🇱🇧 Travel Guide to Lebanon

21) Brief History

Lebanon’s history is a breathtakingly deep and layered saga, stretching back over 7,000 years and positioning it as one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited regions. The land’s ancient identity is most famously tied to the Phoenicians, a remarkable maritime civilization that flourished along its coast from around 3200 to 539 BC. The Phoenicians were not a unified empire but a collection of dynamic city-states, including Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre, which became bustling centers of trade, innovation, and culture. They were master shipbuilders and navigators who established a vast commercial network across the Mediterranean Sea, reaching as far as the British Isles. Their most enduring legacy is the creation of the first phonetic alphabet, a revolutionary system that simplified writing and became the ancestor of nearly all modern alphabets, fundamentally shaping human communication. The wealth and strategic location of Phoenicia made it a coveted prize for a succession of ancient superpowers, including the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians, each leaving their cultural and architectural imprint on the land.

The arrival of Alexander the Great in 332 BC ushered in the Hellenistic period, followed by centuries of Roman rule, which brought unprecedented prosperity and architectural grandeur. The Romans recognized the strategic importance of the Lebanese coast and its timber resources, particularly the famed Cedars of Lebanon. They built magnificent temples, cities, and infrastructure, the most impressive of which are the colossal ruins at Baalbek, a testament to the might and engineering prowess of the Roman Empire. With the rise of Christianity, Lebanon became a major center for the new faith, with its mountainous terrain providing refuge for various Christian sects, most notably the Maronites. Following the Arab conquests in the 7th century, Islam and the Arabic language were introduced, adding another crucial layer to Lebanon’s identity. The region later fell under the control of the Crusader states, the Mamluk Sultanate, and, for 400 years starting in 1516, the vast Ottoman Empire, which granted the mountainous regions a degree of autonomy under local emirs.

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, the territory of modern Lebanon was placed under the French Mandate by the League of Nations. This period solidified the country’s current borders and established a political system based on sectarian power-sharing. Lebanon gained its independence on November 22, 1943. The mid-20th century was a golden age, with Beirut becoming known as the “Paris of the Middle East,” a glamorous hub of finance, culture, and tourism. This prosperity, however, was shattered by the outbreak of a devastating civil war (1975-1990), a complex and brutal conflict fueled by internal sectarian tensions and external interference. The post-war era has been a cycle of remarkable reconstruction, political instability, regional conflicts, and, more recently, a severe economic crisis. Despite this tumultuous history, the Lebanese people are defined by their extraordinary resilience, their deep pride in their ancient heritage, and an enduring spirit that continues to rebuild and innovate in the face of adversity.

22) Geography

Lebanon, a small country nestled on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, boasts a remarkably diverse and stunning geography that belies its modest size. Bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, the country’s landscape is defined by a dramatic and varied topography packed into a narrow strip of land approximately 225 kilometers (140 miles) long and averaging about 46 kilometers (29 miles) in width. This geography can be broadly divided into four distinct, parallel regions that run from north to south. The first is the narrow, fertile coastal plain, which is home to most of the population and the country’s major cities, including the vibrant capital, Beirut, as well as the ancient ports of Tripoli, Sidon, and Tyre. This plain is the agricultural heartland for citrus fruits and vegetables, enjoying a classic Mediterranean climate with hot, humid summers and mild, rainy winters, making it a hub of economic and social life throughout Lebanon’s long history.

Immediately to the east of the coastal plain rises the formidable Mount Lebanon range, a rugged spine of limestone and sandstone mountains that traverses the entire country. This range contains Lebanon’s highest peak, Qurnat as Sawda, which soars to an elevation of 3,088 meters (10,131 feet). The western slopes of these mountains are lush and green, catching the rain-laden winds from the Mediterranean and giving rise to numerous springs and rivers. The mountains are famous for their terraced hillsides where farmers cultivate olives, grapes, and various fruits. During the winter, the higher elevations are blanketed in heavy snow, creating a thriving ski industry that makes Lebanon one of the few places in the world where you can ski in the morning and swim in the sea in the afternoon. This mountain range has historically served as a refuge for minority communities and is home to the last remaining groves of the iconic Cedars of God (Cedrus libani), a symbol of national pride and ancient heritage.

Nestled between the Mount Lebanon range to the west and the Anti-Lebanon range to the east lies the third geographical region: the fertile Beqaa Valley. This high-altitude plateau, averaging about 900 meters (3,000 feet) above sea level, is the country’s primary agricultural center, renowned for its production of cereals, vegetables, and, most famously, its high-quality vineyards that support Lebanon’s celebrated wine industry. The valley is irrigated by two of the country’s most important rivers, the Litani, which flows south before turning west to empty into the Mediterranean, and the Orontes, which flows north into Syria. The fourth and easternmost region is the Anti-Lebanon range, a drier and more barren set of mountains that forms the natural border with Syria. This incredible geographical compression—from sunny Mediterranean beaches to snow-capped peaks and fertile valleys—gives Lebanon a unique environmental diversity and a landscape that has profoundly shaped its culture, history, and way of life.

23) Politics and Government

The political system of Lebanon is one of the most intricate and distinctive in the world, structured around a system known as confessionalism. This system is a form of power-sharing consociationalism where high offices and political representation are proportionally reserved for representatives from the country’s diverse religious communities. Established by the National Pact of 1943, an unwritten agreement, and later codified in the Taif Agreement of 1989 which ended the civil war, this framework was designed to ensure representation for all major sects and to maintain a delicate balance in a multi-religious society. Under this arrangement, the President of the Republic must always be a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Parliament a Shia Muslim. This confessional distribution extends throughout the public sector, including the parliament, the cabinet, and civil service positions, creating a complex web of sectarian checks and balances.

Lebanon is a parliamentary democratic republic. The legislative branch is the unicameral Parliament, known as the Chamber of Deputies (Majlis an-Nuwwab). It consists of 128 members who are elected by universal adult suffrage for a four-year term. These seats are divided equally between Christians and Muslims, with further subdivisions for the 18 officially recognized religious sects within each faith. The Parliament is responsible for electing the President, passing laws, approving the government’s budget, and holding the cabinet accountable. The President is the head of state and is elected by a two-thirds majority of the Parliament for a single six-year term. While the role is largely ceremonial in some respects, the President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and plays a crucial role in government formation and national unity.

The executive power is held by the Council of Ministers, or the Cabinet, which is led by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister, as the head of government, is designated by the President in consultation with the Parliament. The Prime Minister then forms a cabinet, whose composition must also reflect the sectarian balance of the country. This government requires a vote of confidence from the Parliament to take office. While the confessional system was intended to be a temporary solution to prevent sectarian conflict, it has become deeply entrenched. Critics argue that it has institutionalized sectarian divisions, weakened national identity in favor of religious identity, encouraged political patronage, and often leads to political gridlock and government paralysis, as consensus among the leaders of the different sects is required for major decisions. This complex and often fragile political structure makes governance in Lebanon a constant challenge, heavily influenced by both domestic sectarian dynamics and powerful regional actors.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The Lebanese legal system is a fascinating and complex hybrid, reflecting the country’s multifaceted history and its confessional political structure. The foundation of the system is based on the civil law tradition, heavily influenced by the French legal framework, a legacy of the French Mandate period (1923-1943). This is most evident in the structure of its legal codes, such as the Code of Obligations and Contracts, the Commercial Code, and the Penal Code, which are all modeled on their French counterparts. Therefore, legislation passed by the Parliament is the primary source of law, rather than judicial precedent as in common law systems. The Lebanese Constitution, adopted in 1926 and amended several times since, is the supreme law of the land, guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms, including equality before the law, freedom of speech, and freedom of belief.

A unique and defining feature of the Lebanese legal system is the parallel existence of religious courts. Matters of personal status, which include marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance, are not governed by a unified civil code but are instead handled by the religious courts of the country’s 18 officially recognized sects. This means that a Maronite Christian’s divorce is adjudicated according to Catholic canon law, while a Sunni Muslim’s inheritance is determined by Islamic Sharia law, and a Druze couple’s marital issues are resolved by Druze religious tribunals. This system grants a high degree of autonomy to the religious communities in managing their members’ personal affairs. However, it is also a source of significant controversy, as it can lead to unequal treatment of citizens based on their religious affiliation, particularly in matters of women’s rights, and it presents a major obstacle to the creation of a unified national civic identity.

The criminal justice system in Lebanon is composed of the police, the prosecution, and the courts. The primary law enforcement agency is the Internal Security Forces (ISF), which functions as the national police force. The judiciary is, in principle, an independent branch of government. The court system is structured with a hierarchy of civil and criminal courts, including Courts of First Instance, Courts of Appeal, and the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court in the judicial system for civil and criminal matters. There is also a Constitutional Council to review the constitutionality of laws and a system of military courts with broad jurisdiction. In practice, the judiciary has faced persistent challenges to its independence, including political interference, corruption, and a lack of resources. The system is currently under immense strain due to the country’s severe economic crisis, which has hampered its ability to function effectively and has led to significant delays in the administration of justice.

25) Foreign Relations

Lebanon’s foreign relations are profoundly complex and deeply intertwined with the volatile geopolitics of the Middle East. As a small nation with a diverse population and a strategic location, its foreign policy is a delicate and often precarious balancing act, shaped by historical ties, sectarian allegiances, economic dependencies, and the powerful influence of regional and international actors. Officially, Lebanon espouses a policy of neutrality and non-interference in regional conflicts, a principle intended to shield the country from the turbulent dynamics of its neighborhood. However, in practice, internal political divisions often reflect broader regional rivalries, particularly the ongoing power struggle between Saudi Arabia and Iran, making true neutrality exceptionally difficult to maintain. The country’s foreign policy is therefore characterized by a constant effort to manage these external pressures while safeguarding its own sovereignty and stability.

The relationship with Syria is arguably the most significant and complicated aspect of Lebanon’s foreign relations. The two countries share a long border, deep historical and cultural ties, and a complex political history. For nearly 30 years following the end of the Lebanese Civil War, Syria maintained a heavy military and political influence over Lebanon, which ended with the withdrawal of Syrian troops in 2005 after the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. Despite the formal end of this tutelage, the relationship remains sensitive, influenced by political alliances within Lebanon, cross-border security concerns, and the immense humanitarian and economic spillovers from the Syrian civil war, which has led to Lebanon hosting a massive population of Syrian refugees. The relationship with the Arab world, particularly the wealthy Gulf states like Saudi Arabia, is also crucial. Historically, these nations have been a vital source of investment, tourism, and financial aid for Lebanon, as well as a primary destination for Lebanese expatriates whose remittances are a key pillar of the economy. However, this relationship has been strained in recent years due to the growing political influence of Hezbollah, an Iran-backed Shia political party and militant group within Lebanon.

Beyond the region, Lebanon maintains important relationships with Western powers, most notably France and the United States. France, the former mandate power, retains strong cultural and political ties and often plays a key diplomatic role in times of crisis. The United States is a major provider of financial and military aid, particularly to the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), which it views as a key institution for maintaining stability. However, this relationship is complicated by the U.S. designation of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, which creates a constant point of friction given Hezbollah’s role as a major political actor within the Lebanese state. Lebanon is also a founding member of the Arab League and the United Nations and actively participates in various international forums, where it seeks to garner support for its stability and territorial integrity. Ultimately, navigating its foreign relations requires a continuous effort to balance competing interests, a task made all the more challenging by the country’s internal confessional political system and the ever-present shadow of regional conflict.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of Lebanon is organized into a multi-tiered system designed to manage governance and public services across its diverse territory. The primary level of administrative division consists of governorates, known in Arabic as ‘muhafazat’. For many years, Lebanon was divided into six governorates, but in 2014, the Parliament officially created two new ones, bringing the total to eight. These eight governorates are: Beirut, Mount Lebanon, North Lebanon, South Lebanon, Nabatieh, Beqaa, Baalbek-Hermel, and Akkar. The Beirut Governorate is unique in that it consists solely of the capital city and is not subdivided further into districts. The other governorates are much larger geographically and encompass a mix of urban centers, towns, and rural villages. Each governorate is headed by a governor, or ‘muhafiz’, who is a senior civil servant appointed by the Council of Ministers. The governor serves as the central government’s chief representative in the region, responsible for overseeing public administration, security, and the implementation of state policies.

The second tier of administration divides the governorates (with the exception of Beirut) into districts, known as ‘qadas’ or ‘aqdiyah’ in the plural. There are a total of 25 districts across the country. For example, the North Lebanon Governorate is divided into districts such as Tripoli, Zgharta, and Koura, while the Mount Lebanon Governorate includes districts like Metn, Keserwan, and Chouf. Each district is headed by a district commissioner or ‘qa’im maqam’, who is also a civil servant appointed by the central government. The district administration serves as an intermediary level of governance, coordinating between the governorate and the municipalities and managing administrative tasks such as issuing permits and licenses. This structure reflects a highly centralized system of governance, where key administrative officials at the regional and district levels are appointees of the central state rather than locally elected representatives, ensuring a direct chain of command from Beirut to the rest of the country.

The lowest and most local level of administration is the municipality, or ‘baladiyah’. There are over 1,000 municipalities in Lebanon, ranging from large city administrations like Tripoli and Sidon to small village councils. Unlike the governors and district commissioners, the leadership of a municipality is democratic. Each municipality is governed by a municipal council whose members are elected by the local residents for a six-year term. The council, in turn, elects a president, who serves as the mayor. Municipalities have a degree of administrative and financial autonomy and are responsible for a wide range of local services, including waste collection, water and electricity infrastructure maintenance, local road works, and the issuing of construction permits. However, their effectiveness is often constrained by limited financial resources and their dependence on the central government for funding and oversight. This three-tiered system of governorates, districts, and municipalities provides the framework for public administration in Lebanon, though its efficiency is often hampered by the country’s broader political and economic challenges.

27) Economy & Commodities

The Lebanese economy has traditionally been distinguished by its service-oriented nature, a characteristic that sets it apart from many of its Middle Eastern neighbors. For decades, Lebanon thrived as a regional hub for banking, finance, tourism, and trade, earning its capital, Beirut, the moniker “Paris of the Middle East.” The pillars of this prosperity were a staunch belief in laissez-faire economics, a highly educated and multilingual workforce, strong inflows of remittances from its large global diaspora, and strict banking secrecy laws that attracted significant foreign capital. The services sector historically accounted for the vast majority of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with banking and tourism being the two most critical industries. Lebanese banks were renowned for their sophistication and regional reach, while the country’s stunning coastlines, vibrant nightlife, historical sites, and mountain resorts attracted tourists from the Gulf Arab states and Europe, providing a vital source of foreign currency.

Despite this historical success, the Lebanese economy has been plagued by deep-seated structural weaknesses, including chronic budget deficits, a massive and ever-growing public debt, and a reliance on imports for basic goods. The economy has been managed for decades in a way that critics describe as an unsustainable model, heavily dependent on capital inflows to finance the trade deficit and government spending. This fragile structure has been severely tested by recurrent political instability, regional conflicts, and, since 2019, has collapsed into one of the most severe economic and financial crises in modern world history. This crisis has been characterized by a sovereign debt default, a massive devaluation of the Lebanese pound, hyperinflation, the implosion of the banking sector, and a drastic increase in poverty and unemployment. The economic collapse has wiped out life savings, crippled businesses, and caused a severe deterioration in public services, leading to a profound humanitarian crisis.

In terms of commodities, Lebanon is not a major producer of raw materials like oil or gas, although exploration for offshore reserves is ongoing. Its main exports are typically products that reflect its craftsmanship and agricultural heritage. These include jewelry, base metals, chemicals, and agricultural goods. Lebanon is renowned for its production of high-quality fruits and vegetables, including citrus, grapes, tomatoes, and apples, as well as olive oil and wine, with the Beqaa Valley being the heart of its acclaimed viticulture. The industrial sector is relatively small and focuses on the production of food products, textiles, furniture, and cement. The path to economic recovery for Lebanon is fraught with immense challenges. It will require deep structural and political reforms, including a comprehensive financial restructuring plan, anti-corruption measures, and a sustainable fiscal policy, all of which are contingent on achieving a stable and functional political consensus.

28) Science and Technology

Lebanon has a long and proud tradition of intellectual achievement, and its contributions to science and technology are deeply rooted in its emphasis on higher education. The country is home to some of the most prestigious universities in the Middle East, such as the American University of Beirut (AUB) and Saint Joseph University (USJ), which have historically served as hubs of research and innovation for the entire region. These institutions have produced generations of leading doctors, engineers, and scientists, and their research output, particularly in the fields of medicine and public health, has been significant. The medical sector, in particular, has long been a beacon of excellence, with Lebanese hospitals and medical professionals renowned for their high standards of care and their adoption of advanced medical technologies. Research in areas like genetics, cancer, and cardiovascular disease has been a strong point for the country’s academic medical centers.

In recent years, despite immense economic and political challenges, Lebanon has nurtured a surprisingly resilient and dynamic technology and startup ecosystem, particularly in its capital, Beirut. This burgeoning sector was, for a time, a bright spot in the economy, fueled by a well-educated, multilingual, and tech-savvy youth population, as well as by venture capital funds and support initiatives from the central bank. This led to the emergence of a vibrant community of startups focused on areas like fintech, e-commerce, digital media, and mobile applications. Beirut became a regional hub for creative and digital industries, hosting numerous co-working spaces, accelerators, and tech conferences. This environment fostered a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, demonstrating the remarkable ability of the Lebanese people to create and innovate even in the most difficult of circumstances.

However, the sector’s growth and the broader scientific community have been severely impacted by the devastating economic crisis that began in 2019. The financial collapse has led to a massive “brain drain,” with a huge number of highly skilled professionals, including scientists, doctors, engineers, and tech entrepreneurs, leaving the country in search of better opportunities and stability abroad. Universities and research institutions are struggling with budget cuts, the inability to purchase new equipment, and the loss of faculty and students. The startup ecosystem has been hit hard by the banking crisis and the currency devaluation, which has made it incredibly difficult to secure funding and conduct business. Despite these immense hurdles, pockets of innovation persist. The need to find solutions to the country’s many problems, from energy shortages to waste management, is driving some to innovate out of necessity. The future of science and technology in Lebanon will depend on the country’s ability to achieve political and economic stability and to create an environment that can retain its most valuable asset: its human capital.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical tradition of Lebanon is a rich and diverse tapestry, woven from the threads of ancient Mediterranean thought, Christian theology, Islamic scholarship, and modern existentialism. Its roots can be traced back to the Phoenician city-states, which were not just centers of trade but also melting pots of ideas, interacting with the great intellectual currents of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Aegean. The region later became a significant center for Hellenistic and Roman philosophy, with schools of law and rhetoric flourishing in cities like Beirut. However, it was the emergence of neo-Platonism and the development of early Christian theology that truly cemented the area’s place in philosophical history. The mountainous terrain of Lebanon provided a sanctuary for various Christian monastic traditions, which became centers of learning where theological and philosophical questions about the nature of God, humanity, and existence were debated with fervor.

With the arrival of Islam, Lebanon and the surrounding region became a crucible for the flourishing of Islamic philosophy during the Golden Age. Scholars in the region engaged deeply with the works of Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, translating and interpreting their texts and integrating their ideas with Islamic theology. This intellectual movement produced profound philosophical inquiries into metaphysics, ethics, logic, and science. The dialogue and sometimes tension between faith and reason became a central theme, with thinkers grappling with how to reconcile divine revelation with rational inquiry. The cultural and intellectual exchange between Christian and Muslim scholars in the region also contributed to a unique environment of philosophical cross-pollination, enriching the intellectual life of both traditions.

In the modern era, Lebanese philosophy has been profoundly shaped by the country’s experiences with colonialism, independence, political turmoil, and its own inherent cultural diversity. The 20th century saw the rise of influential thinkers who grappled with questions of identity, modernity, and Arab nationalism. Perhaps the most internationally renowned Lebanese philosophical figure is the poet and artist Kahlil Gibran, whose work “The Prophet” offers a series of prose-poem fables that explore universal themes of love, work, sorrow, and spirituality, blending Eastern and Western philosophical and mystical traditions. More recently, Lebanese intellectuals have been at the forefront of debates on existentialism, post-structuralism, and the challenges of living in a deeply sectarian and politically fragile society. The constant negotiation of identity, the search for meaning amidst chaos, and the persistent dialogue between East and West remain central themes in the vibrant and often poignant philosophical discourse of Lebanon.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Understanding and respecting the cultural etiquette of Lebanon is essential for any visitor wishing to navigate its complex and warm society gracefully. Lebanese culture places an immense value on hospitality, honor, and personal relationships. Hospitality is not just a custom but a sacred duty, and the Lebanese are known for their extraordinary generosity towards guests. If you are invited to a Lebanese home, it is considered a great honor and you should accept with enthusiasm. Arriving on time is appreciated, though a slight delay is socially acceptable. It is customary to bring a gift for the hosts, such as high-quality sweets or pastries from a well-known patisserie, flowers, or a decorative item for the home. When you enter, greet the eldest person first as a sign of respect. You will inevitably be offered an abundance of food and drink; it is polite to accept and try everything, as refusing can be seen as a rejection of the host’s generosity. Praising the food is always a welcome compliment.

Social interactions in Lebanon are characterized by warmth and expressiveness. Greetings are important and often involve a handshake and sometimes three kisses on the cheeks between friends and relatives, alternating sides. When meeting someone for the first time, a handshake is standard. It is polite to use formal titles such as ‘Madame’ or ‘Monsieur’ with French, or ‘Sayyid’ (Mr.) and ‘Sayyida’ (Mrs.) with Arabic, followed by the surname, until you are invited to use first names. Personal space is generally closer than in many Western cultures, and physical contact during conversation, such as touching an arm or shoulder, is common and signifies friendliness. Building personal relationships is key in both social and business contexts; people prefer to do business with those they know and trust, so initial meetings are often dedicated to getting to know one another rather than discussing business directly. Appearance is also very important, and the Lebanese take great pride in dressing well. Visitors should aim to dress smartly and modestly, especially when visiting religious sites like mosques or churches.

The concept of family and honor is the bedrock of Lebanese society. Family is the central unit of life, and loyalty to one’s family is paramount. This extends to a broader sense of community and sectarian identity. While the Lebanese are generally open and enjoy discussing politics, it is a highly sensitive and polarized topic. As a foreigner, it is wise to listen more than you speak and to avoid taking strong stances on internal or regional politics. It is also important to be aware of the country’s religious diversity. While Lebanon is a very liberal country in many respects, especially in Beirut, it is still a traditional society at its core. Modesty in dress and behavior is always a good approach, particularly in more conservative rural areas or religious neighborhoods. By showing respect for these customs—venerating elders, embracing hospitality, and appreciating the importance of family and honor—visitors will be met with the incredible warmth and kindness for which the Lebanese people are justly famous.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation in Lebanon are a vibrant and eclectic mix, reflecting the country’s diverse geography and its blend of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern cultures. The nation’s passion for sports is evident across all segments of society, with football (soccer) and basketball reigning as the two most popular spectator sports. Football has a massive following, with local clubs like Al-Ansar and Nejmeh SC commanding fierce loyalties and their matches drawing large, passionate crowds. The Lebanese Premier League is the top tier of the sport, and the national team, known as “The Cedars,” inspires great national pride when they compete in international tournaments like the AFC Asian Cup. The energy and passion surrounding football are a significant part of the country’s social fabric, providing a common ground for people from different backgrounds to unite in support of their favorite teams.

Basketball rivals football in popularity and has been a source of significant international success for Lebanon. The Lebanese Basketball League is highly competitive and professional, and the national team has achieved remarkable success on the Asian stage, winning the FIBA Asia Championship multiple times and qualifying for the FIBA World Cup on several occasions. The success of the basketball team in the early 2000s, in particular, was a major source of national unity and celebration during a challenging post-war period. Beyond these two giants, a variety of other sports are popular. These include volleyball, handball, and martial arts such as Taekwondo and Kickboxing, where Lebanese athletes have also found international success. The country’s long Mediterranean coastline also makes water sports incredibly popular, especially during the hot summer months. Activities like swimming, jet-skiing, sailing, and windsurfing are widely enjoyed in the numerous beach clubs and resorts that dot the coast from north to south.

Lebanon’s unique geography offers a remarkable range of recreational activities. The country is one of the few places in the world where its dramatic topography allows for skiing in the morning and swimming in the afternoon. The Mount Lebanon range, with its snow-covered peaks in winter, is home to several well-equipped ski resorts, such as Mzaar Kfardebian and The Cedars, which attract both local and international visitors. In the warmer months, these same mountains transform into a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts. Hiking and trekking are immensely popular, with numerous trails winding through stunning landscapes, including the long-distance Lebanon Mountain Trail (LMT), which traverses the country from north to south. The Shouf Biosphere Reserve, with its magnificent cedar forests, is a particularly popular destination for hikers. Caving, rock climbing, and paragliding are also growing in popularity, offering adrenaline-pumping ways to experience the country’s breathtaking natural beauty. This dual offering of classic team sports and diverse outdoor recreation makes Lebanon a dynamic and exciting destination for sports lovers and adventurers alike.

32) Environmental Concerns

Lebanon, a country celebrated for its stunning natural beauty and rich biodiversity, is facing a severe and multifaceted environmental crisis. Decades of neglect, poor governance, unregulated development, and the pressures of a growing population have inflicted deep scars on its landscapes, from the Mediterranean coast to the high mountain peaks. One of the most visible and pressing issues is solid waste management. The country has struggled for years with the disposal of its garbage, a problem that famously erupted in the “trash crisis” of 2015 when landfills overflowed and waste piled up in the streets of Beirut and surrounding areas. The reliance on open-air dumps and poorly managed landfills has led to the severe pollution of soil, air, and water resources. The burning of waste at these sites releases toxic fumes, while leachate from the dumps contaminates groundwater and seeps into the Mediterranean Sea, posing a significant threat to public health and marine ecosystems.

Water pollution is another critical environmental challenge. Lebanon is considered relatively water-rich compared to its neighbors, but its water resources are under extreme stress. Untreated sewage from residential areas and toxic effluent from industrial facilities are routinely discharged directly into rivers and the sea. The Litani River, the country’s longest and most important river, has become a symbol of this crisis, suffering from severe pollution that has rendered its water unsafe for drinking or irrigation in many areas. This contamination not only threatens the health of communities that rely on these water sources but also harms the agricultural sector and the delicate coastal and marine environments. The over-extraction of groundwater to meet the demands of a growing population has also led to a significant drop in water tables and, in coastal areas, the intrusion of saltwater into freshwater aquifers, further degrading the quality of this precious resource.

Furthermore, Lebanon is experiencing alarming rates of deforestation and habitat loss. Unplanned urban sprawl is relentlessly encroaching on green spaces and agricultural land. Quarrying, often unregulated, has literally carved away entire hillsides, destroying landscapes and ecosystems in the process. The country’s iconic cedar forests, already a fraction of their historical size, are under threat from climate change, pests, and human activity. The loss of forest cover and natural vegetation exacerbates soil erosion, increases the risk of landslides, and destroys the habitats of the country’s diverse wildlife. Addressing this environmental emergency requires urgent and comprehensive action, including the implementation of sustainable waste management strategies, investment in wastewater treatment infrastructure, enforcement of environmental laws to curb pollution and illegal quarrying, and a concerted effort to promote reforestation and protect the country’s remaining natural heritage. The health of Lebanon’s environment is inextricably linked to the health and well-being of its people and its future economic prosperity.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage in Lebanon is a profoundly significant institution that is deeply intertwined with family, religion, and social tradition. It is generally viewed as a union between two families rather than just two individuals, and as such, family approval plays a crucial role in the courtship process. While modern, Western-style dating is common, especially in cosmopolitan Beirut, the path to marriage often involves a blend of contemporary practices and traditional customs. A serious courtship typically begins after a couple has decided on marriage, at which point the groom, accompanied by his parents and other respected family members, will make a formal visit to the bride’s family to officially ask for her hand. This event marks the formal beginning of the engagement period, which is a time for the two families to bond and to plan the wedding. The engagement is often celebrated with a large party, and the wedding itself is typically a grand and lavish affair, serving as a public celebration of the new union and a testament to the families’ social standing and hospitality.

A unique aspect of marriage in Lebanon is that there is no civil marriage law. All marriages are performed under the authority of one of the country’s 18 officially recognized religious sects, and the marriage is registered with these religious authorities. This means that the legal framework for marriage, as well as for divorce, child custody, and inheritance, is determined by the specific religious laws of the couple’s sect. For example, a Christian couple will marry in a church according to canon law, while a Muslim couple will have their marriage contract, the ‘Katb el-Kitab’, performed by a Sheikh according to Islamic law. This system has significant implications, including making inter-religious marriage within the country procedurally complex; mixed-faith couples often travel abroad to countries like Cyprus or Turkey to have a civil marriage, which is then recognized by the Lebanese state. The absence of a unified civil personal status law is a subject of ongoing debate in Lebanon, with activists advocating for civil marriage as a means of promoting national unity and ensuring equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their religious affiliation.

34) Work Opportunities

Lebanon’s professional landscape, while currently navigating one of the most severe economic crises in modern history, is built on a foundation of a highly skilled, multilingual, and remarkably resilient workforce. Historically, the services sector has been the engine of the Lebanese economy, and it continues to offer the most significant work opportunities. The banking and finance industry, though severely impacted by the recent collapse, was once the pride of the nation and a regional powerhouse. As the country works towards restructuring its financial system, there will be a future need for professionals in areas like risk management, financial technology (fintech), and forensic accounting. The technology and startup ecosystem, particularly in Beirut, has shown incredible tenacity. Despite the brain drain, it remains a vibrant hub for innovation. There is a consistent demand for software developers, UI/UX designers, digital marketers, and entrepreneurs, especially in sectors that provide solutions to local problems, such as renewable energy, e-commerce, and educational technology.

The humanitarian and development sector is another major area of employment in Lebanon. Due to the country’s own economic crisis and its role as a host to a large population of refugees, numerous international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are active across the country. These organizations frequently seek to hire professionals for roles in project management, monitoring and evaluation, public health, education, and social work. For those with a background in international relations or development studies, this sector offers a direct way to contribute to addressing the pressing humanitarian needs in the region. Furthermore, the creative industries have long been a Lebanese strong suit. The country is a regional trendsetter in advertising, media, fashion, and design, and opportunities persist for talented graphic designers, content creators, and media production specialists who can cater to both local and regional markets.

For foreign nationals, securing employment in Lebanon requires a work permit from the Ministry of Labor, a process that must be sponsored by a Lebanese employer. The bureaucracy can be challenging, making the employer’s role in facilitating the process crucial. Networking is absolutely vital in Lebanese professional culture; personal connections and recommendations (‘wasta’) often play a significant role in accessing job opportunities. The economic crisis has drastically altered the salary landscape. The collapse of the local currency means that positions offering payment in “fresh dollars” (actual US dollars) are highly sought after and are becoming the standard for professional roles, particularly in the tech and international sectors. While the current environment is undoubtedly challenging, it also offers a unique opportunity for adaptable, resourceful, and mission-driven professionals to be part of a society in the midst of profound transformation and to contribute to its eventual recovery.

35) Education

Education has long been a cornerstone of Lebanese society, a source of national pride, and a key driver of its human capital. The country boasts one of the highest literacy rates in the Middle East and has a deeply ingrained cultural appreciation for academic achievement. The education system is a diverse and complex mosaic of public and private institutions, reflecting the country’s pluralistic nature. The private sector plays an unusually dominant role, educating a majority of the student population from the preschool to the university level. Many of these private schools are affiliated with religious institutions and often offer curricula in multiple languages, primarily Arabic, French, and English, which has contributed to the country’s highly multilingual workforce. The public school system, administered by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education, serves the remainder of the student population but has historically been underfunded compared to its private counterparts.

The structure of the K-12 education system is divided into three main cycles: elementary (grades 1-6), intermediate (grades 7-9), and secondary (grades 10-12). At the end of the secondary cycle, students must pass official government-administered exams, known as the Brevet at the end of grade 9 and the Baccalaureate at the end of grade 12. The Lebanese Baccalaureate is a rigorous examination that determines eligibility for university admission and is offered in several specialized tracks, such as General Sciences, Life Sciences, Sociology and Economics, and Humanities. The successful completion of the Baccalaureate is a major milestone in a young person’s life and is a prerequisite for entering higher education in Lebanon.

Lebanon’s higher education sector is renowned throughout the region for its quality and diversity. The country is home to a large number of universities, with the American University of Beirut (AUB), Saint Joseph University (USJ), and the Lebanese American University (LAU) being among the most prestigious. These institutions have historically attracted students and faculty from across the Middle East and beyond, serving as vibrant hubs of intellectual inquiry, research, and cultural exchange. They offer a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs in fields such as medicine, engineering, business, and the arts and sciences. However, the entire education sector is currently facing an unprecedented crisis due to the country’s economic collapse. Schools and universities are grappling with a massive brain drain of teachers and professors, hyperinflation that has made operational costs and tuition fees unmanageable, and the challenge of providing quality education to a population facing immense hardship. Despite these severe challenges, the commitment to education remains a core Lebanese value and will be critical to the nation’s long-term recovery.

36) Communication & Connectivity

The communication and connectivity landscape in Lebanon is a study in contrasts, characterized by widespread mobile adoption on one hand and notoriously underdeveloped fixed-line infrastructure on the other. For the vast majority of Lebanese, mobile phones are the primary tool for communication and internet access. The country has a very high rate of mobile penetration, with two state-owned companies, Alfa and Touch, managing the networks under government contracts. 4G services are widely available in most populated areas, providing a crucial, albeit often congested, link to the digital world. Mobile data is essential for daily life, used for everything from social media and messaging via WhatsApp, which is a ubiquitous communication tool, to online banking and business operations. However, the cost of mobile services in Lebanon is considered high by regional standards, and the quality can be inconsistent, particularly as the economic crisis has strained the operators’ ability to maintain and upgrade their networks.

In stark contrast to the mobile sector, Lebanon’s fixed-line internet infrastructure has long been a source of national frustration. The state-owned provider, Ogero, manages the fixed network, which has suffered from decades of underinvestment. As a result, access to high-speed fiber-optic internet is limited, primarily available in certain neighborhoods of Beirut and a few other major cities. Most households and businesses outside these areas rely on slower and less reliable DSL connections over aging copper wires. This digital divide between those with access to fiber and those without is significant. The poor quality and high cost of fixed-line internet have been a major impediment to the growth of the digital economy and have forced many to rely on a patchwork of solutions, including expensive 4G plans and a vast network of private, often informal, internet service providers who offer wireless connections.

The media environment in Lebanon is one of the most vibrant and outspoken in the Arab world, reflecting the country’s political and religious diversity. There is a wide array of television stations, radio channels, newspapers, and online news portals, each often affiliated with a specific political party or sectarian group. This creates a highly politicized and pluralistic media landscape where a multitude of viewpoints are expressed, though often with a strong partisan bias. Freedom of speech is enshrined in the constitution, and the media has historically played a powerful role as a watchdog and a platform for public debate. However, this freedom is not absolute. Journalists face increasing pressure, including legal challenges and harassment, particularly when reporting on sensitive political or security issues. Despite these pressures and the economic challenges facing media outlets, the Lebanese media remains a dynamic and influential force in shaping the national conversation.

37) National Symbols

Symbol	Description
National Flag	The flag of Lebanon features two horizontal red stripes enveloping a wider horizontal white stripe. The red stripes symbolize the blood shed for liberation, while the white stripe represents peace, purity, and the snow-capped mountains. In the center is a green Cedar tree, the country’s most famous symbol.
National Emblem (The Cedar Tree)	The Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani) is the central national symbol, featured on the flag, coat of arms, and currency. It represents holiness, eternity, peace, and longevity. Mentioned frequently in ancient texts, including the Bible, the cedar was prized for its durable and fragrant wood and is a deep source of national pride and a symbol of the country’s resilience.
National Anthem (Koullouna lil-Watan)	“Koullouna lil-Watan, lil-ʻUla lil-ʻAlam” (All of us! For our Country, for our Glory and Flag) is the national anthem of Lebanon. Written by Rachid Nakhlé and composed by Wadih Sabra, it was adopted in 1927 and calls for unity and devotion to the nation.
National Animal (Striped Hyena)	The Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is designated as the national animal of Lebanon. Though often misunderstood, this resilient and adaptable creature is native to the country’s mountainous and rural areas. It symbolizes the wild and untamed aspect of Lebanon’s natural heritage.
National Bird (None Officially Designated)	Lebanon does not have an officially designated national bird, but it is a vital location on a major bird migration route. Birds like the White Stork and various birds of prey are common sights and culturally significant. The Rock Partridge is also often cited in a cultural context.
Cultural Symbol (The Phoenician Alphabet)	While not an official state symbol, the invention of the phonetic alphabet by the ancient Phoenicians on the coast of modern-day Lebanon is a profound source of historical and cultural pride. It represents Lebanon’s ancient legacy of innovation and its contribution to world civilization.

38) Tourism

Lebanon, despite its recent challenges, remains a captivating destination with an astonishing wealth of attractions packed into its small territory. Its tourism appeal is built on a unique trinity of ancient history, vibrant contemporary culture, and stunning natural landscapes. The country is a living museum, boasting some of the world’s oldest and most impressive archaeological sites. Visitors can wander through the millennia-old souks of Byblos, considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities on Earth, explore the grand Roman ruins of Baalbek, with its colossal temples dedicated to Jupiter and Bacchus, and marvel at the well-preserved Phoenician and Crusader history in Sidon and Tyre. The National Museum of Beirut houses a breathtaking collection of artifacts that narrate the country’s rich and layered history. This deep historical resonance provides a powerful and humbling backdrop to any journey through Lebanon.

Complementing its ancient wonders is a dynamic and pulsating modern culture, most famously embodied by its capital, Beirut. The city is a whirlwind of energy, known for its world-class culinary scene, ranging from delicious street food like shawarma and falafel to high-end restaurants offering sophisticated Lebanese and international cuisine. The nightlife is legendary, with entire districts like Mar Mikhael and Gemmayzeh filled with bustling bars and clubs. Lebanon is also a regional hub for arts and fashion, with numerous art galleries, designer boutiques, and a constant stream of cultural festivals. The Lebanese people themselves, known for their warmth, hospitality, and joie de vivre, are central to the tourist experience. The country’s geographical diversity is another major draw. The dramatic contrast between the sun-drenched Mediterranean coast with its beach resorts and the snow-capped peaks of the Mount Lebanon range, offering excellent skiing in winter and incredible hiking in summer, makes it a year-round destination. The lush Qadisha Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage site with its ancient monasteries carved into cliffs, and the magnificent Jeita Grotto, a system of crystalline caves, are just two of the country’s many natural wonders.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for Lebanon is a relatively straightforward process for many nationalities, but it comes with a few crucial and non-negotiable rules. The country’s policy is designed to be welcoming to tourists, and citizens of many countries can obtain a visa on arrival. This includes travelers from most European nations, the United States, Canada, Australia, and several other countries in Asia and Latin America. This visa on arrival is typically granted free of charge for a period of one month at Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport and other official points of entry. The visa is renewable for up to three months. It is essential for all travelers to possess a passport that is valid for at least six months from their date of entry and to have a return or onward ticket. In some cases, immigration officials may ask for proof of accommodation, such as a hotel reservation.

Citizens of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, including Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain, along with Jordanian citizens, enjoy even more liberal entry policies, often being granted a visa on arrival for a period of up to six months. However, for nationalities not eligible for a visa on arrival, a visa must be obtained in advance from a Lebanese embassy or consulate in their country of residence. The application process typically requires a completed form, passport photos, flight and hotel bookings, and sometimes a letter of invitation or proof of financial means. It is always advisable for all travelers, regardless of their nationality, to check the most current regulations with their nearest Lebanese diplomatic mission before traveling, as policies can be subject to change.

The most critical entry requirement, which is strictly enforced, is the absence of any evidence of travel to Israel. The Lebanese government considers itself at war with Israel, and as such, any traveler whose passport bears an Israeli stamp, an exit or entry stamp from a land border with Israel (such as the King Hussein/Allenby Bridge crossing between Jordan and the West Bank), or any other evidence of a visit to Israel will be denied entry into Lebanon and may be detained and deported. This rule is absolute and has no exceptions. Travelers should ensure their passports are free of any such stamps before attempting to enter Lebanon. If you have visited Israel, it is necessary to obtain a new passport before traveling to Lebanon. Adherence to this rule, along with having the required passport validity, will ensure a smooth entry process, allowing visitors to begin their exploration of this fascinating and hospitable country.

40) Useful Resources

• Ministry of Tourism Lebanon
• Lebanese General Security (for visa information)
• Live Love Beirut (Cultural & Event Guide)
• Lebanon Mountain Trail Association
• World Health Organization (WHO) – Lebanon

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