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July 17, 2025

Jordan Travel Guide

🇯🇴 Jordan Travel Guide

21. Brief History

The history of Jordan is a rich and deeply layered chronicle, etched into the very stones of its ancient cities and desert landscapes. Positioned at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, this land has been a vital stage for human history since the dawn of civilization. Archaeological evidence from the Paleolithic period reveals some of the earliest human settlements. Over millennia, the region saw the rise and fall of numerous ancient kingdoms mentioned in biblical texts, including Edom, Moab, and Ammon. However, it was the Nabataeans, an industrious Arab people, who carved out the most iconic legacy. From their capital, the magnificent rose-red city of Petra, they controlled vital trade routes, growing wealthy and creating a breathtaking necropolis carved directly into the sandstone cliffs. Petra stands today as a UNESCO World Heritage site and a testament to the ingenuity and artistic vision of this ancient civilization, its Treasury and Monastery enduring as symbols of Jordan’s deep historical roots.

The strategic importance of the region ensured it would be coveted by successive empires. In the 1st century AD, the expanding Roman Empire annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, transforming the area into the province of Arabia Petraea. The Romans left an indelible mark, constructing grand cities as part of the Decapolis league, including Gerasa (modern-day Jerash), Philadelphia (modern-day Amman), and Gadara (Umm Qais). The remarkably well-preserved ruins of Jerash, with its colonnaded streets, temples, and theaters, offer one of the best glimpses into Roman urban life outside of Italy. Following the decline of Rome, the Byzantine Empire continued to rule, fostering the spread of Christianity and building numerous churches and monasteries, many of which can still be seen today. The arrival of Islam in the 7th century brought another profound transformation, as the region became part of the expanding Islamic caliphates. The Umayyads, in particular, built a series of desert castles, or ‘qasrs’, throughout the eastern desert, which served as defensive forts, hunting lodges, and centers of agriculture.

For centuries, the region was under the sway of various Islamic dynasties, eventually becoming part of the Ottoman Empire for 400 years. The decline of Ottoman power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries set the stage for the Great Arab Revolt of 1916. Aided by figures like T.E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), Hashemite forces led by Sharif Hussein of Mecca fought to overthrow Ottoman rule, a pivotal moment in the formation of modern Arab identity. Following the war, the region came under British control, and in 1921, the Emirate of Transjordan was established under the leadership of Abdullah I, son of Sharif Hussein. The emirate gained full independence from Britain in 1946 and was renamed the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Under the leadership of King Hussein, who reigned for 46 years, and his son, the current monarch King Abdullah II, Jordan has navigated a turbulent regional landscape, positioning itself as a voice of moderation and stability in the Middle East while preserving its extraordinary historical and cultural heritage for the world to discover.

22. Geography

The geography of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is one of dramatic and starkly beautiful contrasts, defined by a great geological fault line and dominated by vast desert landscapes. The country is situated in the heart of the Middle East and is largely landlocked, save for a small but vital 26-kilometer coastline on the Gulf of Aqaba, an inlet of the Red Sea. The most defining geographical feature is the Jordan Rift Valley, a massive north-south depression that cuts through the western part of the country. This valley is home to the Jordan River, which flows south into the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the earth’s land surface, with its shores lying more than 430 meters below sea level. The Dead Sea is a unique hypersaline lake, so dense with salt and minerals that it allows swimmers to float effortlessly on its surface. The extreme salinity prevents any macroscopic life from surviving, hence its name, but its mineral-rich mud and waters are renowned for their therapeutic properties.

To the east of the Jordan Rift Valley, the land rises sharply to form a highland plateau that runs the length of the country. This plateau is where the majority of Jordan’s population lives and where most of its major cities, including the capital, Amman, are located. This region receives the most rainfall and has a more temperate, Mediterranean-style climate, making it the agricultural heartland of the country. The highlands are incised by numerous canyons and valleys, known as ‘wadis’. As one moves eastward from this plateau, the landscape gradually descends and becomes increasingly arid, eventually merging into the vast expanse of the Eastern Desert, or Badiya. This desert plateau, part of the greater Syrian Desert, constitutes about 80% of Jordan’s total land area. It is a stark landscape of gravel plains and volcanic rock, dotted with oases and the occasional desert castle, a testament to its historical importance as a trade and travel corridor.

In the south of Jordan lies perhaps its most famous and breathtaking landscape: the Wadi Rum desert. This is not a sea of sand dunes but rather a spectacular valley of sandstone and granite mountains rising from a valley floor of reddish sand. Millennia of wind and weather have carved these mountains into stunning, sheer-sided cliffs, natural rock bridges, and dramatic formations, creating a landscape so otherworldly that it has been used as a filming location for numerous movies set on Mars. Wadi Rum is the traditional home of the Bedouin people, whose hospitality offers visitors a unique way to experience the desert’s profound silence and beauty. From the life-giving Jordan Valley and the fertile highlands to the immense, silent deserts and the vibrant coral reefs of the Red Sea at Aqaba, Jordan’s geography offers a remarkable diversity of experiences within a relatively compact area, providing a stunning natural backdrop to its rich history.

23. Politics and Government

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a constitutional monarchy, a system of governance where the monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution. The country’s political framework is based on the Constitution of 1952, which establishes a system that divides powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, while vesting significant authority in the monarch. The King of Jordan holds a central and powerful role in the nation’s political life. As head of state, the King’s powers include appointing and dismissing the Prime Minister and the cabinet, approving legislation, declaring war, commanding the armed forces, and dissolving the Parliament. The monarch also appoints the members of the upper house of Parliament, the Senate. The Hashemite dynasty, which traces its lineage back to the Prophet Muhammad, is a source of legitimacy and a symbol of national unity, and the King traditionally plays a pivotal role in steering both domestic policy and foreign relations, often acting as a key mediator in regional conflicts.

The legislative branch of the Jordanian government is the bicameral Parliament, known as the National Assembly (Majlis al-Umma). It consists of two chambers: the House of Notables (Majlis al-A’yan), or the Senate, and the House of Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab). The Senate has 65 members, all of whom are appointed directly by the King for four-year terms. Its members are typically former prime ministers, ministers, senior judges, and other distinguished public figures. The House of Representatives is the lower house and is composed of 130 members who are directly elected by the people for four-year terms through a system of proportional representation. The electoral system reserves quotas for specific groups, including seats for women, Christians, and Circassian/Chechen minorities, to ensure their representation in the national legislature. While the Parliament is responsible for debating and passing laws, its powers are balanced by the authority of the King, who must give his assent for any bill to become law.

The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the King. The Prime Minister then forms a cabinet of ministers, which must be approved by the King and win a vote of confidence from the elected House of Representatives. The Cabinet, also known as the Council of Ministers, is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the state and the implementation of government policies. While political parties are legal in Jordan, they have historically been weak, with political life being dominated by independent candidates who are often affiliated with powerful tribes or families. The political system allows for public participation through elections, but it operates within a framework that preserves the monarchy’s position as the ultimate source of authority and stability. In recent years, there have been ongoing calls for political reform aimed at strengthening the role of Parliament, moving towards a full parliamentary system where the elected majority forms the government, and increasing citizen participation in the decision-making process.

24. Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Jordan is a hybrid framework, drawing its principles from a combination of civil law, Islamic law (Shari’a), and customary tribal law. The foundation of the modern legal system is based on the continental European civil law model, influenced by French, Egyptian, and Ottoman law. The Constitution of 1952 is the supreme law of the land, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms for all citizens, including equality before the law. The court system is organized into three main categories: civil courts, religious courts, and special courts. The civil courts have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters and are structured in a three-tiered hierarchy, starting with Magistrate Courts for minor offenses, Courts of First Instance for more serious cases, Courts of Appeal, and at the apex, the Court of Cassation, which is the highest judicial authority for civil and criminal law. The judiciary is, in principle, an independent branch of government, with judges appointed by a High Judicial Council, ensuring a degree of separation from the executive and legislative branches.

In addition to the civil courts, religious courts have jurisdiction over matters of personal status for Muslims, which includes issues like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody. These courts apply Islamic Shari’a law. Jordan’s Christian minority has its own religious tribunals to adjudicate similar personal status matters according to their respective denominational rules. This dual system allows for religious communities to govern their own family affairs according to their traditions while coexisting within a unified national legal framework for all other matters. Customary tribal law, while not officially part of the state legal system, still plays a significant role in conflict resolution, particularly in rural and Bedouin communities. Tribal traditions and the authority of tribal leaders are often used to mediate disputes and maintain social harmony, sometimes operating in parallel with the formal state justice system.

The criminal justice system is administered by the Public Security Directorate (PSD), which is the national police force responsible for law enforcement, maintaining public order, and managing the country’s prisons. Jordan is widely regarded as one of the safest countries in the Middle East, with a low rate of violent crime and a professional and visible police presence. The PSD includes various specialized units, such as the Desert Police (a camel-mounted patrol in the desert regions) and the Tourist Police, which is dedicated to ensuring the safety and security of visitors to the country’s many archaeological and tourist sites. The legal code distinguishes between different categories of crime, and the judicial process follows standard procedures of investigation, prosecution, and trial. While the system is generally effective in maintaining security, Jordan, like many countries, faces ongoing challenges related to prison overcrowding and the continuous need for legal and judicial reform to enhance efficiency, transparency, and the protection of human rights in line with international standards.

25. Foreign Relations

The foreign relations of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are a masterclass in pragmatic diplomacy, shaped by its critical geostrategic location, its limited natural resources, and its role as an island of relative stability in a volatile region. Since its inception, Jordan’s foreign policy has been guided by a philosophy of moderation, dialogue, and maintaining balanced relationships with a wide array of global and regional powers. The most critical and enduring of these relationships is with the United States. The U.S. is a key strategic ally, providing substantial economic and military aid that is vital for Jordan’s stability and security. This partnership is based on shared interests in regional security, counter-terrorism, and the pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Jordan is a major non-NATO ally of the United States and plays a crucial role in regional intelligence and security cooperation, making it an indispensable partner for Western powers in the Middle East.

Jordan’s position as a peaceful and moderate Arab state has allowed it to play a unique and constructive role in the region’s most intractable conflict. In 1994, under the leadership of the late King Hussein, Jordan signed a historic peace treaty with Israel, becoming the second Arab country to do so. This treaty has remained a cornerstone of regional stability, enabling cooperation on issues like water, security, and trade. As the custodian of the Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, a role formally recognized in the peace treaty, the Hashemite monarchy holds a special position of religious and political importance. Jordan has consistently advocated for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with an independent Palestinian state existing alongside Israel, and it continues to be a central player in any diplomatic efforts aimed at achieving this goal. The country’s long border with the West Bank and its large population of Palestinian origin mean that it has a profound and direct stake in the outcome of the conflict.

Navigating relationships with its other neighbors is a delicate balancing act. Jordan maintains close ties with the Gulf Arab states, particularly Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, which are important sources of economic aid and investment. However, its relationships with its immediate neighbors, Syria and Iraq, have been profoundly affected by decades of war and instability. Jordan has borne an enormous burden as a result of these conflicts, hosting vast numbers of refugees from both countries, which has placed immense strain on its economy, infrastructure, and resources. Despite these challenges, Jordan has worked to keep its borders open to those fleeing violence, earning international praise for its humanitarian efforts. It actively participates in regional organizations like the Arab League and seeks to foster economic integration and political cooperation. Through its skilled and cautious diplomacy, Jordan has successfully navigated the treacherous currents of Middle Eastern politics, preserving its own sovereignty and security while consistently serving as a force for peace and moderation.

26. Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is organized into a straightforward, hierarchical system designed to facilitate governance and the delivery of public services across the country. The primary and highest level of administrative division is the governorate, known in Arabic as a ‘muhafazah’. The entire country is divided into twelve governorates. These governorates serve as the main administrative arms of the central government in Amman, ensuring that national policies and programs are implemented at a regional level. Each governorate is headed by a governor (‘muhafiz’), who is a senior civil servant appointed by the central government, specifically by the King upon the recommendation of the Minister of Interior. The governor acts as the chief executive officer in their region, responsible for overseeing public administration, maintaining law and order, and coordinating the work of the various government ministries and departments within their jurisdiction. This centralized appointment system ensures a direct chain of command from the national capital to the regional centers.

The twelve governorates of Jordan can be grouped into three informal geographical regions: the North, Central, and South regions. The North Region includes the governorates of Irbid, Ajloun, Jerash, and Mafraq. This is the most fertile and greenest part of the country, known for its agricultural production. The Central Region is the most populous and economically active, comprising the capital, Amman, as well as the governorates of Balqa, Zarqa, and Madaba. The Amman Governorate is by far the most populous, containing the sprawling capital city where a large percentage of the nation’s population and economic activity is concentrated. The South Region is the largest in terms of land area but the most sparsely populated, consisting of the governorates of Karak, Tafilah, Ma’an, and Aqaba. This region is characterized by its dramatic desert landscapes and is home to major tourist sites like Petra and Wadi Rum, as well as Jordan’s only seaport in Aqaba. These governorates vary significantly in their geography, demographics, and economic focus, from the industrial hub of Zarqa to the historical significance of Karak and the tourism-driven economy of Aqaba.

Below the governorate level, each of the twelve governorates is further subdivided into districts, which are known in Arabic as ‘liwa’. These districts serve as a secondary level of administration, bringing government services closer to local communities. In total, there are over 50 districts across the country. Each district is managed by a district administrator. Furthermore, these districts can be subdivided into even smaller units called sub-districts, or ‘qada’. At the most local level, the system consists of villages and towns, which are grouped into municipalities. The Ministry of Municipal Affairs oversees these local government bodies. While the higher-level administrative officials like governors are appointed, Jordan has been taking steps towards decentralization, holding elections for governorate and municipal councils. This is part of a broader reform effort aimed at increasing local participation in decision-making and empowering communities to have a greater say in their own development and the management of local services.

27. Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is that of a small, developing nation with limited natural resources, which has necessitated a focus on services, tourism, and strategic commodity exports. The country faces significant economic challenges, including a scarcity of water, a near-total reliance on imported energy, and the immense financial strain of hosting a large refugee population. Despite these constraints, Jordan has successfully developed a modern and diversified economy, largely driven by the service sector, which accounts for the vast majority of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Key service industries include banking and finance, transportation, information and communication technology (ICT), and, most importantly, tourism. The banking sector is robust and well-regulated, serving as a stable financial hub in the region. The ICT sector is also a notable success story, with a growing number of startups and tech companies emerging in areas like software development and digital services, making Amman a burgeoning tech hub in the Middle East.

Tourism is a cornerstone of the Jordanian economy and a vital source of foreign exchange earnings and employment. The country is endowed with an extraordinary wealth of historical, cultural, and natural attractions that draw visitors from all over the world. The ancient Nabataean city of Petra is the crown jewel of Jordanian tourism, a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. Other major attractions include the stunning Roman ruins at Jerash, the dramatic desert landscapes of Wadi Rum, a plethora of biblical sites, and the unique experience of floating in the Dead Sea. The government has invested heavily in developing its tourism infrastructure, including hotels, transportation, and visitor services. The success of the “Jordan Pass,” a single-price package that includes the visa fee and entry to most major sites, has been instrumental in boosting visitor numbers and simplifying travel within the country.

In terms of commodities, Jordan’s primary industries are centered on the extraction and processing of its few significant natural resources. The country is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of phosphate and potash. These minerals, which are key ingredients in the production of fertilizers, are mined near the Dead Sea and represent Jordan’s most important industrial exports. The manufacturing sector is also a significant contributor to the economy, with a focus on textiles, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. Many of these goods are produced in Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZs), which grant duty-free and quota-free access to the United States market, a major incentive for investment. Jordan’s economy is heavily reliant on foreign aid, particularly from the United States and Gulf Arab countries, as well as on remittances sent home by Jordanians working abroad. To foster long-term growth, the country is focused on implementing economic reforms, attracting foreign investment, developing its human capital, and finding innovative solutions to its persistent water and energy challenges.

28. Science and Technology

Jordan has placed a strong and strategic emphasis on developing its science and technology sector as a key driver for future economic growth and diversification. Recognizing its limited natural resources, the country has invested significantly in building its human capital and fostering an ecosystem that supports innovation, research, and entrepreneurship. The information and communication technology (ICT) sector, in particular, has been a remarkable success story. Over the past two decades, the ICT industry has become one of the fastest-growing segments of the Jordanian economy, contributing a significant percentage to the country’s GDP. The capital city, Amman, has emerged as a vibrant regional tech hub, often dubbed the “Silicon Valley of the Middle East.” This growth has been fueled by a combination of factors, including a young, well-educated, and tech-savvy population, government support through initiatives like the “REACH” strategy, and a wave of successful startups that have gained international recognition.

The ecosystem for technology and innovation in Jordan is supported by a network of institutions, including universities, business incubators, and venture capital funds. Jordanian universities, such as the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) and Princess Sumaya University for Technology (PSUT), are known for their strong programs in engineering and computer science, producing a steady stream of skilled graduates for the tech industry. Organizations like Oasis500 have been instrumental in providing seed funding, mentorship, and acceleration programs for early-stage startups, helping to transform innovative ideas into viable businesses. The presence of major international tech companies like Microsoft and Cisco, which have established offices and development centers in Jordan, further solidifies the country’s position as a regional leader in the sector. The focus areas within the tech industry are diverse, including software development, mobile applications, e-commerce, and digital content creation, especially in the Arabic language.

Beyond the ICT sector, Jordan is also making strides in other areas of scientific research and technological application. Given the country’s extreme water scarcity, there is a strong focus on research in water management, desalination, and conservation technologies. Similarly, the reliance on imported energy has spurred investment and research into renewable energy. Jordan has made significant progress in developing its solar and wind power capacity, taking advantage of its abundant sunshine and open desert landscapes. Another area of international scientific importance is the Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East (SESAME) facility. Located in Jordan, SESAME is a “third-generation” synchrotron light source, a major international research center that serves as a hub for scientific collaboration among scientists from across the Middle East and beyond, in fields ranging from medicine and biology to materials science and archaeology. Such initiatives demonstrate Jordan’s commitment to using science and technology not only for economic development but also as a tool for building bridges and fostering regional cooperation.

29. Philosophy

The philosophical tradition in Jordan is deeply rooted in the broader currents of Islamic and Arab thought, reflecting the region’s long and layered intellectual history. As a land that was central to the early development of the Abrahamic faiths and later became part of the great Islamic empires, the philosophical landscape has been profoundly shaped by theological and ethical inquiry. During the classical Islamic Golden Age, thinkers in the region engaged deeply with the works of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, seeking to synthesize Hellenistic philosophy with Islamic theology. This led to the flourishing of major philosophical schools of thought, such as rationalism and scholasticism, which debated complex questions of metaphysics, ethics, and epistemology within an Islamic framework. While the great centers of this philosophical activity were often in cities like Baghdad, Damascus, and Cordoba, the intellectual currents flowed throughout the region, influencing scholars and religious thinkers in the lands that constitute modern-day Jordan.

In the modern era, particularly since the establishment of the Hashemite Kingdom, philosophical discourse in Jordan has been intertwined with the pressing political and social questions facing the Arab world. A central theme has been the ongoing dialogue between tradition and modernity. Jordanian intellectuals, writers, and academics have grappled with how to reconcile Islamic heritage and traditional social values with the challenges and opportunities of the modern, globalized world. This has led to debates on topics such as the nature of the modern Arab state, the role of religion in public life, the meaning of Arab nationalism, and the path to political and economic development. The universities in Jordan, particularly the University of Jordan in Amman, have become important centers for these discussions, with departments of philosophy and Islamic studies fostering critical inquiry and scholarly research on these subjects.

A notable feature of contemporary thought in Jordan is the emphasis on moderation, tolerance, and interfaith dialogue, a philosophical and political stance actively promoted by the Hashemite monarchy. In response to the rise of religious extremism in the region, Jordanian leaders and public intellectuals have championed a message of moderate Islam that emphasizes the religion’s core values of peace, compassion, and respect for diversity. This is exemplified by initiatives like the “Amman Message,” which was issued in 2004. This was a groundbreaking statement by King Abdullah II, endorsed by hundreds of leading Islamic scholars from around the world, which sought to clarify the true nature of Islam and condemn terrorism and extremism. This focus on promoting a philosophy of pluralism and mutual understanding is not just an abstract intellectual exercise; it is a core component of Jordan’s national identity and its strategy for maintaining peace and stability in a turbulent neighborhood.

30. Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural etiquette of Jordan is a rewarding experience, centered on the deeply ingrained values of hospitality, respect, and community. The concept of hospitality is not merely a custom; it is a cornerstone of the national identity and a point of immense pride. Jordanians are known for their extraordinary warmth and generosity towards guests, whether they are invited to a home or are simply visitors to the country. A common Arabic greeting, “Ahlan wa sahlan,” which translates to “welcome,” is offered with genuine sincerity. If you are invited into a Jordanian home, it is considered a great honor. It is customary to bring a small gift for the host, such as pastries or sweets, but avoid bringing alcohol unless you are certain your hosts drink it. When you enter a home, you should remove your shoes. You will almost certainly be offered coffee or tea, and it is polite to accept. Refusing hospitality can be seen as an insult, so it is best to accept what is offered, even if you only take a small amount.

Respect is another fundamental pillar of social interaction. This is particularly important when it comes to elders, who are held in high esteem. When greeting a group of people, it is proper to greet the eldest person first. Greetings are an important social ritual. A handshake is a common greeting between men. When a man is greeting a woman, he should wait to see if she extends her hand first; some religiously observant women may prefer not to shake hands with men, in which case a polite nod and a smile are appropriate. It is considered polite to use your right hand for shaking hands, eating, and passing items, as the left hand is traditionally considered unclean. Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon and should be avoided. While Jordan is a modern country, it is still a conservative society, especially outside of the more cosmopolitan areas of Amman. Dressing modestly is a sign of respect for the local culture. Both men and women should aim to cover their shoulders and knees when in public. When visiting mosques, women will be required to cover their hair, and shawls are usually provided for this purpose.

Dining etiquette also has its own set of customs. If you are invited for a meal, be prepared for a feast. Your host will likely offer you far more food than you can possibly eat as a sign of their generosity. It is polite to try a little of everything and to compliment the host on the food. The national dish, ‘mansaf’, is often served on a large communal platter and is traditionally eaten with the right hand. If you finish your plate, it will almost certainly be refilled, so it is customary to leave a small amount of food on your plate when you are finished to signal that you are full. Punctuality is treated with some flexibility in social settings; arriving a little late for a dinner invitation is acceptable. However, for business meetings, punctuality is expected. Throughout your interactions, you will find that Jordanians are curious and friendly, and they will likely ask you questions about your home country and your family. Engaging in this friendly conversation is a great way to build rapport and will be met with the incredible warmth that defines the Jordanian people.

31. Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation in Jordan reflect a blend of modern international influences and a deep appreciation for the country’s spectacular natural landscapes. The most popular sport in the country, by a significant margin, is football (soccer). It is a passion that unites Jordanians from all walks of life. The national football team, known as ‘Al-Nashama’, commands fervent support, and their matches in international competitions, such as the AFC Asian Cup, are major national events. The domestic professional league, the Jordanian Pro League, features a fierce rivalry between the country’s two biggest clubs, Al-Faisaly and Al-Wehdat, whose matches often draw large and passionate crowds. Beyond football, basketball also enjoys considerable popularity, with a competitive domestic league and a national team that has achieved success on the Asian stage. Other popular sports include volleyball, handball, and various martial arts like taekwondo, in which Jordan has produced Olympic medalists, a source of great national pride.

While team sports are popular, the country’s stunning and diverse geography provides an incredible natural playground for a wide range of outdoor recreational activities. The vast desert landscapes of the south are a major draw for adventure seekers. The magnificent Wadi Rum, with its towering sandstone mountains and red sands, is a world-class destination for rock climbing, trekking, and hiking. Many visitors choose to explore the desert on a 4×4 jeep tour or, for a more traditional experience, by camel safari. Spending a night in a Bedouin-style desert camp under a canopy of stars is an unforgettable recreational and cultural experience. The rugged, canyon-filled terrain of central Jordan, such as in the Dana Biosphere Reserve and Wadi Mujib, offers some of the best hiking and canyoning in the Middle East. The “Jordan Trail,” a long-distance hiking trail that runs the entire length of the country from Umm Qais in the north to Aqaba in the south, has gained international acclaim, offering hikers a unique way to experience the country’s nature, history, and culture on foot.

Jordan’s small but beautiful coastline on the Red Sea at Aqaba is another hub for recreation. The warm, clear waters of the Gulf of Aqaba are home to vibrant coral reefs and a rich diversity of marine life, making it an excellent destination for scuba diving and snorkeling. Unlike many other Red Sea resorts, Aqaba’s reefs are easily accessible from the shore, and there are numerous dive centers that cater to all levels of experience. In addition to diving, the coast offers opportunities for a variety of other water sports, including jet-skiing, parasailing, and boat trips. For a more unique recreational experience, many visitors head to the Dead Sea. While not suitable for traditional swimming, the experience of effortlessly floating in its hypersaline waters and covering oneself in the mineral-rich mud is a popular and therapeutic activity. From the thrill of desert adventures to the tranquility of underwater exploration, Jordan’s recreational offerings are as diverse as its landscapes.

32. Environmental Concerns

Jordan faces a range of severe and deeply interconnected environmental challenges, with the most critical and existential of these being water scarcity. The country is one of the most water-poor nations in the world. Rapid population growth, exacerbated by the influx of large refugee populations, combined with the effects of climate change, has placed immense strain on its already limited water resources. The country’s main surface water source, the Jordan River, has been heavily diverted over the years, reducing its flow to a fraction of its historical levels. As a result, Jordan is heavily reliant on its groundwater resources, which are being extracted at a rate far greater than their natural replenishment, leading to declining water tables and a deterioration in water quality. This chronic water shortage affects every aspect of life, from limiting agricultural production and industrial development to posing a direct threat to public health and daily life. Addressing this water crisis through conservation, wastewater treatment and reuse, and the development of large-scale desalination projects at the Red Sea is the nation’s foremost environmental priority.

Another major environmental concern is land degradation and desertification. The vast majority of Jordan’s land is arid or semi-arid, making its ecosystems particularly fragile. Overgrazing by livestock, improper land management practices, and the pressures of urbanization are leading to soil erosion and the loss of natural vegetation cover. This degradation reduces the land’s productivity and increases its vulnerability to desertification, a process where fertile land becomes desert. Climate change is exacerbating this problem, with rising temperatures and more erratic rainfall patterns making it even harder for natural ecosystems to thrive. The government and various environmental organizations are working on projects to combat desertification, including reforestation initiatives, promoting sustainable grazing practices, and protecting natural rangelands. The preservation of Jordan’s unique biodiversity is also a key concern, with several important ecosystems, such as the wetlands of the Azraq Oasis and the coral reefs of Aqaba, being under threat from pollution and human activity.

Solid waste management is a growing challenge, particularly in the densely populated urban centers. The increasing amount of municipal and industrial waste is putting pressure on the country’s limited landfill capacity. The lack of widespread and efficient recycling programs means that a large portion of waste that could be recovered is instead sent to landfills. This not only takes up valuable land space but also poses a risk of soil and groundwater contamination. In response, Jordan is working to improve its waste management infrastructure, promote recycling and waste-to-energy initiatives, and raise public awareness about the importance of reducing waste. The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) is a leading national organization that plays a crucial role in addressing these environmental challenges. It manages a network of protected areas and nature reserves, such as the Dana Biosphere Reserve and the Mujib Biosphere Reserve, which are vital for conserving Jordan’s natural heritage and promoting eco-tourism as a sustainable alternative for local communities.

33. Marriage & Courtship

In Jordan, marriage is a cornerstone of social life, a sacred institution that is deeply intertwined with family, tradition, and religion. While modern influences are present, especially in the cosmopolitan capital of Amman, courtship and marriage are generally a more formal and family-oriented process than in Western cultures. The concept of the family unit is paramount, and a marriage is seen not just as a union between two individuals, but as an alliance between two families. Consequently, family approval is an essential and often non-negotiable part of the process. Courtship traditionally begins with families getting to know one another. A young man interested in a woman will typically have his family formally approach her family to signal his interest. This process can be initiated through family friends or relatives who act as intermediaries. If both families are amenable, they will arrange for the couple to meet in a supervised setting, often in the presence of family members, to get to know each other. This formal process ensures that the relationship has the blessing and support of the family from the very beginning.

Once the couple and their families have agreed to the match, the engagement, or ‘khutba’, is announced. This is a formal agreement and a significant social event in itself, often celebrated with a family gathering. It marks the couple’s official commitment to marry. The period of engagement allows the couple to spend more time together and deepen their relationship before the wedding. The wedding celebration itself is a joyous and elaborate affair, often involving multiple events. A key part of the pre-wedding festivities is the henna party for the bride, where she and her female friends and relatives celebrate with music, dancing, and the application of intricate henna designs. The wedding day is centered around the ‘Katb Al-Kitab’, the official Islamic marriage ceremony where the marriage contract is signed in the presence of witnesses. This is followed by a grand wedding reception, or ‘zaffeh’, which is a vibrant celebration filled with music, dancing (most notably the ‘dabke’, a traditional line dance), and a lavish feast. These celebrations are large community events, reinforcing the strong bonds of family and friendship that are central to Jordanian society.

34. Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Jordan is shaped by its status as a developing, middle-income country with a well-educated workforce but limited natural resources. The service sector is the largest employer and the main driver of the economy, offering a wide range of jobs. Key industries within this sector include tourism and hospitality, banking and finance, transportation, and information and communication technology (ICT). The tourism sector, with its world-class attractions, creates a significant number of jobs in hotels, restaurants, tour agencies, and as tour guides, particularly in areas like Petra, Wadi Rum, Aqaba, and the Dead Sea. The banking sector is one of the most developed in the region, providing stable employment for professionals in finance and administration. The ICT sector has been a particular bright spot, with Amman emerging as a regional tech hub. This has created a high demand for skilled professionals in software development, digital marketing, and other tech-related fields.

The industrial and manufacturing sectors also provide significant employment. The most important of these are the phosphate and potash mining industries, which are major sources of export revenue and jobs, particularly in the southern part of the country. The pharmaceutical industry is another key area, with several Jordanian companies manufacturing and exporting medicines across the Middle East and beyond. The textile and garment industry is also a major employer, especially in the Qualifying Industrial Zones (QIZs) where goods are produced for export, primarily to the United States. The public sector, including government ministries, the military, and public education and healthcare, has traditionally been a major source of stable employment for Jordanian citizens. However, the government is working to encourage more private sector growth to absorb the country’s young and growing workforce.

For expatriates, work opportunities in Jordan are most commonly found in specific, specialized fields. There is a large community of international aid workers, development professionals, and diplomats, as Jordan is a major regional hub for the United Nations and numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that respond to regional crises. Other opportunities for foreigners exist in senior management roles in multinational corporations, in the financial sector, and as English language teachers. The tech industry also offers some opportunities for highly skilled expatriates. However, finding work can be challenging, as Jordanian labor laws prioritize the hiring of local citizens. Foreigners typically need to secure a job offer before they can apply for a work visa, and the employer must demonstrate that no qualified Jordanian is available for the position. Fluency in Arabic is a significant advantage for almost any job, although English is widely spoken in business and professional circles.

35. Education

The education system in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is highly regarded in the Middle East and is a cornerstone of the nation’s development strategy. The country has one of the highest literacy rates in the region, a testament to the strong emphasis placed on education by the government and the populace. The system is managed by the Ministry of Education and is structured to provide ten years of compulsory education. This mandatory phase includes six years of elementary school and four years of preparatory (or middle) school. After completing this basic, compulsory cycle, students proceed to two years of secondary education. At this stage, they are streamed into either an academic or a vocational track. The academic track prepares students for university entrance and involves a comprehensive final examination known as the ‘Tawjihi’. The results of the Tawjihi are critical, as they determine a student’s eligibility for admission into public universities and the specific fields of study they can pursue. The vocational track, on the other hand, provides students with practical skills in various trades, preparing them for direct entry into the workforce. Both public and private schools operate throughout the country, with private schools often offering international curricula like the British IGCSE or the International Baccalaureate (IB), in addition to the national program. The language of instruction in public schools is Arabic, with English taught as a second language from the first grade. This early focus on English has contributed to a high level of bilingualism among educated Jordanians, which is a significant asset in the global economy.

36. Communication & Connectivity

Jordan features a modern and competitive communications sector, providing residents and visitors with reliable connectivity across most of the country. The telecommunications market was liberalized in the early 2000s, leading to significant investment and rapid expansion, particularly in the mobile phone industry. Mobile penetration is extremely high, with the vast majority of Jordanians owning at least one mobile device. The market is dominated by three main network operators: Zain, Orange, and Umniah. These companies offer extensive network coverage, including 4G and increasingly 5G services, not only in the bustling cities of Amman and Aqaba but also in many of the more remote tourist areas like Petra and Wadi Rum. The competition among these providers has resulted in affordable pricing for both voice and data services, making it very easy for travelers to stay connected.

For visitors, acquiring a local SIM card is a simple and highly recommended step upon arrival. Kiosks for all the major providers are readily available at Queen Alia International Airport in Amman, as well as in service centers and mobile phone shops in all cities and towns. The process is quick, usually requiring only a passport for registration. Purchasing a prepaid tourist package is an excellent value, typically offering a generous amount of data, along with some local and international minutes, for a low price. This allows travelers to use navigation apps, access information online, and communicate easily without incurring expensive international roaming charges. Having a local number is also useful for booking tours or making restaurant reservations. The reliability of mobile data in most populated areas and major tourist sites makes it a convenient primary source of internet access for travelers on the move.

Beyond mobile services, fixed-line internet and Wi-Fi are also widely available. In urban centers, high-speed fiber-optic broadband is becoming increasingly common for residential and business use. For travelers, free Wi-Fi is a standard amenity in almost all hotels, hostels, cafes, and restaurants. The quality and speed can vary, but it is generally sufficient for checking emails, social media, and trip planning. The media landscape in Jordan is a mix of state-run and private outlets. The state broadcaster, the Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV), operates the main television channels. There are also several private television and radio stations. A number of daily newspapers are published in both Arabic and English, with the Jordan Times being the leading English-language paper, providing a good source of local news and information for visitors. Online news portals and social media are also very popular and play a significant role in the national discourse.

37. National Symbols

The national symbols of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan are a powerful and evocative representation of its history, its ruling dynasty, and its core values of peace and faith. The most prominent of these is the national flag. It consists of three equal horizontal bands of black, white, and green, with a red triangle on the hoist side. Each color is symbolic of a major Islamic caliphate from Arab history: black for the Abbasids, white for the Umayyads, and green for the Fatimids. The red triangle represents the Hashemite dynasty and the Great Arab Revolt of 1916. In the center of the red triangle is a white seven-pointed star. This star symbolizes the first seven verses of the Qur’an, the ‘Surah Al-Fatiha’, and also represents the unity of the Arab peoples. The flag as a whole is a proud emblem of Jordan’s deep Arab and Islamic heritage and its foundational role in the modern Arab world.

The national coat of arms of Jordan is another intricate symbol, rich with meaning that reflects the kingdom’s identity. At its center is a bronze shield, in front of which stands an eagle, symbolizing power and fortitude. The shield is emblazoned with a depiction of the earth, signifying the global spread of Islam. The eagle stands on a globe and is flanked by weapons, including spears, swords, and bows, which represent the defense of the nation. Behind the shield are three banners that are styled after the flag of the Great Arab Revolt. The entire emblem is supported by a wreath of wheat ears and a palm frond, symbolizing fertility and peace. The coat of arms is surmounted by the Hashemite Royal Crown and is draped with a red sash lined with white silk, which is a symbol of sacrifice and purity. An inscription below reads in Arabic: “King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,” “Who Seeks Support and Guidance from God,” and “Abdullah II ibn Al Hussein bin Aoun.”

Beyond the official state emblems, Jordan’s unique natural heritage provides other important national symbols. While there isn’t one single designated national flower, the Black Iris (Iris nigricans) is widely considered to be the national flower. This beautiful and rare flower, with its dark purple, almost black petals, is native to Jordan and can be found growing in the wild in the northern part of the country. It is a symbol of the nation’s unique and precious biodiversity. The national bird of Jordan is the Sinai Rosefinch. This stunning bird, with the male’s vibrant pinkish-red plumage, is found in the rocky, mountainous deserts of the south, including in the areas of Petra and Wadi Rum. Its resilience and beauty in a harsh environment make it a fitting symbol for the nation. These symbols, from the historic flag to the rare desert flower, collectively tell the story of a nation that is proud of its history, its faith, and the stunning natural beauty of its land.

Category	Symbol
Official Symbols	Flag of Jordan, Coat of Arms of Jordan, National Anthem (“As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni”)
Cultural Symbols	Petra, The Treasury (Al-Khazneh), Bedouin tent, Mansaf (national dish), Red and white keffiyeh (shemagh)
National Flora	Black Iris (National Flower), Olive Tree (symbol of peace and prosperity)
National Fauna	Sinai Rosefinch (National Bird), Arabian Oryx (a conservation success story)

38. Tourism

Tourism is the lifeblood of the Jordanian economy and a captivating journey into the heart of ancient history and breathtaking natural wonders. The country’s premier attraction and a symbol of its national identity is the ancient city of Petra. Tucked away in a remote desert canyon in the south, this UNESCO World Heritage site was the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom over 2,000 years ago. The experience of walking through the Siq, a narrow, winding canyon, to emerge in front of the magnificent Treasury (Al-Khazneh), with its facade carved directly into the rose-red sandstone cliff, is one of the most iconic and unforgettable moments in world travel. The vast site includes hundreds of tombs, temples, and a Roman-style theater, all waiting to be explored. Petra’s sheer scale, ancient ingenuity, and stunning beauty make it the undisputed highlight of any trip to Jordan and a must-see destination for any global traveler.

Beyond the splendor of Petra, Jordan offers a remarkable diversity of attractions. In the south, the vast and silent desert of Wadi Rum provides a landscape of sublime beauty, with its towering sandstone mountains, dramatic rock formations, and sweeping red sands. A 4×4 jeep tour or a camel ride through this protected wilderness, followed by a night spent under the stars at a traditional Bedouin camp, offers a profound connection to the desert’s timeless spirit. To the north, the ancient city of Jerash boasts one of the largest and best-preserved Roman provincial cities in the entire Roman Empire, where visitors can walk down colonnaded streets and imagine life two millennia ago. The country is also rich in biblical history, with sites like Mount Nebo, from where Moses is said to have viewed the Promised Land, and Bethany Beyond the Jordan, the site where Jesus is believed to have been baptized. For relaxation and unique natural phenomena, the Dead Sea offers the chance to float effortlessly in its salty waters, while the Red Sea resort of Aqaba provides a gateway to vibrant coral reefs perfect for diving and snorkeling. This incredible density of world-class historical, natural, and cultural sites makes Jordan a complete and deeply rewarding travel destination.

39. Visa and Entry Requirements

Jordan has a relatively straightforward and welcoming visa policy, making it an accessible destination for most international travelers. The majority of nationalities, including citizens of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and all European Union countries, can obtain a visa on arrival. This visa is typically issued at the airport, such as Queen Alia International Airport (AMM) in Amman, or at most land border crossings. The standard single-entry visa obtained on arrival is valid for a stay of up to 30 days. The process is generally efficient, requiring a valid passport with at least six months of validity remaining from the date of entry, and payment of the visa fee, which is currently 40 Jordanian Dinars (JOD). It is important for travelers to have the exact amount in local currency, although currency exchange services are available at the airport before the immigration counters.

For travelers planning to explore the country’s main attractions, the most cost-effective and convenient option is to purchase the “Jordan Pass” online before arrival. The Jordan Pass is a comprehensive tourism package designed by the Ministry of Tourism. It bundles the cost of the tourist entry visa with prepaid entry to over 40 of Jordan’s most popular sites, including the ancient city of Petra, the Roman ruins of Jerash, Wadi Rum, and many castles and museums. To have the visa fee waived, travelers must purchase the Jordan Pass before arriving in the country and commit to staying for a minimum of three consecutive nights. Upon arrival, they simply need to show their Jordan Pass QR code at the immigration desk. This pass not only saves a significant amount of money on both visa and entrance fees but also saves time, allowing visitors to bypass the ticket queues at major sites. There are several tiers of the Jordan Pass available, with the price varying based on how many consecutive days of entry to Petra are included (one, two, or three days).

While most nationalities can get a visa on arrival, citizens of some countries are required to obtain a visa in advance from a Jordanian embassy or consulate in their country of residence. It is essential for all travelers to check the latest visa requirements for their specific nationality with the nearest Jordanian diplomatic mission or on the official website of the Jordan Tourism Board before making travel arrangements, as regulations can change. It is also important to note the policies at different land borders. While the main crossings with Israel (King Hussein/Allenby Bridge, Sheikh Hussein, and Wadi Araba) and the borders with Saudi Arabia are generally open for tourists, the borders with Syria and Iraq are not considered safe or viable for tourist crossings. The King Hussein/Allenby Bridge crossing has special regulations and does not issue visas on arrival, so travelers using this crossing must have a pre-issued visa or an active Jordan Pass.

40. Useful Resources

Visit Jordan – The official website of the Jordan Tourism Board, the most comprehensive resource for travel planning.
Jordan Pass – The official site to purchase the Jordan Pass for visa and entry to tourist sites.
Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority – Official information on visiting the ancient city of Petra.
The Jordan Times – The leading English-language newspaper for current events and news in Jordan.
Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) – Information on Jordan’s nature reserves, eco-tourism, and hiking.
JETT Bus – A reliable and popular bus service for travel between major cities and tourist sites in Jordan.
COVID-19 Information – The latest travel advisories and health requirements from the official tourism board.