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July 17, 2025

Malta Travel Guide

🇲🇹 Malta Travel Guide

21. Brief History

The history of Malta is a rich, dense, and multilayered chronicle that stretches back over 7,000 years, reflecting its strategic position in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea. The islands’ earliest inhabitants were Neolithic farmers who arrived from Sicily around 5200 BC. They left behind an extraordinary legacy: the Megalithic Temples of Malta. These massive freestanding stone structures, including Ġgantija, Ħaġar Qim, and Mnajdra, are among the oldest in the world, predating both the pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge. These UNESCO World Heritage sites, with their complex designs and astronomical alignments, attest to a highly sophisticated and organized prehistoric society. Following this temple-building culture, the islands became a prize for successive waves of maritime powers. The Phoenicians, masters of the sea, established trading outposts around 800 BC, followed by the Carthaginians, and then the Romans, who incorporated Malta into their empire in 218 BC. Under Roman rule, the islands flourished, known for producing fine textiles and honey, and it was during this period that the Apostle Paul was shipwrecked on the island in 60 AD, an event that introduced Christianity to the Maltese people.

After the fall of the Roman Empire and a brief period of Byzantine rule, a pivotal transformation occurred with the arrival of the Arabs in 870 AD. They ruled for over two centuries, leaving a profound and lasting impact on the Maltese language, which evolved from a dialect of Arabic and remains the only Semitic language written in the Latin script. The Arabs also introduced new irrigation techniques and crops. In 1091, the Normans, led by Roger I of Sicily, conquered the islands, re-establishing Christian rule and marking the beginning of a long period of European feudalism under various noble houses. The most defining era in Maltese history began in 1530 when Holy Roman Emperor Charles V granted the islands to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. These Knights, having been driven from Rhodes by the Ottoman Empire, transformed Malta into a formidable fortress and a bastion of Christendom. Their greatest trial came during the Great Siege of 1565, when a small force of Knights and Maltese soldiers successfully repelled a massive Ottoman invasion, a victory that resonated across Europe.

In the wake of the Great Siege, the Knights embarked on a massive building program, constructing the magnificent fortified city of Valletta, named after their heroic Grand Master, Jean de la Valette. The Knights ruled Malta for 268 years, enriching the islands with stunning baroque architecture, art, and fortifications. Their rule came to an end in 1798 when Napoleon Bonaparte seized the islands on his way to Egypt. The French occupation was short-lived and unpopular, and the Maltese rebelled, seeking assistance from the British. The British took control in 1800, and Malta officially became a part of the British Empire in 1814. Its strategic Grand Harbour became a vital base for the Royal Navy. During World War II, Malta endured a brutal and relentless siege by Axis forces, its heroic resistance earning the entire population the George Cross, Britain’s highest civilian award for gallantry. This honor is still represented on the national flag. After the war, the drive for self-rule grew, and Malta achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964, becoming a republic in 1974 and later joining the European Union in 2004.

22. Geography

The geography of the Republic of Malta is defined by its strategic location and its unique island character. It is a small archipelago located in the central Mediterranean Sea, about 80 kilometers south of Sicily, Italy, and 284 kilometers east of Tunisia. This position has made it a historical crossroads of maritime trade and military power for millennia. The archipelago consists of three main inhabited islands: Malta, the largest and the cultural, commercial, and administrative center; Gozo, the second-largest, which is more rural and known for its scenic hills and tranquil atmosphere; and Comino, a tiny island nestled between the two, which is virtually uninhabited and home to the spectacular Blue Lagoon. The country’s total land area is just 316 square kilometers, making it one of the world’s smallest and most densely populated countries. There are no permanent rivers or lakes on the islands, and the landscape is characterized by a series of low, terraced hills and fields.

The geology of Malta is predominantly limestone, which has profoundly shaped both its natural landscape and its built environment. The honey-colored Globigerina limestone is the most common rock type and has been used for centuries as the primary building material, giving Maltese towns and cities their distinctive and cohesive appearance. This soft limestone has also been easily eroded by water, creating a landscape of gentle valleys (‘wieds’) that are dry in the summer but can fill with rainwater in the winter. The coastline of Malta is rugged and dramatic, characterized by numerous natural harbors, bays, rocky coves, and towering sea cliffs. The Grand Harbour and Marsamxett Harbour, on either side of the capital city Valletta, form one of the finest natural deep-water harbors in the world, a key factor in the island’s strategic importance. While Malta is not known for long, sandy beaches, it has many beautiful small beaches and rocky inlets that are popular for swimming and snorkeling.

Malta’s climate is a classic Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, and sunny summers, and mild, wet winters. The summers, lasting from June to September, are consistently warm, with temperatures often moderated by sea breezes. The winters are short and cool, but rarely cold, with most of the country’s rainfall occurring between October and March. The lack of natural forests and the scarcity of freshwater are significant geographical challenges. Water is a precious resource, and the country relies heavily on a combination of groundwater, collected rainwater, and, increasingly, desalination plants to meet the needs of its population and its thriving tourism industry. The landscape, a sun-drenched tableau of rocky coastlines, terraced fields, and limestone cities, creates a unique and picturesque setting that has enchanted visitors for centuries.

23. Politics and Government

The Republic of Malta is a parliamentary republic, with a political system that operates within the framework of a constitution adopted upon its independence in 1964 and substantially amended when it became a republic in 1974. The system is closely modeled on the British Westminster model, a legacy of its long period as a British colony. The government is structured into three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judiciary, ensuring a separation of powers. The head of state is the President of Malta, a largely ceremonial role. The President is elected by a simple majority of the House of Representatives for a five-year term and is responsible for representing the unity of the state, appointing the Prime Minister, and formally assenting to laws. While the President’s powers are mostly nominal, they serve as an important symbol of national identity and continuity.

The legislative power is vested in the unicameral Parliament of Malta, known as the House of Representatives (Kamra tad-Deputati). The House is composed of members elected for a five-year term through a system of proportional representation using the single transferable vote (STV) method. This electoral system is known for producing results that closely reflect the popular vote. The number of members is typically 65, but constitutional mechanisms exist to add extra seats to ensure that the party with a majority of first-preference votes also has a majority of seats in Parliament, a measure designed to guarantee stable governance. The Parliament is responsible for enacting legislation, approving the national budget, and holding the executive branch accountable. Political life in Malta is characterized by a deeply entrenched and highly competitive two-party system. The two dominant political forces are the center-left Labour Party (Partit Laburista) and the center-right Nationalist Party (Partit Nazzjonalista), which have alternated in power since independence.

The executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is appointed by the President. By constitutional convention, the President appoints the member of the House of Representatives who, in the President’s judgment, is best able to command the support of a majority of the members of the House. The Prime Minister then selects the other ministers to form the Cabinet. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Parliament and is the central decision-making body of the government, responsible for the administration of the country and the implementation of its policies. The high level of public engagement, passionate political rivalries, and strong voter turnout are hallmarks of the Maltese political system. As a member of the European Union since 2004, Maltese politics and governance are also influenced by EU laws and directives, which have been integrated into the national legal framework.

24. Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Malta is a unique hybrid, reflecting the country’s diverse historical influences. Its foundation is based on the civil law tradition, with the comprehensive Maltese Codes, such as the Civil Code and the Criminal Code, being heavily influenced by the Napoleonic Code. However, due to its 164 years as a British colony, it has also absorbed significant elements of English common law, particularly in the areas of public law, company law, and criminal procedure. This creates a distinctive dualistic system. The Constitution of Malta is the supreme law of the land, and it guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes the independence of the judiciary. The court system is structured in a two-tiered hierarchy of superior and inferior courts. The inferior courts are presided over by magistrates and handle minor civil cases and criminal cases of a less serious nature. The superior courts, presided over by judges, have jurisdiction over more serious civil and criminal matters and also serve as courts of appeal.

The highest judicial authorities are the Constitutional Court, the Court of Appeal, and the Court of Criminal Appeal. The Constitutional Court has the crucial role of reviewing the constitutionality of laws and protecting the fundamental rights of citizens. The judiciary is an independent branch of government, with judges and magistrates being appointed by the President upon the recommendation of a judicial appointments committee, a system designed to ensure impartiality and expertise. The legal profession is well-established, and Maltese law is harmonized with European Union law, as Malta has been a member state since 2004. EU regulations are directly applicable, and directives are transposed into national law, ensuring that the Maltese legal framework remains aligned with contemporary European standards.

The criminal justice system is administered by the Malta Police Force, which is responsible for law enforcement, criminal investigation, and maintaining public order throughout the islands. Malta is generally considered a very safe country with a low rate of violent crime. The police force is centralized and operates under the authority of the Ministry for Home Affairs, Security, Reforms and Equality. The criminal procedure follows a process that includes police investigation, arraignment before a magistrate, and trial. For serious crimes, trial by jury is used. The correctional system is managed by the Corradino Correctional Facility. The country’s legal and judicial systems face ongoing challenges, including the need to improve the efficiency of court proceedings and to combat modern forms of crime such as financial crime and money laundering, issues that are a focus of ongoing reform efforts. The commitment to the rule of law and the alignment with European legal norms are central tenets of Malta’s justice system.

25. Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of the Republic of Malta is strategically guided by its geographical location, its historical identity as a bridge between Europe and North Africa, and its status as a small, neutral state within the European Union. A central pillar of its foreign relations is its active and committed membership in the European Union, which it joined in 2004. This membership has anchored Malta firmly within the European political and economic sphere, providing access to the single market, influencing its legal framework, and giving it a voice in the collective decision-making processes of the EU. Malta has embraced its role as the EU’s southernmost member state, often advocating for a stronger focus on Mediterranean issues, including migration, security, and cooperation with North African nations. The country adopted the euro as its currency in 2008 and is also a member of the Schengen Area, further deepening its integration with the continent.

Another key aspect of Maltese foreign policy is its constitutionally-enshrined neutrality. This policy, adopted in the 1980s, means that Malta does not participate in military alliances and strives to maintain friendly and peaceful relations with all nations. This stance of neutrality and non-alignment allows Malta to act as a credible and impartial broker in international affairs, particularly in the often-turbulent Mediterranean region. It has leveraged this position to foster dialogue and build bridges between Europe, the Arab world, and North Africa. Malta is an active member of the Commonwealth of Nations, maintaining strong historical and cultural ties with the United Kingdom and other member states. It also plays a significant role in other international forums, including the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), where it advocates for peace, human rights, and the rule of international law.

Given its location, relations with its Mediterranean neighbors are of paramount importance. Malta maintains excellent relations with Italy, its closest European neighbor, with strong economic and cultural links between the two countries. It also places a high priority on its relationship with the countries of North Africa, particularly Libya and Tunisia. These relationships are crucial for managing shared challenges such as migration, maritime security, and promoting economic development. Malta has often served as a venue for diplomatic talks and a base for humanitarian operations related to North Africa. By skillfully balancing its deep integration with Europe, its commitment to neutrality, and its active engagement with its southern neighbors, Malta has carved out a unique and influential role in foreign affairs, demonstrating that even the smallest of nations can make a significant contribution to regional and global stability.

26. Administrative Divisions

The administrative divisions of Malta have a unique structure that reflects the country’s small size and high population density. Since 1993, the primary and only tier of local governance in the Republic of Malta has been the local council, known in Maltese as ‘kunsill lokali’. The country is divided into 68 local councils, with 54 on the main island of Malta and 14 on the island of Gozo. This system of decentralization was a significant reform aimed at bringing governance closer to the people and empowering local communities to manage their own affairs. Each local council is an elected body, with council members chosen by the residents of that locality for a five-year term through a system of proportional representation. The number of councillors in each council varies depending on the population of the locality. The council is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the councillors from among their members.

These 68 local councils are responsible for a wide range of administrative and community services within their specific locality. Their responsibilities include the upkeep and maintenance of local roads, public parks, and gardens; waste collection and management; the administration of local libraries and community centers; and the organization of cultural events and activities. They also have the authority to issue local by-laws to regulate certain activities within their jurisdiction. While they have a degree of autonomy and their own budget, the local councils work under the supervision of the central government, specifically the ministry responsible for local government, to ensure a consistent standard of administration across the country. This single-tier system of local government is well-suited to Malta’s compact geography, avoiding the need for multiple layers of regional bureaucracy.

For statistical and administrative purposes, particularly in the context of the European Union, the 68 local councils are also grouped into a number of larger regions and districts. However, it is important to note that these regions and districts do not have any administrative or political power of their own; they are not a separate layer of government. The country is divided into six districts, primarily for statistical data collection. More recently, for the purpose of EU funding and regional policy, Malta has been divided into two main regions: the region of Malta, which includes the main island and its smaller islets, and the region of Gozo. In 2021, this was further defined into four regions: the Eastern Region, the Port Region, the Southern Region, and the Gozo Region. Despite these statistical groupings, the local council remains the fundamental and only unit of sub-national governance with which citizens directly interact, making it the heart of community life and administration in Malta.

27. Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Republic of Malta is a highly advanced, diversified, and service-based economy, characterized by its high income levels, low unemployment, and strategic integration into the global marketplace. As a small island nation with very limited natural resources, Malta has successfully leveraged its strategic location, skilled bilingual workforce, and favorable business environment to build a prosperous and resilient economy. The country is heavily reliant on foreign trade, with both imports and exports of goods and services being a significant portion of its GDP. Having joined the European Union in 2004 and the Eurozone in 2008, Malta’s economy is deeply integrated with the rest of Europe, which is its largest trading partner. The key pillars of the modern Maltese economy are tourism, financial services, iGaming (online gambling), and high-value-added manufacturing.

The service sector is the undisputed engine of the Maltese economy. Tourism has long been a cornerstone, attracting millions of visitors each year who are drawn to the islands’ sunny climate, rich history, and beautiful coastline. The sector provides a vast number of jobs in hotels, restaurants, transportation, and entertainment. In recent decades, Malta has also emerged as a major international hub for financial services and iGaming. The country has cultivated a robust regulatory framework that has attracted numerous banks, insurance companies, investment funds, and wealth management firms. Even more prominent has been the explosive growth of the iGaming industry; Malta is now one of the world’s leading jurisdictions for online betting and gaming companies, thanks to its proactive and comprehensive regulatory environment. These high-value service industries have been crucial in driving economic growth and creating skilled employment.

While the service sector dominates, manufacturing remains an important component of the economy. The focus is on high-value products rather than heavy industry. Key manufacturing commodities include electronics (particularly semiconductors), pharmaceuticals, and medical devices. These goods are produced primarily for export. Due to its geography, Malta has a near-total dependence on imported commodities for its basic needs. It imports almost all of its energy (primarily petroleum products and natural gas), a significant portion of its food, and all of its raw materials for industry. Water is also a scarce commodity, with the country relying heavily on energy-intensive desalination plants. This dependence on imports makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices. To counter this, Malta has focused on building a knowledge-based economy, investing in education and technology to ensure its continued competitiveness and prosperity.

28. Science and Technology

Malta has strategically positioned itself as a dynamic and forward-thinking hub for science and technology, leveraging its skilled workforce, pro-business environment, and full membership in the European Union to attract investment and foster innovation. Recognizing the limitations of a resource-scarce economy, the Maltese government has actively promoted the development of a knowledge-based society, with a strong focus on high-tech and digital industries. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector has been a major success story, becoming a significant pillar of the national economy. This includes a thriving ecosystem of software development companies, data centers, and digital marketing agencies. The country’s robust telecommunications infrastructure, with excellent mobile and broadband connectivity, has provided a solid foundation for this digital transformation.

A key area where Malta has established itself as a global leader is in the regulation and hosting of the iGaming (online gambling) industry. This was achieved through the early adoption of a comprehensive and rigorous legislative framework, which created a stable and attractive environment for a large number of international online betting and gaming companies to establish their operations on the island. Building on this success in digital regulation, Malta has also made a significant push to become a pioneer in the field of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and blockchain. In 2018, the Maltese Parliament passed a series of groundbreaking laws to create the world’s first holistic regulatory framework for blockchain, cryptocurrencies, and DLT. This initiative, branding Malta as the “Blockchain Island,” aimed to attract startups and established companies in the digital asset space by providing them with legal certainty and a supportive ecosystem. While the initial hype has moderated, the country remains a key jurisdiction for fintech and blockchain innovation.

Beyond the digital realm, Malta is also nurturing growth in other scientific and technological fields. The life sciences and pharmaceutical manufacturing sectors are significant contributors to the country’s exports, with a focus on producing high-quality generic medicines and medical devices. The government is actively promoting the development of a life sciences park to foster research, development, and collaboration between academia and industry. The University of Malta is the nation’s leading institution for scientific research and higher education, with faculties in engineering, ICT, science, and medicine playing a crucial role in training the next generation of scientists and innovators. Through organizations like the Malta Council for Science and Technology (MCST), the country manages research funding and promotes scientific culture, aiming to ensure that science and technology continue to be key drivers of its future economic prosperity.

29. Philosophy

The philosophical tradition of Malta is a rich, though often overlooked, stream of thought that reflects the island’s unique position as a cultural and intellectual crossroads in the Mediterranean. Its foundations are deeply rooted in the mainstream of European Christian philosophy, particularly the scholastic and humanist traditions, with the Catholic Church having a profound and enduring influence on the nation’s intellectual life. For centuries, the pursuit of philosophy was closely tied to theology and was cultivated within religious institutions like the Collegium Melitense, which later evolved into the University of Malta. Thinkers were engaged with the great questions of metaphysics, ethics, and logic as framed by major figures like Aristotle, Augustine, and Thomas Aquinas. A notable early figure was Peter Caxaro, a 15th-century philosopher whose “Cantilena,” a short poem, is the earliest known literary text in the Maltese language and is considered a work of humanist philosophy reflecting on the transient nature of life.

During the rule of the Knights of St. John, Malta was a cosmopolitan hub, and its intellectual life was infused with the currents of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment. The Knights established libraries and promoted education, creating an environment where philosophical and scientific inquiry could take place. In the British period, Maltese intellectuals engaged with British empiricism and liberal political philosophy, which influenced the development of the island’s own political consciousness and the drive for self-governance. Throughout this history, Maltese philosophy has often been characterized by a pragmatic and ethical focus, concerned with questions of justice, governance, and the good life, rather than purely abstract speculation.

In the contemporary era, Maltese philosophers continue to contribute to both local and international discourse. The University of Malta’s Department of Philosophy is an active center for teaching and research, engaging with a wide range of philosophical traditions, from continental to analytic philosophy. Modern Maltese thinkers grapple with a host of issues relevant to the nation’s identity and its place in the modern world. These include the ethics of new technologies, the philosophical implications of Malta’s status as a small island state in the European Union, the ongoing dialogue between faith and reason in a society that is both deeply Catholic and increasingly secular, and the philosophical challenges posed by issues like migration and environmental sustainability in the Mediterranean. This ongoing philosophical conversation ensures that Malta remains not just a geographical bridge, but an intellectual one as well.

30. Cultural Etiquette

The cultural etiquette in Malta is a warm and inviting blend of Southern European charm and British influence, underpinned by strong family values and a deep-seated Catholic faith. The Maltese people are known for being friendly, sociable, and hospitable to visitors. A handshake is the common form of greeting in most situations, often accompanied by a friendly “Bonġu” (Good morning) or “Bonswa” (Good evening). When being introduced to someone for the first time, it is polite to use their title and last name, although the Maltese are quick to move to a first-name basis in informal settings. Family is the cornerstone of Maltese society, and it is common to be asked questions about your own family, as this is a way of building rapport. Respect for elders is also a key cultural value, and they should be treated with deference and politeness.

When it comes to social engagements, the Maltese have a generally relaxed attitude towards punctuality. While it is always best to be on time for formal appointments, arriving 10 to 15 minutes late for a social gathering at someone’s home is perfectly acceptable and often expected. If you are invited to a Maltese home, it is a thoughtful gesture to bring a gift, such as a bottle of wine, a dessert, or chocolates for the hosts. Maltese hospitality is generous, and you will likely be offered a variety of food and drink. It is polite to accept what is offered. During meals, table manners are generally European in style. It is customary to keep your hands visible, with your wrists resting on the edge of the table. The host will usually offer a toast, and it is polite to raise your glass. The atmosphere is typically lively and filled with conversation, as the Maltese are expressive and enjoy a good discussion.

Modesty and respect for religious traditions are important aspects of public etiquette. While Malta is a modern country with a vibrant beach culture, swimwear should be confined to the beach or pool areas. When visiting churches, which are a central part of the landscape and cultural heritage, it is essential to dress modestly. Both men and women should ensure their shoulders and knees are covered. Many churches will provide shawls or wraps at the entrance for visitors who are not appropriately dressed. The Maltese are proud of their culture and history, and showing a genuine interest in these topics will be very well received. By being respectful of these customs, visitors will be able to fully appreciate the warmth and friendliness that make the Maltese cultural experience so welcoming.

31. Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are an integral part of life in Malta, with a passionate following for several team sports and abundant opportunities for outdoor activities thanks to the islands’ sunny climate and beautiful coastline. The undisputed king of sports in Malta is football (soccer). It is followed with immense passion, and the rivalry between local clubs is fierce. The Maltese Premier League is the top tier of domestic football, and match days are lively events, particularly when major teams like Valletta FC, Floriana, Hibernians, and Sliema Wanderers face off. The national football team also commands strong support, and international matches are significant events. While the national team has not yet qualified for a major international tournament, the sport remains a central part of the national conversation and a source of community pride.

Another sport in which Malta excels and holds a deep passion for is water polo. Given the island’s strong connection to the sea, it is perhaps no surprise that water polo has become a major national sport. The national team is competitive on the European stage, and the domestic league is hotly contested during the summer months. Matches are played in open-air seaside pools, creating a unique and vibrant atmosphere that draws large crowds. The sport’s combination of swimming prowess, strength, and strategy resonates strongly with the Maltese people. Other popular sports include ‘boċċi’, a traditional form of lawn bowling similar to the Italian bocce or the French pétanque, which is a popular social activity for older generations. Motorsport, particularly drag racing and hill climbs, also has a dedicated following.

The Mediterranean Sea surrounding the archipelago is the nation’s primary playground for recreation. The clear, warm waters and excellent visibility make Malta one of Europe’s top destinations for scuba diving. The underwater landscape is rich with caves, reefs, and numerous shipwrecks, both historical and intentionally scuttled, which act as artificial reefs, attracting a diverse range of marine life. The islands of Gozo and Comino are particularly renowned for their world-class dive sites. Sailing, windsurfing, kayaking, and jet-skiing are also extremely popular activities, with numerous clubs and rental facilities available along the coast. For those who prefer to stay on land, the rugged coastline and countryside offer great opportunities for hiking, rock climbing, and cycling, especially during the cooler months of spring and autumn. The combination of passionate team sports and endless water-based recreation ensures a rich and active lifestyle for both residents and visitors.

32. Environmental Concerns

Malta, as a small and densely populated island nation in the Mediterranean, faces a unique and acute set of environmental challenges. Perhaps the most significant concern is the sustainable management of land and water resources. With one of the highest population densities in the world, there is immense pressure on the limited available land. The rapid pace of construction and urban development has led to a significant loss of natural and agricultural land, a phenomenon often referred to as overdevelopment. This has consequences for biodiversity, as natural habitats are fragmented or destroyed, and it also impacts the country’s aesthetic landscape. The protection of the remaining open spaces and the promotion of more sustainable urban planning are critical environmental priorities. Water scarcity is another existential challenge. Malta has no permanent rivers or lakes and possesses very limited groundwater resources. The country is heavily reliant on desalination plants, which are energy-intensive and have their own environmental footprint, to meet the water demands of its population and its vital tourism industry.

Waste management is another major environmental issue. The high population density and a consumer-driven economy generate a significant amount of waste, putting immense pressure on the country’s limited landfill capacity. The government has been actively working to improve its waste management strategies, moving away from a reliance on landfills towards a more circular economy approach. This includes investing in new waste-to-energy facilities, promoting recycling through national schemes, and raising public awareness about waste reduction. The challenge is to effectively manage the waste stream in a way that minimizes environmental impact and maximizes resource recovery. Marine pollution is also a concern, as with any coastal nation. The health of the surrounding Mediterranean Sea is vital for the country’s tourism industry, its fisheries, and its overall quality of life. Issues like plastic pollution and the impact of marine traffic require ongoing monitoring and regional cooperation to address effectively.

As a low-lying island state, Malta is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Rising sea levels pose a long-term threat to coastal infrastructure and ecosystems. More immediate impacts include the potential for more extreme weather events, increased periods of drought, and heatwaves, which would further exacerbate the country’s water scarcity issues. In response, Malta is committed to meeting its obligations under international climate agreements. The country is investing in renewable energy, with a strong focus on solar power, to reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels and lower its greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts are also being made to improve energy efficiency in buildings and transportation. By promoting sustainable development and investing in green technologies, Malta is striving to balance the needs of its growing economy with the critical imperative of protecting its precious and fragile environment.

33. Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in Malta are a vibrant reflection of a society that cherishes family and tradition while embracing modern European life. The family unit is the cornerstone of Maltese society, and marriage is considered a major life event, celebrated with great enthusiasm. While modern dating practices are the norm, the approval of the family, particularly the parents, is still a highly valued and often sought-after part of the process. Courtship is a time for couples to get to know each other, but the relationship often becomes more integrated into the family circle as it becomes more serious. The influence of the Roman Catholic Church is profound, and for the vast majority of Maltese couples, a church wedding is an essential and non-negotiable part of getting married. The period of engagement is a formal step, often marked by a family celebration, and it signifies a public commitment to marry.

A Maltese wedding is a grand and joyous affair, often involving hundreds of guests and a series of elaborate celebrations. The religious ceremony, held in one of Malta’s many beautiful baroque churches, is a solemn and sacred event. Following the ceremony, the celebration moves to a large wedding reception, which is a lavish and lively party that can last for many hours. These receptions are typically held at one of the many specialized wedding venues or hotels across the islands. They are characterized by an abundance of food, an open bar, music, and dancing. It is a time for the extended families and the entire community to come together to celebrate the new couple, reinforcing the strong social and familial bonds that are so important in Maltese culture. The scale and importance placed on the wedding celebration underscore the deep cultural significance of marriage as a key institution in Maltese life.

34. Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Malta is dynamic and diverse, driven by a robust, service-oriented economy that has experienced significant growth and diversification in recent decades. The country has successfully transitioned from a reliance on traditional industries to a modern, knowledge-based economy, creating a high demand for skilled professionals in several key sectors. The most prominent of these growth engines is the tourism and hospitality industry. As a premier Mediterranean destination, Malta offers a vast number of jobs in hotels, restaurants, tour operations, and transportation. The iGaming (online gambling) sector has also been an explosive source of employment. Malta’s status as a leading global hub for online gaming companies has created thousands of jobs, not just for Maltese citizens but for a large community of expatriates, in roles ranging from customer support and marketing to software development and legal compliance.

Another major pillar of the Maltese labor market is the financial services industry. The country has cultivated a reputation as a stable and well-regulated financial center, attracting banks, insurance companies, and investment funds. This has created a demand for qualified professionals in accounting, auditing, and financial analysis. The information and communication technology (ICT) sector is also expanding rapidly, with opportunities in software development, data analytics, and blockchain technology, supported by the government’s pro-innovation policies. The manufacturing sector, while smaller, remains important, with a focus on high-value products like pharmaceuticals and electronics, which require a skilled technical workforce. The widespread use of English as an official language and the language of business is a major advantage, making it easier for international companies to operate and for foreign professionals to integrate into the workforce.

For expatriates, particularly those from other EU countries who enjoy freedom of movement, Malta offers attractive work opportunities, especially in the iGaming, finance, and ICT sectors. There is a high demand for multilingual individuals to serve the international client base of these industries. For non-EU nationals, securing a work permit typically requires a specific job offer from a Maltese employer, and the process is managed through Identity Malta, the government agency responsible for citizenship and expatriate affairs. While the job market is strong, the country’s small size and high cost of living, particularly for rental accommodation, are important factors for potential job seekers to consider. The combination of a thriving economy, a sunny Mediterranean lifestyle, and a welcoming international community makes Malta a highly appealing destination for those seeking new career opportunities.

35. Education

The education system in Malta is of a high standard, heavily influenced by the British model, and is designed to provide a comprehensive and accessible education for all. The system is divided into three main sectors: state schools, which are free for all students; church schools, which are largely subsidized by the government and are a major part of the educational landscape; and independent private schools. Education is compulsory for all children from the ages of 5 to 16. The journey through the Maltese education system begins with pre-primary education (kindergarten), followed by six years of primary education. At the end of primary school, students proceed to five years of secondary school. At the end of this secondary cycle, students sit for the Secondary Education Certificate (SEC) examinations, which are equivalent to the British GCSEs. The curriculum is broad, and a key feature of the system is its bilingualism. Both Maltese and English are official languages and are used as mediums of instruction, ensuring that students become fluent in both from a young age. This bilingual proficiency is a major asset for the Maltese people in the global economy. After completing their compulsory secondary education, students can choose to pursue post-secondary education at a sixth form college, such as the Junior College or the Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology (MCAST), for two years. This period of study prepares them for the Matriculation Certificate, the qualification required for university entrance. Higher education is dominated by the historic and prestigious University of Malta, which offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees across various faculties. The education system is a cornerstone of the nation’s development, producing a skilled and adaptable workforce that has been crucial to its economic success.

36. Communication & Connectivity

Malta boasts a highly advanced and robust communication and connectivity infrastructure, making it one of the most well-connected countries in Europe. The small size of the archipelago and its high population density have facilitated the development of comprehensive and high-quality telecommunications services. The mobile phone market is competitive and dominated by three main providers: GO, Epic, and Melita. These operators offer extensive network coverage across all the islands, with high-speed 4G/LTE and rapidly expanding 5G services being the standard. This ensures that residents and visitors enjoy clear and reliable mobile communication for both voice and data, whether they are in the bustling streets of Valletta or the quieter villages of Gozo. The widespread and high-quality mobile network is a key asset for the country’s thriving digital economy.

For travelers, staying connected in Malta is incredibly easy and affordable. As Malta is a member of the European Union, the “Roam Like at Home” regulations apply. This means that visitors with a SIM card from another EU country can use their mobile phone for calls, texts, and data at no extra cost, just as they would in their home country. for visitors from outside the EU, purchasing a local prepaid SIM card is a simple and cost-effective option. These can be bought at the Malta International Airport upon arrival or at numerous provider stores and authorized resellers across the islands. The process is quick, and tourist packages often offer generous data allowances for a reasonable price, making it easy to use navigation apps, stay active on social media, and keep in touch with family and friends.

Internet connectivity is also excellent. High-speed broadband internet, including fiber-optic services, is widely available for both residential and business use, with several providers competing in the market. This has resulted in fast speeds and competitive pricing. For visitors, Wi-Fi is ubiquitous. It is offered for free in almost all hotels, guesthouses, cafes, restaurants, and bars. The Maltese government has also rolled out an extensive network of free public Wi-Fi hotspots in major squares, public gardens, and tourist areas across Malta and Gozo, making it exceptionally convenient to get online. The combination of excellent mobile coverage and widespread Wi-Fi access ensures that Malta is a highly connected destination, perfect for both leisure travelers and digital nomads.

37. National Symbols

The national symbols of Malta are a powerful and proud representation of the nation’s heroic history, its deep-rooted faith, and its distinct Mediterranean identity. The most prominent of these is the national flag. It is a simple yet deeply meaningful design, consisting of two equal vertical bands of white on the hoist side and red on the fly side. In the upper hoist-side corner, on the white band, is a representation of the George Cross, edged in red. This is not merely a decorative element; it is a symbol of immense national pride. The George Cross, the highest civilian award for gallantry in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth, was awarded to the entire island of Malta by King George VI in 1942 for the incredible bravery and resilience shown by the Maltese people during the brutal World War II siege. The flag, therefore, encapsulates both the historical colors of Malta and a testament to its courage.

The coat of arms of Malta is another key symbol. The current design, adopted in 1988, features a shield that mirrors the design of the national flag. Above the shield is a mural crown in gold with eight turrets, which symbolizes Malta’s fortifications and its status as a city-state. The shield is flanked by two branches: a palm branch on the right and an olive branch on the left, which are traditional symbols of peace. A white ribbon below the shield bears the inscription “Repubblika ta’ Malta” (Republic of Malta) in black. The national anthem is “L-Innu Malti” (The Maltese Hymn), a solemn and prayer-like piece of music with lyrics written by Dun Karm Psaila, Malta’s national poet. The lyrics are a prayer to God, asking for wisdom, mercy, and protection for the Maltese homeland. It is a reflection of the deep Catholic faith that is a cornerstone of the national identity.

Beyond the official state emblems, the most iconic symbol associated with Malta is the Maltese Cross. This eight-pointed cross was the emblem of the Knights of St. John, who ruled the islands for over 250 years. Each of the eight points is said to represent one of the eight ‘langues’ (national groupings) of the Knights or one of the eight beatitudes. It is a symbol of protection and honor and is found throughout the islands on buildings, jewelry, and is even used by the national airline. In the natural world, the national bird is the Blue Rock Thrush (‘Merill’ in Maltese), a beautiful bird known for its melodious song, which lives in the rocky coastal areas. The national plant is the Maltese Rock-centaury (‘Widnet il-Baħar’), a rugged and rare plant that is endemic to the islands, symbolizing the nation’s unique and resilient character.

Category	Symbol
Official Symbols	National Flag (with George Cross), Coat of Arms, National Anthem (“L-Innu Malti”)
Cultural Symbols	The Maltese Cross, Luzzu (traditional fishing boat with the Eye of Osiris), Għonnella (traditional headdress – historical), Festa (village feast)
National Flora	Maltese Rock-centaury (‘Widnet il-Baħar’ – National Plant), Carob Tree
National Fauna	Blue Rock Thrush (‘Merill’ – National Bird), Maltese Honey Bee, Pharaoh Hound (‘Kelb tal-Fenek’ – National Dog)

38. Tourism

Tourism is a vital and thriving industry in Malta, attracting millions of visitors each year who are drawn to its irresistible combination of sun, sea, and history. The country’s appeal lies in its extraordinary density of attractions. Within its small landmass, it packs in a wealth of historical sites that span over 7,000 years, a stunning coastline with crystal-clear waters, and a vibrant culture with a packed calendar of festivals and events. The capital city, Valletta, is a UNESCO World Heritage site in its entirety, a magnificent fortified city built by the Knights of St. John. Its grid of narrow streets is home to majestic baroque palaces, grand churches like the St. John’s Co-Cathedral (which houses Caravaggio’s masterpiece, “The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist”), and fortified bastions that offer breathtaking views of the Grand Harbour. Exploring Valletta is like stepping back in time, a journey through the heart of European history.

Beyond the capital, Malta’s historical treasures continue to unfold. The “silent city” of Mdina, the ancient walled capital perched on a hilltop, offers a magical experience with its labyrinthine medieval streets and panoramic views. The prehistoric Megalithic Temples, older than the pyramids, are a testament to the island’s ancient past and are a must-see for any visitor interested in archaeology. The allure of Malta is also deeply connected to its stunning coastline and the surrounding Mediterranean Sea. The islands are one of Europe’s top destinations for scuba diving, with an underwater world of dramatic caves, reefs, and numerous shipwrecks to explore. The Blue Lagoon on the tiny island of Comino, with its impossibly clear turquoise water, is a paradise for swimmers and snorkelers. The sister island of Gozo offers a more tranquil and rural escape, with its own unique charm, rugged coastline, and the impressive citadel in its capital, Victoria. This blend of world-class heritage, beautiful beaches, and outdoor activities makes Malta a destination with something to offer every type of traveler.

39. Visa and Entry Requirements

The visa and entry requirements for Malta are governed by its membership in both the European Union and the Schengen Area, making travel to the country straightforward and seamless for a large number of nationalities. As a member of the Schengen Area, Malta has abolished internal border controls with the other member countries. This means that travelers can move freely between Malta and the 26 other Schengen states without undergoing border checks. This creates a common travel area that simplifies travel across much of the European continent. The visa policy of the Schengen Area is applied uniformly across all member states, including Malta. This policy divides foreign nationals into two main groups: those who require a visa for short stays and those who do not.

Citizens of a number of countries and territories, including all other European Union and EEA countries, the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, are granted visa-free access to the Schengen Area for short-term visits. This allows them to enter and stay in Malta (and the rest of the Schengen zone) for up to 90 days within any 180-day period for purposes such as tourism or business. Travelers entering under this visa waiver program must have a passport that is valid for at least three months beyond their intended date of departure from the Schengen Area. While a visa is not required, they must still comply with the standard entry conditions, which may include being able to provide proof of sufficient funds and the purpose of their stay if asked by border officials.

For citizens of countries that are not on the visa-exemption list, a Schengen visa must be obtained before traveling to Malta. The application for this short-stay visa must be submitted to the embassy or consulate of the Schengen country that is the traveler’s main destination. If the traveler intends to visit several Schengen countries with no main destination, they should apply at the embassy or consulate of their first point of entry. The application process typically involves completing a standardized form, providing a valid passport, passport photos, a travel itinerary, proof of accommodation, travel medical insurance, and evidence of financial means. It is crucial to apply well in advance of the planned travel date. Upon arrival in Malta, all non-EU travelers, regardless of their visa status, will have their passports stamped by immigration officials, which marks the beginning of their permitted stay in the Schengen Area.

40. Useful Resources

Visit Malta – The official website of the Malta Tourism Authority, the most comprehensive resource for visitors.
Government of Malta – The official portal for all government services and information.
Identity Malta – The government agency for visa, residency, and citizenship information.
Heritage Malta – The national agency for museums, conservation, and cultural heritage, for information on historical sites.
Malta Public Transport – Official site for bus routes, schedules, and the Tallinja Card.
Gozo Channel Company – For ferry schedules between Malta and Gozo.
Times of Malta – The leading English-language newspaper for current events in Malta.