water contamination.

As a mountainous country with numerous glaciers, Georgia is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Rising global temperatures are causing the rapid melting of glaciers in the Caucasus Mountains. This has several consequences, including an initial increase in river flows, which can exacerbate flooding, followed by a long-term reduction in water availability for drinking, agriculture, and hydropower generation as the glaciers shrink. Climate change is also expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, and heavy precipitation, further straining the country’s infrastructure and natural ecosystems. In response to these challenges, Georgia has been developing its climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. The country is also making efforts to expand its network of protected areas, which now covers a significant portion of its territory. These national parks and reserves, such as Borjomi-Kharagauli and Vashlovani, are crucial for conserving biodiversity, promoting eco-tourism, and safeguarding the invaluable natural landscapes that are a source of national pride and a key asset for the country’s future.

33. Marriage & Courtship

In Georgia, marriage is a revered institution, deeply rooted in centuries of tradition, religious faith, and the paramount importance of family. Historically, courtship was a highly structured and often formal process, with families playing a central role in the selection of a spouse. While arranged marriages are no longer the norm, the family’s approval and blessing remain a crucial element in the journey towards marriage. Traditional courtship involved discreet interactions, often supervised by family members. Today, especially in urban areas, dating practices have become more aligned with Western norms. Young people meet at universities, workplaces, or through social circles and date in a more modern sense. However, the core values of respect, family honor, and a serious intention towards marriage still hold significant weight. Public displays of affection are generally more reserved than in many Western cultures, and the process of getting to know a partner is often seen as a prelude to introducing them to the family, which is a significant step in any relationship.

A Georgian wedding is a grand and vibrant affair, often involving hundreds of guests and lavish celebrations that can last for days. It is a fusion of religious ceremony and festive tradition. The centerpiece is the ‘jvari’s tsera’, the religious ceremony held in a church, which is considered the true solemnization of the union. During the ceremony, the couple is crowned, symbolizing their new status as king and queen of their own small kingdom, the family. Following the church service, the celebration moves to a massive feast, or ‘supra’, which is an essential and iconic part of the wedding. This is not merely a reception but a highly ritualized event led by a ‘tamada’ (toastmaster), who proposes a series of eloquent and heartfelt toasts. There is abundant food, wine, traditional music, and energetic folk dancing, such as the elegant ‘Kartuli’ dance, which is often performed by the bride and groom. The wedding is a major community event, reinforcing social bonds and celebrating the creation of a new family unit with immense joy and cultural pride.

34. Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Georgia has been shaped by the country’s transition to a market-oriented economy and its strategic focus on specific growth sectors. For job seekers, the most vibrant and expanding area of employment is the service industry, which forms the backbone of the Georgian economy. The tourism and hospitality sector, in particular, has seen explosive growth over the past decade. This has created a high demand for a wide range of roles in hotels, restaurants, tour agencies, and transportation services, especially for individuals with language skills in English, Russian, or other European languages. Cities like Tbilisi and Batumi are hotspots for these opportunities, but the growth of tourism in mountainous regions like Svaneti and Kakheti’s wine country is also creating jobs in rural areas. Alongside tourism, the financial services, telecommunications, and retail sectors are also major employers, offering roles in banking, IT, sales, and customer service. The government’s business-friendly policies and low tax rates have made Georgia an attractive destination for international companies to set up regional offices, further diversifying the job market in these fields.

Another promising area for employment is the transport and logistics sector. Georgia’s strategic location as a transit corridor connecting Asia and Europe makes it a critical hub for the movement of goods and energy. Major infrastructure projects, such as the development of ports on the Black Sea, the modernization of the railway network, and the expansion of road systems, are creating jobs in construction, engineering, and logistics management. The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway and various oil and gas pipelines that traverse the country underscore the long-term importance of this sector. For those with technical skills, the burgeoning information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO) industries offer growing opportunities. The government is actively promoting Georgia as a hub for innovation and technology, with initiatives like Georgia’s Innovation and Technology Agency (GITA) supporting startups and tech education. This has led to an increased demand for software developers, project managers, and digital marketing specialists.

Despite these positive developments, the Georgian labor market still faces challenges. Unemployment and underemployment remain significant issues, particularly among the youth and in rural areas outside the main economic hubs. The agricultural sector, while employing a large percentage of the population, is often characterized by low productivity and low incomes. To find skilled work, proficiency in the Georgian language is typically a prerequisite, although in international companies and the high-end tourism sector, English is often the primary working language. For expatriates looking for work, opportunities are most likely to be found in international organizations, multinational corporations, the tech sector, or by starting their own business, taking advantage of the country’s simple registration procedures. The government’s focus on vocational education and training aims to bridge the skills gap in the workforce, better aligning the qualifications of job seekers with the demands of the growing sectors of the economy.

35. Education

The education system in Georgia is structured to provide comprehensive schooling from a young age through to higher education, and it has been the subject of continuous reform aimed at modernization and alignment with international standards. The system is mandatory for twelve years, starting from the age of six. It is divided into three main stages: primary education (6 years), basic education (3 years), and secondary education (3 years). Upon successful completion of all twelve years and passing the national examinations, students receive a certificate of complete general education, which is a prerequisite for entry into higher education institutions. The Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia oversees the entire system, setting the national curriculum, accrediting schools, and managing the national assessment and examination process. Recent reforms have focused on decentralizing school management, improving teacher training and professional development, and updating the curriculum to foster critical thinking and practical skills over rote memorization. The Georgian language is the primary language of instruction in most schools, although there are also schools that cater to ethnic minorities, offering instruction in languages such as Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Russian.

Higher education in Georgia is offered by a mix of state-funded and private universities, teaching universities, and colleges. The capital, Tbilisi, is the main center for higher education, home to the country’s largest and most prestigious institutions, such as Tbilisi State University (TSU), Georgian Technical University (GTU), and Ilia State University. The higher education system follows the Bologna Process, structuring degrees into three cycles: Bachelor’s (usually 4 years), Master’s (usually 2 years), and Doctoral (at least 3 years). To gain admission to a university, students must pass the Unified National Examinations, a centralized and standardized test that was introduced to ensure a fair and transparent admissions process and to combat corruption. Georgian universities offer a wide range of programs in fields such as medicine, law, business, engineering, and the humanities. There is a growing number of English-taught programs, particularly in medicine and business, which are attracting an increasing number of international students, making Georgia an emerging regional hub for higher education.

Despite significant progress, the Georgian education system faces ongoing challenges. There is a recognized need to improve the quality of education, particularly in rural and remote areas where schools may be under-resourced. Ensuring that the education system produces graduates with skills that match the demands of the modern labor market is another key priority. To address this, there is a growing emphasis on vocational education and training (VET) to provide practical skills in trades and technical fields. The government is also focused on enhancing the quality of research and development within universities and promoting international collaboration to integrate Georgian academia into the global scientific community. Investment in infrastructure, continuous professional development for teachers, and the integration of modern technology in the classroom are all central to the ongoing efforts to build a high-quality education system that can drive the country’s social and economic development in the 21st century.

36. Communication & Connectivity

Georgia boasts a well-developed and liberalized telecommunications sector, providing a high level of communication and internet connectivity throughout the country. Following market-oriented reforms, the sector has become highly competitive, with several private companies offering mobile, fixed-line, and internet services. This competition has resulted in affordable prices and widespread service availability, even in many rural and mountainous regions. Mobile phone penetration is extremely high, with the vast majority of the population owning at least one mobile device. The three main mobile network operators—MagtiCom, Silknet (which incorporated Geocell), and Beeline—offer extensive coverage across the nation, including 4G and increasingly 5G services in urban centers. Tourists and visitors will find it easy and inexpensive to purchase a local SIM card with a generous data package upon arrival at the airport or in any service center, which is highly recommended for convenient and cost-effective communication while traveling in the country. The process is straightforward, typically requiring only a passport for registration.

Internet connectivity in Georgia has improved dramatically over the past decade and is now among the best in the region. High-speed fiber-optic internet is widely available in cities and larger towns, offered by providers like MagtiCom and Silknet. These companies provide reliable and fast broadband services to residential and business customers at competitive rates. The quality and speed of the internet in urban hubs like Tbilisi and Batumi are comparable to many Western European countries, making Georgia an increasingly popular destination for digital nomads and remote workers. Free Wi-Fi hotspots are also common in public spaces, such as parks, cafes, restaurants, and hotels, particularly in tourist areas. While internet speeds and reliability can be lower in remote mountain villages, significant efforts are underway to expand high-speed internet access to all corners of the country through state-supported projects aimed at bridging the digital divide and ensuring that all citizens can benefit from the digital economy.

The media landscape in Georgia is diverse and pluralistic, but also highly polarized, often reflecting the country’s competitive political environment. Television remains the most influential medium for news and information. There are several major national television channels, including both public broadcasters and private, commercially-owned stations. These channels offer a wide range of programming, from news and political talk shows to entertainment and sports. The print media market is smaller, but a variety of newspapers and magazines cater to different political viewpoints and interests. The most dynamic growth has been in the online media sphere. Numerous online news portals, blogs, and social media platforms have become primary sources of information, especially for the younger generation. This digital transition has fostered a vibrant space for public debate and citizen journalism. However, the media environment is not without its challenges, including concerns about ownership transparency, political influence over editorial content, and the spread of disinformation, issues that are common in many developing democracies.

37. National Symbols

The national symbols of Georgia are a powerful representation of its long history, distinct culture, and deeply ingrained Orthodox Christian faith. The most prominent of these is the national flag, known as the “Five Cross Flag.” It features a single large St. George’s cross in the center, on a white background, with four smaller Bolnisi crosses in each of the four quadrants. This design has deep historical roots, dating back to the medieval Kingdom of Georgia, and was officially readopted in 2004 after the Rose Revolution, symbolizing the nation’s Christian heritage and its historical identity. The national coat of arms also prominently features the figure of Saint George, the patron saint of Georgia, depicted as a horseman slaying a dragon. This emblem is set against a red shield and is topped by the Iverian Crown, representing the historical monarchy of the Bagrationi dynasty. The motto inscribed below reads “Dzala Ertobashia” (“Strength is in Unity”), a phrase that reflects the nation’s long struggle for sovereignty and unity against numerous invasions and internal divisions. These primary symbols are a constant presence in public life, embodying the spirit and resilience of the Georgian people.

Beyond the official state emblems, numerous other cultural icons serve as symbols of the nation. The Borjgali is an ancient Georgian symbol of the sun and eternity, with seven rotating wings. It is a pre-Christian symbol that remains a popular motif in traditional art and woodwork, representing life and cosmic energy. The vine and its tendrils are arguably one of the most significant cultural symbols, reflecting Georgia’s status as the “cradle of wine.” Winemaking is not just an industry but a core part of Georgian identity, and the vine symbolizes hospitality, prosperity, and the nation’s deep connection to its land. The Georgian alphabet, with its unique and graceful script, is another source of immense national pride and a key symbol of cultural distinctiveness. There are three historical scripts—Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri, and Mkhedruli—with Mkhedruli being the standard script used today. This unique writing system is a testament to Georgia’s rich literary tradition and its independent cultural development over centuries.

Georgia’s unique biodiversity also provides powerful national symbols from the natural world. While there isn’t one single officially designated national flower or animal that holds exclusive status, certain flora and fauna are strongly associated with the country. The Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a formidable and ancient breed, historically used by shepherds to guard livestock in the Caucasus Mountains. It is often seen as a symbol of the Georgian character: strong, courageous, and loyal. In terms of fauna, the Brown Bear, Wolf, and the majestic Caucasian Tur, a mountain-dwelling goat-antelope, are all iconic species of Georgia’s rugged wilderness. The vibrant and diverse flora, from the alpine flowers of the high Caucasus to the subtropical plants of the Black Sea coast, collectively symbolize the country’s natural beauty. The rich tapestry of these official, cultural, and natural symbols provides a deep insight into the soul of Georgia, reflecting a nation that is proud of its ancient heritage, its Christian faith, and its breathtaking natural environment.

Category	Symbol
Official Symbols	Five Cross Flag, Coat of Arms featuring St. George, National Anthem (“Tavisupleba”)
Cultural Symbols	Borjgali (Sun Symbol), Grapevine, Qvevri (wine vessel), Khachapuri (cheese bread), Chokha (traditional male dress), Georgian Alphabet
National Flora	Grapevine (Vitis vinifera), Rhododendron caucasicum, various endemic wildflowers
National Fauna	Caucasian Shepherd Dog, Brown Bear, Wolf, Caucasian Tur, Pheasant (legendarily associated with the founding of Tbilisi)

38. Tourism

Tourism has emerged as one of the most dynamic and vital sectors of the Georgian economy, transforming the country into a premier travel destination in the Caucasus region. Georgia’s appeal lies in its incredible diversity, offering a rich tapestry of experiences within a relatively small territory. Visitors are drawn to its stunning natural landscapes, which range from the snow-capped peaks of the Greater Caucasus to the lush, subtropical coastline of the Black Sea. This geographical variety provides a playground for all types of travelers. Adventure seekers can indulge in world-class hiking in Svaneti and Kazbegi, skiing in Gudauri, or whitewater rafting on mountain rivers. Those seeking relaxation can enjoy the vibrant seaside resorts of Batumi, with its modern architecture and bustling boulevards. The country is also a haven for ecotourists, boasting numerous pristine national parks and protected areas where one can explore unique ecosystems and observe diverse wildlife. This blend of mountains, sea, and unspoiled nature forms the foundation of Georgia’s tourism appeal.

Beyond its natural beauty, Georgia’s ancient history and unique culture are a major draw. The country is dotted with ancient churches, remote monasteries perched on dramatic cliffs, and formidable fortresses that speak to its long and storied past. Historical sites like the cave city of Vardzia, the ancient capital of Mtskheta (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the towers of Svaneti offer a fascinating glimpse into Georgia’s rich heritage. The capital city, Tbilisi, is a destination in itself, with its charming old town of winding cobblestone streets, traditional sulfur baths, and a vibrant arts and culinary scene. Georgian cuisine, with famous dishes like khachapuri and khinkali, coupled with its legendary hospitality and status as the birthplace of wine, provides a deeply immersive cultural experience. The country’s wine regions, especially Kakheti, invite visitors to explore ancient cellars (marani) and taste wine made in traditional qvevri, an 8,000-year-old technique that is part of UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list. This powerful combination of nature, history, food, and wine ensures that tourism will remain a key driver of Georgia’s development and its primary bridge to the world.

39. Visa and Entry Requirements

Georgia has one of the most liberal and welcoming visa policies in the world, making it an exceptionally easy country to visit for a large number of nationalities. The government has strategically positioned the country as an open and accessible destination for both tourism and business. A key feature of this policy is that citizens of nearly 100 countries and territories, including all European Union member states, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, South Korea, and many others, can enter Georgia without a visa and stay for up to one full year. This generous duration is almost unparalleled globally and provides ample time for tourists to explore the country extensively, for digital nomads to set up a temporary base, or for business people to explore investment opportunities. This visa-free regime is a cornerstone of Georgia’s tourism strategy and significantly simplifies travel planning for a vast majority of international visitors. Travelers should always ensure their passport is valid for the duration of their intended stay.

For citizens of countries not on the visa-free list, Georgia offers a straightforward e-Visa system. The e-Visa portal is an online platform where applicants can easily fill out a form, upload the necessary documents, and pay the fee to obtain a short-stay visa without having to visit a Georgian consulate or embassy. The process is designed to be efficient and user-friendly, typically requiring a digital copy of the applicant’s passport, a recent photograph, and proof of accommodation and travel insurance. The e-Visa is usually processed within a few working days. This system caters to tourists and business visitors from a wide range of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, further streamlining the process of visiting Georgia. It is crucial for potential visitors to check the latest regulations on the official website of the Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as the lists of visa-free countries and e-Visa eligible countries can be updated.

Upon arrival in Georgia, all travelers will pass through immigration control. While the process is generally smooth and efficient, especially for those from visa-free countries, it is advisable to have some supporting documents on hand, although they are not always requested. This could include a return or onward ticket, proof of accommodation booking, and evidence of sufficient funds or travel insurance. There are no mandatory vaccination requirements for entry into Georgia, but it is always recommended to be up-to-date on routine vaccines. Due to the political situation, it is important to note that entry into the rest of Georgia is not possible through the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Attempting to enter from Russia via these territories is considered an illegal border crossing by Georgian law and can result in fines or other penalties. All legal entry and exit must be done through official border checkpoints controlled by the Georgian authorities.

40. Useful Resources

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia – For the latest visa and consular information.
Official Tourism Portal of Georgia – Comprehensive travel guides, destination information, and travel planning tools.
Georgian National Tourism Administration – Official site with industry news, statistics, and resources.
E-Visa Portal of Georgia – To apply for a Georgian visa online.
Agency of Protected Areas of Georgia – Information on national parks, reserves, and eco-tourism.
Georgian Railway – For train schedules and booking domestic rail travel.
Agenda.ge – A reliable English-language news source for current events in Georgia.