Iraq Travel Guide: Top Places to Visit and Tips

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July 17, 2025

Travel Guide for Iraq

21) Brief History

Iraq, often referred to as the “Cradle of Civilization,” boasts a history that is as profound as it is long, stretching back to the very dawn of human settlement. The fertile plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, known as Mesopotamia, nurtured some of the world’s earliest and most influential civilizations. From the Sumerians, who developed the first form of writing, cuneiform, and established complex city-states, to the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, this land was a crucible of innovation. The Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes, originated here, demonstrating a sophisticated sense of justice and social order. Great cities like Babylon, with its legendary Hanging Gardens, and Nineveh, the capital of the mighty Assyrian Empire, stood as testaments to the region’s power and cultural richness. These ancient civilizations laid the groundwork for advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and governance that would influence cultures for millennia to come, making Iraq’s historical landscape a treasure trove for anyone interested in the origins of our modern world.

The golden age of Iraq continued with the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century, which established its capital in Baghdad. Under Abbasid rule, Baghdad became a global center for science, culture, and intellectual pursuit. The House of Wisdom, a renowned library and translation institute, attracted scholars from across the known world, who translated and preserved vast amounts of knowledge from Greek, Persian, and Indian traditions. This period saw remarkable advancements in medicine, philosophy, and engineering, and the city of Baghdad flourished as a vibrant metropolis. The intricate art of Islamic calligraphy and architecture reached new heights, leaving a lasting legacy on the visual culture of the region. However, this era of prosperity came to a devastating end with the Mongol invasion in 1258, which led to the sacking of Baghdad and a period of decline. Subsequent centuries saw Iraq fall under the control of various empires, including the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the region for several centuries until the early 20th century.

The 20th century marked a tumultuous period of transition for Iraq. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Iraq came under British control as a League of Nations mandate. This period saw the establishment of the modern state of Iraq and the installation of a Hashemite monarchy. Iraq gained formal independence in 1932, but British influence remained strong. A military coup in 1958 overthrew the monarchy and established a republic. The subsequent decades were characterized by political instability, culminating in the rise of the Ba’ath Party and, eventually, the authoritarian rule of Saddam Hussein in 1979. His regime was marked by protracted and devastating conflicts, including the Iran-Iraq War and the first Gulf War. The 2003 US-led invasion toppled Hussein’s regime but ushered in a new era of conflict and sectarian violence. In the years since, Iraq has been on a long and challenging journey of rebuilding its political institutions, economy, and social fabric, grappling with the legacies of its recent past while striving to reclaim its rich historical and cultural heritage.

22) Geography

The geography of Iraq is a land of dramatic contrasts, a diverse tapestry woven from fertile river plains, vast deserts, and rugged mountain ranges. At its heart lie the two great rivers that have defined its history and landscape: the Tigris and the Euphrates. These rivers, originating in the mountains of Turkey, flow southward through the country, converging in the south to form the Shatt al-Arab waterway before emptying into the Persian Gulf. The land between these two rivers, known as Mesopotamia, is an alluvial plain of incredible fertility, a gift of the silt deposited by the rivers over millennia. This fertile crescent was the cradle of some of the world’s earliest civilizations and continues to be the agricultural heartland of modern Iraq. The capital city, Baghdad, is strategically located on the banks of the Tigris River, a testament to the enduring importance of these waterways for settlement and commerce. The southern part of the plain is characterized by extensive marshlands, a unique ecosystem that has sustained a distinct way of life for centuries.

To the west of the Euphrates River, the landscape transforms into a vast and arid desert, which extends into Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. This desert region, part of the larger Syrian and Arabian Deserts, is characterized by its sparse vegetation and a climate of extreme temperatures. While seemingly inhospitable, this desert landscape has historically been home to nomadic Bedouin tribes who have adapted their lives to its harsh conditions. In stark contrast to the flat plains and deserts, the northeastern part of Iraq is dominated by the rugged Zagros Mountains, which form a natural border with Iran and Turkey. This mountainous region, part of Iraqi Kurdistan, is characterized by its high peaks, deep valleys, and a more temperate climate with significant rainfall and snowfall in the winter. This precipitation feeds the headwaters of several tributaries of the Tigris River and supports a more verdant landscape with forests and grasslands, a stark difference from the arid conditions that prevail in much of the country.

Iraq’s climate is predominantly a hot desert climate, with long, hot, and dry summers and short, cool winters. Summer temperatures, particularly in the low-lying plains and deserts, can soar to scorching highs, often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit). In contrast, winter temperatures are milder, though they can drop significantly, especially in the northern mountainous regions where snowfall is common. Rainfall is scarce in most of the country and is largely confined to the winter months, from November to April. The mountainous north receives considerably more precipitation than the central and southern regions, allowing for rain-fed agriculture. This climatic diversity, coupled with the varied topography of river plains, deserts, and mountains, creates a complex and dynamic geography that has profoundly shaped the history, culture, and economy of Iraq.

23) Politics and Government

The political landscape of modern Iraq is a complex and evolving system, defined by its 2005 constitution as a federal, parliamentary, democratic republic. This framework was established following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003 and represents a significant departure from the country’s long history of authoritarian rule. The government is structured around a separation of powers, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Executive power is held by the Council of Ministers, which is led by the Prime Minister, who serves as the head of government. The Prime Minister is the most powerful figure in the executive branch, responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country and commanding the armed forces. The President of Iraq, on the other hand, holds a more ceremonial role as the head of state, symbolizing the unity and sovereignty of the nation. The political system is designed to be inclusive, with a multi-party system that allows for a diversity of political views and representation.

The legislative branch of the Iraqi government is embodied by the Council of Representatives, a unicameral parliament with 329 members who are elected by the people for four-year terms. The Council of Representatives is responsible for enacting federal laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the work of the executive branch. A key feature of the Iraqi political system is the principle of sectarian and ethnic power-sharing, which aims to ensure that the country’s diverse communities are represented in government. Political and administrative positions are often allocated based on ethno-sectarian quotas, a practice that, while intended to promote stability and inclusion, has also been criticized for reinforcing divisions and contributing to political gridlock. The major political blocs are often formed along ethnic and religious lines, representing the interests of the Shia Arab majority, the Sunni Arab minority, and the Kurdish population.

The judiciary in Iraq is, in principle, an independent branch of government, responsible for interpreting the law and ensuring that justice is administered fairly. The constitution provides for a federal court system, with the Higher Judicial Council overseeing the judiciary. However, the independence and effectiveness of the judiciary have been challenged by political interference and the security situation in the country. The political system as a whole has faced significant challenges since its inception, including sectarian tensions, corruption, and the threat of insurgency. The country has been working to overcome these challenges and to build a more stable and effective democracy. The holding of regular elections is a positive sign of the country’s commitment to democratic principles, but the path to a fully consolidated democracy remains a work in progress. The political situation in Iraq is dynamic and often fluid, shaped by a complex interplay of domestic and regional factors.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Iraq is a hybrid system, drawing upon a rich and complex tapestry of legal traditions. Its foundations are rooted in civil law, with strong influences from French, Egyptian, and Ottoman law. This is a legacy of the country’s modern history, particularly the period of legal reforms in the 19th and 20th centuries. The primary source of law is legislation enacted by the Council of Representatives. In addition to statutory law, Islamic law (Sharia) is also recognized as a source of legislation, particularly in matters of personal status, such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The 2005 constitution of Iraq establishes Islam as the official religion of the state and a fundamental source of legislation. It also stipulates that no law may be enacted that contradicts the established provisions of Islam. This dual legal framework, combining civil and Islamic law, creates a complex and sometimes contentious legal landscape.

The Iraqi court system is structured in a hierarchical manner. At the base are the courts of first instance, which have jurisdiction over a wide range of civil and criminal cases. Appeals from these courts are heard by the Courts of Appeal, which are located in each of the country’s governorates. The highest court in the regular judicial system is the Court of Cassation, which is the final arbiter of legal disputes. In addition to the regular court system, there are a number of specialized courts, including administrative courts, which deal with disputes involving the government, and the Central Criminal Court of Iraq, which has jurisdiction over serious crimes such as terrorism. The constitution also provides for a Federal Supreme Court, which is responsible for interpreting the constitution and resolving disputes between the federal government and the regions.

The criminal justice system in Iraq has faced significant challenges in recent years, particularly in the context of the country’s security situation. The system is comprised of several key institutions, including the police, the prosecution service, the courts, and the prison system. The Iraqi Police Service is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for maintaining public order and investigating crimes. The Public Prosecution Department is responsible for bringing criminal charges against individuals and representing the state in court. The courts are responsible for adjudicating criminal cases and imposing sentences on those found guilty. The prison system is responsible for the custody and rehabilitation of convicted offenders. The criminal justice system has been working to reform and rebuild itself in the post-2003 era, with a focus on improving its capacity to uphold the rule of law and protect the rights of citizens. However, it continues to face challenges related to corruption, political interference, and the ongoing threat of terrorism.

25) Foreign Relations

Iraq’s foreign relations in the 21st century are a complex and multifaceted tapestry, shaped by its recent history of conflict, its strategic location in the heart of the Middle East, and its vast oil wealth. After decades of international isolation under the regime of Saddam Hussein, Iraq has been on a long and challenging journey of reintegrating into the international community. A key pillar of its foreign policy is the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries and the pursuit of balanced relations with its neighbors and global powers. Iraq has actively sought to rebuild diplomatic ties and has re-established embassies in numerous countries around the world. It is a member of several key international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which provide important platforms for diplomatic engagement and multilateral cooperation.

Relations with its immediate neighbors are of paramount importance to Iraq’s stability and security. The country shares long borders with Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, and its relationships with these countries are often complex and dynamic. The relationship with Iran is particularly significant, given the two countries’ shared Shia heritage and long and porous border. While there have been periods of tension, the two countries now maintain close political and economic ties. Relations with Turkey are also crucial, particularly in the areas of trade, water resources, and security cooperation in combating Kurdish militant groups. Iraq has also been working to improve its relations with its Arab neighbors, including Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, seeking to build a new era of cooperation based on mutual respect and shared interests.

On the global stage, Iraq has sought to cultivate a diverse range of partnerships. The United States remains a key strategic partner, particularly in the areas of security cooperation and counter-terrorism. The relationship has evolved since the 2003 invasion, with a greater emphasis on partnership and mutual respect. Iraq has also been strengthening its ties with other global powers, including Russia and China, who are major players in the global energy market and have significant economic interests in Iraq. The country has also been working to attract foreign investment from a wide range of countries to help rebuild its economy and infrastructure. Iraq’s foreign policy is driven by a pragmatic desire to secure its national interests, promote regional stability, and create a more prosperous future for its people. It is a foreign policy that is constantly adapting to the changing geopolitical landscape of the Middle East and the wider world.

26) Administrative Divisions

Iraq’s administrative structure is organized into a system of governorates, also known as provinces, which serve as the primary sub-national level of government. The country is currently divided into 19 governorates, each with its own capital city and local administration. This system of governorates has been in place for many years, although there have been some recent changes and proposals for the creation of new governorates. The capital city of Baghdad has a special status as a governorate in its own right and is the most populous in the country. The governorates vary greatly in size, population, and geography, from the vast desert expanses of Anbar in the west to the densely populated urban center of Baghdad and the mountainous terrain of the Kurdistan Region in the north.

Each governorate is headed by a governor who is the chief executive officer of the provincial government. The governor is assisted by a provincial council, which is an elected body responsible for local governance and the provision of public services. The provincial councils have a range of powers and responsibilities, including the approval of the provincial budget, the oversight of local government departments, and the election of the governor. This system of local government is designed to promote decentralization and to give local communities a greater say in their own affairs. However, the effectiveness of the provincial councils has been hampered by a number of challenges, including limited financial resources, political infighting, and the security situation in the country.

A unique feature of Iraq’s administrative divisions is the existence of the Kurdistan Region in the north, which enjoys a high degree of autonomy under the country’s federal constitution. The Kurdistan Region is comprised of four governorates: Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, and the newly formed Halabja. The region has its own elected parliament and government, and exercises a wide range of powers over its internal affairs, including education, healthcare, and security. The relationship between the Kurdistan Regional Government and the federal government in Baghdad has been a source of ongoing political debate and negotiation, particularly over the issues of oil revenues and territorial disputes. The administrative divisions of Iraq are a reflection of the country’s diverse geography and its complex political landscape, and they continue to evolve as the country seeks to build a more stable and decentralized system of governance.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of Iraq is dominated by the oil sector, which has been the lifeblood of the nation’s wealth for decades. The country possesses some of the world’s largest proven oil reserves, and the production and export of crude oil account for the vast majority of its government revenue and foreign exchange earnings. The economy is therefore highly dependent on global oil prices, and fluctuations in the price of oil can have a significant impact on the country’s economic performance. The state-owned oil companies are the main players in the sector, but in recent years, the government has been seeking to attract foreign investment to help modernize and expand its oil production capacity. The development of the oil and gas sector is seen as crucial for generating the revenues needed to rebuild the country’s infrastructure and to fund its social programs.

Despite the dominance of the oil sector, the Iraqi economy is facing a number of significant challenges. Decades of conflict and instability have taken a heavy toll on the country’s infrastructure, and there is a pressing need for investment in areas such as electricity, water, and transportation. The economy is also characterized by a large and inefficient public sector, which employs a significant portion of the workforce. The private sector, on the other hand, is relatively underdeveloped and faces a number of obstacles, including a complex regulatory environment, corruption, and a lack of access to finance. The government has recognized the need to diversify the economy and to create a more vibrant private sector, but progress in this area has been slow.

In addition to oil, Iraq has a number of other natural resources, including natural gas, phosphates, and sulfur. The country also has a significant agricultural potential, thanks to the fertile lands of the Tigris-Euphrates river valley. However, the agricultural sector has been neglected for many years and is in need of modernization and investment. The government is working to revitalize the agricultural sector, with the aim of improving food security and creating employment opportunities in rural areas. The development of other sectors, such as tourism and manufacturing, is also seen as important for diversifying the economy and creating a more sustainable and prosperous future for the Iraqi people. The path to economic recovery and development is a long and challenging one, but Iraq’s vast natural resources and its resilient people provide a strong foundation for hope.

28) Science and Technology

Iraq’s legacy in science and technology is as ancient and profound as its history. The land of Mesopotamia was a cradle of innovation, where the foundations of mathematics, astronomy, and engineering were laid. The Babylonians developed a sophisticated system of mathematics, including a place-value numeral system, and made remarkable astronomical observations that were used to create accurate calendars. These early scientific achievements were not merely theoretical; they had practical applications in agriculture, architecture, and governance. The construction of complex irrigation systems to harness the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is a testament to the advanced engineering skills of these ancient civilizations. This rich intellectual heritage continued into the Islamic Golden Age, when Baghdad became a global center for scientific inquiry and the House of Wisdom served as a beacon of knowledge and learning.

However, in modern times, Iraq’s scientific and technological development has been severely hampered by decades of conflict, sanctions, and instability. The country’s scientific infrastructure, including its universities and research institutions, has suffered from a lack of investment and the exodus of many of its most talented scientists and engineers. The once-thriving academic community has been decimated, and the country has fallen behind its regional neighbors in terms of scientific output and technological innovation. Despite these challenges, there is a growing recognition within Iraq of the importance of rebuilding the country’s scientific capacity as a key driver of economic and social development.

In recent years, there have been some positive signs of a revival in science and technology in Iraq. The government has been working to revitalize the country’s universities and research centers, and there has been an increased focus on promoting science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. The spread of internet and mobile phone technology has also opened up new opportunities for learning and collaboration. The younger generation of Iraqis, in particular, is eager to embrace new technologies and to contribute to the rebuilding of their country. The path to restoring Iraq’s scientific and technological prowess is a long and arduous one, but the country’s rich intellectual heritage and the resilience of its people provide a strong foundation for hope and optimism.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical heritage of Iraq is deeply rooted in the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and the rich intellectual traditions of the Islamic world. The land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers was a fertile ground for the development of early philosophical thought, as people grappled with fundamental questions about the nature of existence, the meaning of life, and the principles of justice. The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest surviving works of literature, is a powerful exploration of themes such as mortality, friendship, and the search for meaning. The legal codes of ancient Mesopotamia, such as the Code of Hammurabi, reflect a sophisticated understanding of justice and social order. These early philosophical traditions laid the groundwork for the later development of more systematic philosophical inquiry in the region.

During the Islamic Golden Age, Baghdad emerged as a major center for philosophical thought, where scholars from different cultures and traditions came together to debate and exchange ideas. The House of Wisdom, a renowned library and translation institute, played a crucial role in preserving and transmitting the philosophical works of the ancient Greeks, which were then translated into Arabic and studied by Muslim philosophers. Figures such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) made significant contributions to the development of Islamic philosophy, drawing upon the works of Aristotle and Plato to develop their own unique philosophical systems. These philosophers explored a wide range of topics, including metaphysics, ethics, politics, and logic, and their works had a profound influence on the intellectual history of both the Islamic world and Europe.

In the modern era, Iraqi philosophers have continued to grapple with the challenges and complexities of their time. The country’s tumultuous history of colonialism, political instability, and conflict has provided fertile ground for philosophical reflection on issues such as identity, justice, and the role of religion in society. Contemporary Iraqi thinkers have sought to reconcile their Islamic heritage with the challenges of modernity, and to develop a philosophical vision that is both authentic to their own culture and relevant to the wider world. The philosophical landscape of Iraq today is a diverse and dynamic one, with a wide range of voices and perspectives contributing to the ongoing conversation about the country’s past, present, and future.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Visitors to Iraq will find a culture that is deeply rooted in traditions of hospitality, respect, and community. Understanding and observing local customs is essential for a positive and respectful interaction with the Iraqi people. Hospitality is a cornerstone of Iraqi culture, and guests are treated with immense generosity and warmth. It is common to be invited into someone’s home for a meal or a cup of tea, and such invitations should be accepted graciously as a sign of respect. When visiting an Iraqi home, it is customary to remove your shoes before entering. Modest dress is the norm, especially for women, who are advised to cover their arms and legs. While a headscarf is not always required for foreign women, it is a sign of respect to wear one when visiting mosques or other religious sites. Men should also dress conservatively, avoiding shorts in public.

Greetings are an important part of social interaction in Iraq. The most common greeting is “As-salamu alaykum” (peace be upon you), to which the appropriate response is “Wa alaykum as-salam” (and upon you be peace). Handshakes are common among men, but it is important to wait for a woman to extend her hand first. Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon. Respect for elders is deeply ingrained in Iraqi culture, and it is customary to show deference to older individuals. When in a group, it is polite to greet the eldest person first. Politeness and humility are highly valued, and it is important to listen attentively and avoid interrupting others in conversation.

Dining etiquette in Iraq also reflects the culture’s emphasis on hospitality and community. Meals are often served family-style, with a variety of dishes placed in the center of the table for everyone to share. It is polite to use your right hand for eating, as the left hand is considered unclean. Trying a little bit of everything that is offered is a way of showing appreciation to your host. The practice of “taarof,” a form of polite refusal and deference, is also common. This may involve offering and declining hospitality or gifts multiple times to show respect and humility. During the holy month of Ramadan, it is important to be mindful of those who are fasting and to avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in public during daylight hours. By being aware of these cultural nuances, visitors can navigate social situations with grace and build meaningful connections with the Iraqi people.

31) Sports and Recreation

Football (soccer) is by far the most popular sport in Iraq, a passion that unites the nation and provides a source of immense pride. The Iraqi national football team, known as the “Lions of Mesopotamia,” has achieved remarkable success on the international stage, most notably their victory in the 2007 AFC Asian Cup. This historic win was a moment of national celebration, bringing joy and a sense of unity to a country that has endured so much hardship. The national team’s matches are followed with fervent enthusiasm, and the streets of Iraq often erupt in celebration after a victory. The domestic football league is also popular, with clubs from different cities competing for the championship. Football is played and followed by people of all ages, from children kicking a ball in the streets to organized leagues and competitions.

While football reigns supreme, other sports also have a following in Iraq. Basketball has been growing in popularity, and the Iraqi national basketball team has competed in regional and international competitions. Wrestling is another traditional sport with a long history in the country, and Iraqi wrestlers have achieved success at the Asian and international levels. Other sports such as weightlifting, boxing, and athletics also have a presence in the country, with dedicated athletes who train and compete with passion and determination. The government and sports federations are working to promote a wider range of sports and to provide better facilities and support for athletes.

In terms of recreation, the opportunities are more limited than in many other countries due to the security situation and the lack of developed infrastructure. However, in more stable areas, people find ways to enjoy their leisure time. Picnics in parks and along the rivers are a popular pastime for families. Traditional cafes are a central part of social life, where men gather to drink tea, play backgammon, and socialize. In recent years, with improving security in some areas, there has been a gradual emergence of new recreational facilities, such as modern shopping malls with cinemas and bowling alleys. The potential for developing recreational and adventure tourism in Iraq is significant, particularly in the mountainous regions of the north, which offer opportunities for hiking, trekking, and other outdoor activities. As the country continues to stabilize and rebuild, it is hoped that more opportunities for sports and recreation will become available to the Iraqi people.

32) Environmental Concerns

Iraq faces a daunting array of environmental challenges, a legacy of decades of conflict, sanctions, and mismanagement. The country is considered one of the most vulnerable in the world to the impacts of climate change, which are already being felt in the form of rising temperatures, more frequent and intense heatwaves, and a decline in rainfall. These climatic changes are exacerbating the country’s already severe water scarcity problem. The flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the lifeblood of the nation, has been significantly reduced due to the construction of dams in upstream countries and inefficient water management practices within Iraq. This has had a devastating impact on agriculture, leading to desertification, soil salinization, and a loss of arable land. The once-vast Mesopotamian Marshes, a unique and biodiverse wetland ecosystem in the south, have also been severely degraded, threatening the livelihoods of the Marsh Arabs who have inhabited the area for centuries.

Pollution is another major environmental concern in Iraq. The country’s oil and gas industry, while the backbone of its economy, has also been a major source of pollution. Gas flaring, the practice of burning off excess natural gas during oil extraction, releases large amounts of greenhouse gases and other harmful pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to poor air quality and respiratory problems in nearby communities. The wars and conflicts that have plagued Iraq have also left a toxic legacy of pollution. The destruction of industrial facilities, the use of certain types of munitions, and the improper disposal of military waste have contaminated soil and water resources with heavy metals and other hazardous substances. The lack of adequate waste management infrastructure in many urban areas has also led to the accumulation of garbage and the pollution of waterways with untreated sewage.

Addressing these environmental challenges is a monumental task that requires a concerted effort from the Iraqi government, the international community, and the Iraqi people themselves. The government has recognized the urgency of the situation and has begun to take steps to address these issues. There is a growing focus on improving water management, promoting renewable energy, and investing in environmental protection and conservation. A number of local and international non-governmental organizations are also working on the ground to raise awareness about environmental issues and to implement projects aimed at restoring degraded ecosystems and promoting sustainable livelihoods. The path to a healthier and more sustainable environment in Iraq is a long and challenging one, but the resilience of the Iraqi people and their deep connection to their land provide a foundation for hope.

33) Marriage & Courtship

In Iraqi society, marriage is a cornerstone of social life, a sacred institution that is deeply intertwined with family, tradition, and religion. The family unit is paramount, and marriage is seen as a way of strengthening family ties and ensuring the continuity of the family line. While modern influences have brought about some changes in courtship practices, many traditional elements remain strong. Arranged marriages, or marriages that are facilitated by families, are still common, particularly in more conservative and rural areas. The process often begins with families seeking out suitable partners for their children, taking into account factors such as social standing, religious background, and family reputation. Once a potential match is found, the families will meet to get to know each other and to discuss the possibility of a union. The consent of both the man and the woman is generally required, but the influence of family can be significant.

Iraqi weddings are joyous and elaborate celebrations that can last for several days, bringing together family, friends, and the wider community. The celebrations often involve a series of events, including the engagement party, the henna party, and the wedding ceremony itself. The henna party is a women-only celebration where the bride’s hands and feet are decorated with intricate henna designs. The wedding ceremony is typically a religious ceremony, followed by a large and festive reception with music, dancing, and a lavish feast. The bride and groom are the center of attention, and the wedding is a time for the community to come together to share in their happiness and to offer their blessings for a long and prosperous life together. The cultural richness and communal spirit of an Iraqi wedding make it a truly memorable experience.

34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Iraq is heavily influenced by the country’s oil-dominated economy and its ongoing process of reconstruction and development. The oil and gas sector is the primary driver of the economy and a major source of employment, particularly for skilled engineers, technicians, and other professionals. The sector is dominated by state-owned enterprises, but there are also opportunities for foreign companies and individuals with expertise in this field. The government is actively seeking foreign investment to help modernize and expand its oil and gas infrastructure, which could create further job opportunities in the future. In addition to the oil and gas sector, the construction industry is also a significant employer, driven by the need to rebuild the country’s infrastructure, which has been damaged by years of conflict.

The public sector has traditionally been a major source of employment in Iraq, with a large number of people working in government ministries, state-owned enterprises, and the security forces. However, the public sector is often criticized for its inefficiency and overstaffing, and the government is under pressure to reform the civil service and to create a more dynamic and competitive private sector. The private sector in Iraq is still relatively underdeveloped, but it is gradually growing, particularly in areas such as retail, telecommunications, and financial services. There are opportunities for entrepreneurs to start their own businesses, but they often face challenges such as a complex regulatory environment, corruption, and a lack of access to finance.

For foreigners seeking to work in Iraq, obtaining a work visa and permit is a legal requirement. The process can be complex and time-consuming, and it is advisable to seek the assistance of a local sponsor or a reputable recruitment agency. The security situation in Iraq remains a major concern for foreign workers, and it is essential to be aware of the risks and to take appropriate security precautions. Despite the challenges, there are opportunities for skilled and experienced professionals in a variety of sectors, particularly in the oil and gas industry, construction, and security. As the country continues to stabilize and rebuild, it is hoped that more work opportunities will become available for both Iraqis and foreigners alike.

35) Education

The education system in Iraq has a long and proud history, but it has been severely impacted by decades of conflict, sanctions, and instability. In the mid-20th century, Iraq’s education system was considered one of the best in the Middle East, with high literacy rates and a strong emphasis on academic excellence. Education was free at all levels, and the government invested heavily in building schools and universities. However, the wars and sanctions of the late 20th and early 21st centuries took a devastating toll on the education system. Many schools were damaged or destroyed, and the quality of education declined significantly due to a lack of resources, a shortage of qualified teachers, and the politicization of the curriculum. The illiteracy rate, which had been low, began to rise again, particularly among women and in rural areas.

The current education system in Iraq is overseen by the Ministry of Education and is structured into several stages. It begins with optional pre-school education, followed by six years of compulsory primary education. After completing primary school, students move on to three years of intermediate education and then three years of secondary education. At the secondary level, students can choose between academic and vocational tracks. At the end of their secondary education, students take a national baccalaureate examination, which determines their eligibility for higher education. The government is working to reform and rebuild the education system, with a focus on improving the quality of teaching and learning, rehabilitating school infrastructure, and updating the curriculum.

Higher education in Iraq is provided by a network of public and private universities and colleges. The country is home to some of the oldest universities in the world, such as Al-Mustansiriya University in Baghdad. However, the higher education sector has also been severely affected by the country’s recent history. Many academics and intellectuals fled the country during the years of conflict, and the universities have struggled with a lack of funding and resources. Despite these challenges, there is a strong desire among young Iraqis to pursue higher education, and the universities are working to rebuild their capacity and to reconnect with the international academic community. The literacy rate in Iraq has been improving in recent years, a testament to the resilience of the Iraqi people and their commitment to education as a path to a better future.

36) Communication & Connectivity

Iraq’s communication and connectivity landscape has undergone a dramatic transformation in the post-2003 era. Under the regime of Saddam Hussein, access to telecommunications and the internet was tightly controlled and severely limited. The country had a poorly developed fixed-line telephone network, and mobile phones and the internet were virtually non-existent for the general population. The fall of the regime in 2003 opened the floodgates for the development of a modern telecommunications sector. The market was liberalized, and a number of private companies were granted licenses to provide mobile phone and internet services. This has led to a rapid expansion of communication and connectivity across the country, transforming the way people live, work, and connect with each other.

Mobile phones are now ubiquitous in Iraq, with a high penetration rate across the population. A number of mobile network operators compete for customers, offering a range of prepaid and postpaid plans with voice and data services. The competition has led to more affordable prices and improved service quality. The availability of mobile phones has had a profound impact on Iraqi society, connecting people in remote areas, facilitating business transactions, and providing access to information and entertainment. The mobile network operators have been investing in upgrading their networks to provide faster data speeds, with 4G services now available in many parts of the country.

Internet access has also become widespread in Iraq, although the quality and affordability of the service can vary depending on the location. The internet is accessed through a variety of means, including mobile data, fixed-line broadband, and satellite internet. Internet cafes are also popular, particularly in urban areas. The spread of the internet has opened up a new world of opportunities for Iraqis, providing access to education, e-commerce, and social media. The government has recognized the importance of a robust digital infrastructure for the country’s economic and social development and is working to improve the regulatory framework and to encourage further investment in the telecommunications sector. The journey towards a fully connected and digitally empowered Iraq is still ongoing, but the progress made in a relatively short period of time is a testament to the transformative power of communication and connectivity.

37) National Symbols

Symbol	Description
National Flag	The flag of Iraq has three equal horizontal stripes of red, white, and black. In the center of the white stripe is the Takbir, the Arabic phrase “Allahu Akbar” (God is the greatest), written in green Kufic script. The colors of the flag are symbolic of Arab unity and have been used in various forms by Arab nations.
Coat of Arms	The coat of arms of Iraq features the Eagle of Saladin, a symbol associated with pan-Arabism. The eagle is shown grasping a scroll with the words “Republic of Iraq” in Arabic. On the eagle’s chest is a shield bearing the Iraqi flag.
National Anthem	The national anthem of Iraq is “Mawtini” (My Homeland), a popular poem written by the Palestinian poet Ibrahim Tuqan and composed by the Lebanese musician Mohammed Flayfel. It was adopted as the national anthem of Iraq in 2004.
National Bird	The Chukar Partridge is widely considered the national bird of Iraq. It is a common bird found in the mountainous regions of the country.
National Flower	The Rose is often considered the national flower of Iraq, symbolizing love and beauty. Roses have been cultivated in the region for centuries and are a popular feature in Iraqi gardens and poetry.
Flora and Fauna
Flora	The flora of Iraq is diverse, reflecting the country’s varied geography. The mountainous regions of the north are home to oak forests and a variety of wildflowers. The river valleys are characterized by date palms, which are a symbol of the country and a major agricultural product. The desert regions are home to a variety of drought-resistant plants, such as shrubs and grasses.
Fauna	The fauna of Iraq includes a range of animals that have adapted to the country’s different ecosystems. In the mountainous regions, one can find species such as wild goats, wolves, and jackals. The marshlands of the south are home to a variety of bird species, as well as water buffalo. The desert regions are home to animals such as gazelles, camels, and a variety of reptiles and rodents.

38) Tourism

Iraq, the cradle of civilization, is a land of immense historical and cultural significance, offering a wealth of attractions for the intrepid traveler. The country is home to some of the world’s most important archaeological sites, including the ancient cities of Babylon, Ur, and Nineveh. These sites offer a glimpse into the glorious past of Mesopotamia, where the foundations of human civilization were laid. The city of Babylon, with its famous Ishtar Gate, and the ziggurat of Ur are just a few of the many treasures that await those who are interested in history and archaeology. In addition to its ancient ruins, Iraq is also home to a number of important religious sites, particularly for Shia Muslims. The cities of Najaf and Karbala are home to the holy shrines of Imam Ali and Imam Hussein, respectively, and attract millions of pilgrims from around the world each year. The stunning architecture of these shrines and the deep devotion of the pilgrims create a powerful and moving experience.

Beyond its historical and religious sites, Iraq also offers a diverse range of natural landscapes, from the marshlands of the south to the mountains of the north. The Mesopotamian Marshes are a unique wetland ecosystem that has been home to a distinct culture for thousands of years. Efforts are underway to restore the marshes and to promote eco-tourism in the area. The mountainous region of Iraqi Kurdistan offers a different kind of natural beauty, with its rugged peaks, green valleys, and cascading waterfalls. The region is a popular destination for hiking, trekking, and other outdoor activities. While the tourism industry in Iraq is still in its early stages of development, the country’s rich cultural heritage and its diverse natural landscapes offer a huge potential for growth. As the security situation continues to improve, it is hoped that more travelers will have the opportunity to discover the many wonders of this ancient and fascinating land.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for Iraq is a critical first step for any prospective traveler. The country has a strict entry and exit system, and it is essential to have the correct documentation to avoid any complications. Most foreign nationals require a visa to enter Iraq. In a significant move to boost tourism and investment, Iraq has implemented a visa-on-arrival program for citizens of several dozen countries, including those from the European Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China, Russia, Japan, and South Korea. This allows eligible travelers to obtain a visa for a fee upon arriving at designated airports and land borders. The visa granted on arrival is typically valid for a 60-day stay. It is crucial to verify your eligibility for the visa-on-arrival program before traveling, as regulations can change.

For those not eligible for a visa on arrival, a visa must be obtained in advance from an Iraqi embassy or consulate in their country of residence. The application process typically requires a completed visa application form, a valid passport with at least six months of validity, passport-sized photographs, and a letter of invitation or sponsorship from an individual or entity in Iraq. The processing time for a pre-arranged visa can vary, so it is advisable to apply well in advance of your planned travel dates. It is also important to note that having an Israeli stamp in your passport may result in being denied entry to Iraq. Furthermore, all visitors, except those on a tourist visa, may be required to undergo a blood test for HIV and hepatitis within ten days of arrival.

A separate visa regime exists for the semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) issues its own visas, which are valid for travel only within the Kurdistan Region. It is possible to obtain a visa for the Kurdistan Region on arrival at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah international airports. However, if you plan to travel from the Kurdistan Region to other parts of Iraq, you will need a separate visa issued by the federal government of Iraq. It is essential to be aware of these different visa requirements and to ensure that you have the correct visa for your intended destination within Iraq. Always check the latest visa information with the nearest Iraqi embassy or consulate or the official government websites before making your travel arrangements.