Travel Guide: Marshall Islands

21) Brief History

The history of the Marshall Islands is a profound story of oceanic navigation, colonial encounters, and nuclear legacy, culminating in a resilient modern nationhood. The islands were first settled by Micronesian voyagers approximately 2,000 years ago. These skilled navigators used traditional stick charts—a unique and sophisticated form of cartography using shells and palm strips to map ocean swells—to traverse the vast Pacific and establish communities on these remote atolls. For centuries, Marshallese society developed in relative isolation, organized into complex matrilineal clans led by chieftains (iroij). Life was intricately tied to the sea, with a deep cultural knowledge of fishing, sailing, and subsistence agriculture based on breadfruit, taro, and coconuts. This traditional way of life remained largely undisturbed until the arrival of Europeans.

The first European contact was made in 1526 by a Spanish explorer, but it was British Captain John Marshall, who sailed through the islands in 1788, whose name was eventually given to the archipelago. Throughout the 19th century, the islands became a destination for whalers, traders, and missionaries. In 1885, Germany annexed the islands and established a trading post, marking the beginning of the colonial era. German rule was relatively brief, ending with the outbreak of World War I, after which Japan captured the islands and was later granted a mandate to govern them by the League of Nations. The Japanese administration developed the islands for military and economic purposes, establishing fortifications and promoting commercial agriculture. This strategic importance made the Marshall Islands a key battleground during World War II. In 1944, U.S. forces captured the islands from the Japanese in a series of bloody battles, most notably on Kwajalein and Enewetak atolls.

After the war, the Marshall Islands became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), a United Nations trust administered by the United States. This period defined the modern history of the islands in the most dramatic and tragic way. The U.S. military chose Bikini and Enewetak atolls as the sites for its nuclear weapons testing program. Between 1946 and 1958, the United States detonated 67 nuclear bombs, including the “Bravo” shot, the largest thermonuclear device ever detonated by the U.S. These tests had devastating consequences, rendering islands uninhabitable, displacing entire populations, and leaving a lasting legacy of radiation exposure and health problems that continues to affect the Marshallese people today. After decades of negotiation, the Marshall Islands gained sovereignty in 1979 and formalized its independence through a Compact of Free Association with the United States in 1986. This agreement grants the U.S. responsibility for the country’s defense and provides substantial economic assistance, while the Marshall Islands continues to grapple with the complex environmental and health legacy of the nuclear age.

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22) Geography

The geography of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is the quintessential picture of a Pacific atoll nation, a fragile and beautiful collection of islands scattered across a vast expanse of the central Pacific Ocean. The country consists of 29 coral atolls and five single coral islands, which are organized into two roughly parallel chains: the eastern “Ratak” (Sunrise) chain and the western “Ralik” (Sunset) chain. In total, these atolls are composed of approximately 1,225 individual islands and islets. While the islands are spread over an enormous ocean area of nearly 2 million square kilometers, the total land area is a mere 181 square kilometers. This makes the Marshall Islands a nation that is over 99% ocean, a geographic reality that has profoundly shaped every aspect of its culture, economy, and existence.

The islands themselves are of coral limestone origin, built up over millennia on the rims of submerged volcanic seamounts. This geological formation gives them their characteristic structure: narrow, low-lying strips of land enclosing a central lagoon. The lagoons, with their calm, turquoise waters, are the heart of each atoll, providing a protected environment for marine life and a vital resource for fishing and transportation. The islands themselves are incredibly low, with an average elevation of just 2 meters (7 feet) above sea level. The highest point in the entire country is an unnamed location on Likiep Atoll that is only 10 meters (33 feet) high. This extremely low elevation makes the Marshall Islands one of the most vulnerable nations in the world to the impacts of sea-level rise.

The landscape of the islands is dominated by sandy beaches, coconut palm groves, and pandanus trees. The soil is generally poor and sandy, limiting agriculture to a few hardy subsistence crops like breadfruit, taro, and coconuts. There are no rivers or significant freshwater sources on the islands; the population relies almost entirely on rainwater catchment for drinking water. The nation’s capital and largest city, Majuro, is located on an atoll of the same name and is home to more than half of the country’s population. Life in the outer atolls, away from the urban center of Majuro, is much more traditional and isolated, with communities living a subsistence lifestyle deeply connected to the ocean. The geography of the Marshall Islands is a study in beautiful fragility, a paradise of coral and water facing profound existential challenges from a changing climate.

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23) Politics and Government

The government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system, a unique model that blends aspects of both the British Westminster system and the American presidential system. The country’s political framework is defined by the Constitution of 1979, which was adopted when the nation gained its sovereignty. The constitution establishes a democratic state with a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and includes a bill of rights that guarantees fundamental freedoms for its citizens. The Marshall Islands is a sovereign republic, but it maintains a special relationship with the United States through the Compact of Free Association.

The legislative branch is the heart of the political system. It consists of a unicameral parliament called the Nitijela. The Nitijela is composed of 33 senators who are elected by popular vote for four-year terms. Nineteen of the country’s inhabited atolls and islands serve as electoral districts, with each district electing one or more senators based on its population. The Nitijela is responsible for enacting laws, approving the national budget, and, crucially, electing the President from among its members. This parliamentary election of the president is a key feature of the Westminster system. The political landscape is generally non-partisan in the traditional sense; while some political parties exist, elections are often contested by independent candidates based on family ties, island allegiances, and personal reputation rather than on strict party platforms.

The President of the Marshall Islands is both the head of state and the head of government. Once elected by a majority vote of the Nitijela, the President appoints a cabinet of ministers, who must also be members of the Nitijela. The President and the cabinet form the executive branch and are directly accountable to the parliament; they can be removed from office through a vote of no confidence. A unique feature of the Marshallese political system is the Council of Iroij, a consultative body composed of 12 traditional paramount chiefs (iroij). This council does not have legislative power but serves as an advisory body to the cabinet and the Nitijela on matters related to customary law and traditional practices, ensuring that the nation’s cultural heritage has a voice in the modern governance structure. This blend of democratic elections and traditional authority is a hallmark of the Marshallese political system.

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24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is a pluralistic framework that incorporates elements from multiple legal traditions, reflecting the nation’s unique history and cultural context. The formal legal system is largely based on the Anglo-American common law model, a legacy of the country’s time as a U.S.-administered Trust Territory. The supreme law of the land is the Constitution of 1979, which establishes the structure of the government and guarantees the fundamental rights of citizens. Below the constitution, the primary sources of law are statutes enacted by the Nitijela (the parliament) and the precedents set by the country’s courts. The legal framework also incorporates laws from the former Trust Territory code that have not been superseded by new legislation.

A crucial and co-existing component of the legal landscape is customary law. The constitution explicitly recognizes and protects the role of customary law and traditional practices as an integral part of the nation’s legal system. Customary law, based on the long-standing norms and values of Marshallese society, governs many aspects of daily life, particularly in the outer atolls. It is especially influential in matters of land tenure, which is a complex system based on matrilineal lineage, family rights, and the authority of traditional chiefs (iroij). The formal court system is required to take customary law into account when making decisions, especially in cases involving land disputes or family matters. This creates a dualistic system where modern law and ancient traditions must be carefully balanced.

The judiciary is an independent branch of government, responsible for interpreting and applying the law. The court system is structured with the Supreme Court as the highest appellate court. Below it is the High Court, which has both trial and appellate jurisdiction. The lowest level of the formal system consists of the District Court and Community Courts, which handle minor civil and criminal cases. Law enforcement is the responsibility of the Marshall Islands Police Department. The criminal justice system faces significant challenges, including limited resources, a shortage of trained legal professionals, and difficulties in providing access to justice for the remote populations of the outer atolls. The system strives to uphold the rule of law while respecting the deep-seated cultural traditions that continue to shape Marshallese society.

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25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is fundamentally defined by two overarching factors: its status as a small island developing state and its unique political relationship with the United States under the Compact of Free Association (COFA). The COFA is the cornerstone of the nation’s foreign and security policy. Under this agreement, the United States has full authority and responsibility for the security and defense of the Marshall Islands. In return, the U.S. provides substantial annual financial assistance, which is vital for the government’s budget and public services, and allows Marshallese citizens the right to live and work in the United States as non-immigrants. This compact gives the Marshall Islands a security guarantee that it could not provide for itself, but it also aligns its strategic posture closely with that of the United States.

As a sovereign nation, the Marshall Islands conducts its own foreign policy and is an active member of the international community. It is a member of the United Nations and several regional organizations, most importantly the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the main political and economic policy organization for the region. Within these multilateral forums, the Marshall Islands has become a powerful and respected voice on the issue of climate change. As an extremely low-lying atoll nation, the country faces an existential threat from sea-level rise. Consequently, its diplomats have been at the forefront of international climate negotiations, advocating for more ambitious global emissions reduction targets and for greater international support for climate adaptation and mitigation efforts in vulnerable nations. This climate diplomacy has become a central and defining feature of its modern foreign policy.

Beyond its relationship with the U.S. and its climate advocacy, the Marshall Islands maintains diplomatic relations with a number of countries around the world. It has particularly strong ties with other Pacific island nations, sharing common challenges and a collective identity. The country has also historically been one of the few nations to maintain official diplomatic recognition of Taiwan (Republic of China) rather than the People’s Republic of China, a position that has been a defining feature of its foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region. Another critical and ongoing element of its foreign relations is its pursuit of nuclear justice. The Marshall Islands continues to engage with the United States and the international community to seek further redress for the devastating health and environmental consequences of the U.S. nuclear testing program conducted on its atolls, a historical grievance that remains a central issue in its national consciousness and diplomatic efforts.

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26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is based on its geography as a nation of atolls and islands, with local government being the primary form of sub-national administration. The country is divided into 24 inhabited atolls and islands, each of which constitutes a municipality and serves as an electoral district for the national parliament, the Nitijela. This structure ensures that each inhabited island or atoll has a degree of local self-governance and direct representation at the national level. The functions and powers of these local governments are outlined in the constitution and further detailed in the Local Government Act. This system allows for the administration of local affairs in a way that is responsive to the needs of communities that are often geographically remote and isolated from one another.

Each of the 24 municipalities has its own locally elected council and a mayor. These local governments are responsible for a range of municipal services, such as maintaining public spaces, managing local infrastructure, and passing local ordinances on matters that are not covered by national law. The capacity and resources of these local governments can vary significantly. The municipal governments of the two main urban centers, Majuro Atoll (the capital) and Kwajalein Atoll (specifically Ebeye Island), are the largest and most developed, dealing with complex urban issues like waste management, public utilities, and housing. In contrast, the local governments of the sparsely populated outer atolls have much more limited resources and focus on the basic needs of their small communities, often working closely with traditional leaders.

While the formal administrative structure is based on these elected municipal governments, the traditional governance structure continues to play a vital and often parallel role in the administration of the islands. Marshallese society is traditionally organized around a system of paramount chiefs (Iroij), lesser chiefs, and clan heads (Alaps) and workers (Rijerbal), who hold significant authority, particularly in matters of land tenure and community life. The formal government system acknowledges and respects this traditional authority. The Council of Iroij, a body of traditional leaders, has a constitutional role to advise the national government on matters of custom and tradition. At the local level, elected mayors and councils must often work in close cooperation with the traditional leaders of their atoll to govern effectively, creating a blended administrative system that combines modern democratic principles with centuries-old Marshallese custom.

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27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is a small, developing economy that is characterized by a heavy dependence on foreign aid, a limited private sector, and a large public sector. The most significant single factor in the national economy is the financial assistance provided by the United States under the Compact of Free Association (COFA). These annual payments, along with various other U.S. federal program grants, are the primary source of revenue for the Marshallese government and fund a large portion of the country’s public services, including healthcare, education, and infrastructure. This reliance on external aid makes the economy vulnerable to changes in U.S. policy and creates challenges for achieving long-term fiscal self-sufficiency. The public sector, funded by this aid, is the largest employer in the country.

The private sector economy is small and centered on a few key areas. The fisheries industry is one of the most important sources of domestic revenue. The vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Marshall Islands is rich in tuna stocks, and the government earns significant income from the sale of fishing licenses to foreign fishing fleets from countries like Japan, Taiwan, and the United States. The Marshall Islands also has a major international ship registry, which is one of the largest in the world. This “flag of convenience” registry provides another important source of revenue for the government. On a more local level, the production of copra (dried coconut meat) for export is a key economic activity for people living in the outer atolls, providing one of the few sources of cash income for these remote communities.

Subsistence agriculture and fishing remain the foundation of life for a large portion of the population, particularly on the outer islands. Families rely on growing their own breadfruit, taro, and coconuts, and on fishing in the lagoons and nearby ocean for their daily food supply. The tourism industry is small but holds potential for growth, focusing on niche markets like scuba diving, sport fishing, and cultural tourism. However, the development of tourism is hampered by the country’s remoteness, limited flight connections, and lack of infrastructure. The economy faces significant structural challenges, including a high unemployment rate, a reliance on imported goods for food and fuel, and the existential threat of climate change, which could devastate its limited land and resources. Building a more diversified and sustainable private sector economy is the nation’s greatest long-term economic challenge.

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28) Science and Technology

The landscape of science and technology in the Marshall Islands is shaped by its unique environmental challenges, its history, and its status as a small island developing state. The country does not have a large, formalized scientific research sector in the traditional sense, with major universities or research institutes. However, it is a site of significant international scientific interest and a place where science and technology are being applied to address some of the most pressing issues of our time. The most prominent area of scientific activity relates to the legacy of the U.S. nuclear testing program. For decades, scientists from the United States and other countries have been studying the long-term health and environmental effects of radiation on the people and ecosystems of atolls like Bikini, Enewetak, and Rongelap. This includes ongoing radiological surveys, environmental monitoring, and medical research, making the Marshall Islands a crucial, albeit tragic, case study in the long-term impacts of nuclear fallout.

Climate change science is another area of critical importance. As one of the world’s most vulnerable nations to sea-level rise, the Marshall Islands is a living laboratory for studying and responding to the impacts of climate change. Scientific efforts, often in partnership with international organizations and research institutions, focus on monitoring sea-level changes, assessing the health of coral reefs, studying the impacts of ocean acidification, and developing strategies for adaptation. This includes research into more resilient crops, improving rainwater harvesting techniques, and exploring engineering solutions to protect coastlines. The application of climate science and technology is not an abstract academic exercise in the Marshall Islands; it is a matter of national survival.

In terms of technology adoption, the Marshall Islands faces challenges related to its remoteness and limited infrastructure. However, technology is increasingly playing a vital role in connecting the scattered islands and improving public services. The expansion of mobile telecommunications and satellite internet has been a significant development, improving communication between the capital, Majuro, and the remote outer atolls. This technology is being used to support distance education and telehealth initiatives, helping to overcome the immense geographical barriers to service delivery. Furthermore, the adoption of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar power, is a key priority. Solar panels are being installed on homes, schools, and health clinics, especially in the outer islands, to reduce the reliance on expensive imported diesel fuel and to build a more sustainable and resilient energy future for the nation.

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29) Philosophy

The philosophical worldview of the Marshallese people is a rich and resilient tapestry woven from threads of ancient tradition, deep ecological knowledge, and the profound historical experiences of the 20th century. At its very core is a philosophy centered on the intricate relationship between people, land, and the ocean. In a nation where land is the scarcest resource, the concept of “jowi” (clan) and its connection to a specific “weto” (land parcel) is fundamental to a person’s identity. Land is not seen as a commodity to be bought and sold, but as the ancestral foundation of the clan, held in trust for future generations. This philosophy is based on a complex matrilineal system of inheritance and a deep sense of collective ownership and responsibility. The ocean is not seen as a void that separates islands, but as a connector, a source of sustenance, and a sacred space that must be respected and understood.

This deep connection to the environment is expressed through a philosophy of “wūnin” (origin or foundation), which emphasizes balance and respect for the natural world. Traditional Marshallese culture possesses a sophisticated body of ecological knowledge, passed down through generations. This includes the famous “stick charts,” which are not maps in the Western sense, but are complex diagrams that represent the patterns of ocean swells and currents, allowing for navigation across vast distances of open ocean. This demonstrates a philosophy that seeks to live in harmony with the forces of nature rather than conquer them. It is a worldview that sees the health of the community as being inextricably linked to the health of the lagoons, the reefs, and the land.

This traditional philosophy has been profoundly shaped by the historical traumas of the modern era, particularly the legacy of the U.S. nuclear testing program. This experience has introduced a powerful philosophical theme of survival, resilience, and the pursuit of justice into the national consciousness. The displacement of entire communities from their ancestral lands and the ongoing health and environmental consequences have fostered a deep-seated skepticism towards outside powers and a fierce determination to preserve their cultural identity and advocate for their rights on the world stage. The modern Marshallese philosophy is therefore a complex blend of ancient respect for tradition and the environment, combined with a powerful modern voice that speaks of the human cost of the nuclear age and the urgent existential threat of climate change, a philosophy of a people determined to navigate their future just as their ancestors navigated the vast Pacific.

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30) Cultural Etiquette

Visitors to the Marshall Islands will find a culture that is warm and welcoming, but one that is also guided by a set of social customs rooted in respect, community, and a gentle formality. Understanding and observing these points of etiquette is key to interacting positively with the Marshallese people. The concept of respect is paramount, especially towards elders. Older individuals are seen as the keepers of wisdom and tradition, and they should always be treated with deference. When entering a room or a gathering, it is polite to acknowledge the elders present. Modesty in both dress and behavior is highly valued. The Marshall Islands is a relatively conservative Christian society, and revealing clothing is not appropriate, particularly outside of resort areas. Both men and women should aim to dress modestly, ensuring shoulders and knees are covered when in public spaces, villages, or when visiting a church.

Community and family are the pillars of Marshallese society, and this is reflected in social interactions. The sense of community is strong, and sharing is a deeply ingrained value. It is common for people to share food and resources, and if you are offered something, it is polite to accept. When visiting a home, it is customary to remove your shoes before entering. Raising your voice or showing anger in public is strongly discouraged, as it is seen as disruptive to social harmony. A calm and gentle demeanor is always appreciated. Direct confrontation is generally avoided; people prefer to communicate in a more indirect and non-confrontational manner to avoid causing offense or embarrassment.

Greetings are an important part of daily life. A simple “yokwe” (pronounced yuk-way), which means “hello,” “goodbye,” and “love,” is the universal greeting and can be used in any situation. A handshake is a common form of greeting, but it is often lighter and less firm than in Western cultures. It is also common for friends of the same gender to hold hands as a sign of friendship. When giving or receiving items, it is polite to use your right hand or both hands, but not the left hand alone. Finally, always ask for permission before taking photographs of people, especially children. By approaching interactions with a quiet respect, a friendly smile, and an open heart, visitors will be able to connect with the gracious and hospitable culture of the Marshall Islands.

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31) Sports and Recreation

The sporting culture in the Marshall Islands is a vibrant mix of modern sports and traditional recreational activities that reflect the nation’s close-knit communities and its deep connection to the surrounding ocean. By far, the most popular modern sports are basketball and volleyball. These sports are played with great enthusiasm throughout the islands, especially in the more populated centers of Majuro and Ebeye. Basketball courts can be found in nearly every community, and they serve as important social hubs where people gather in the evenings to play and spectate. The country has a national basketball federation and competes in regional Micronesian and Pacific Games, with basketball often being a source of national pride.

Volleyball is equally popular, particularly as a community sport that is enjoyed by people of all ages. It is common to see nets set up on any available patch of sand or grass, with lively games taking place, especially on weekends. Baseball and softball have also gained a significant following, influenced by the historical ties with the United States. While the formal sports infrastructure is limited, the passion for these games is strong, and they play a vital role in community life, fostering teamwork and providing a positive outlet for the nation’s youth. The Marshall Islands also participates in the Olympic Games, typically competing in sports like athletics, swimming, and weightlifting, representing their nation on the world’s biggest stage.

Recreation in the Marshall Islands is intrinsically linked to the ocean. The calm, clear waters of the lagoons are the ultimate playground for a wide range of activities. Swimming, snorkeling, and fishing are part of daily life for many Marshallese. Outrigger canoeing is a traditional and still-practiced form of recreation and transportation, connecting people to the ancient navigational heritage of their ancestors. Sailing is also a popular pastime. In recent years, the incredible marine biodiversity and the presence of numerous World War II wrecks have made the Marshall Islands a world-class, though remote, destination for scuba diving. Recreational activities on land are often simple and community-focused, including weaving, singing, and gathering for community events and church activities, all of which are central to the social fabric of the islands.

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32) Environmental Concerns

The Republic of the Marshall Islands faces a set of environmental challenges that are among the most severe and existential of any nation on Earth. The most overarching and immediate threat is climate change and the associated sea-level rise. As a nation composed entirely of low-lying coral atolls, with an average elevation of just two meters, even a modest rise in sea level poses a direct threat to the country’s land, infrastructure, freshwater resources, and its very existence. The impacts are already being felt, with more frequent and severe coastal flooding during high tides (king tides), increased coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion into the fragile freshwater lenses that lie beneath the atolls, contaminating the primary source of drinking water for many communities. This makes the Marshall Islands a frontline state in the global climate crisis.

The second profound environmental challenge is the lasting legacy of nuclear contamination from the U.S. nuclear weapons testing program conducted between 1946 and 1958. The 67 nuclear tests carried out at Bikini and Enewetak atolls left a legacy of radiological contamination that rendered several islands uninhabitable and continues to pose risks to human health and the environment. A major ongoing concern is the Runit Dome on Enewetak Atoll, a massive concrete structure built to contain contaminated soil and debris from the tests. There are growing fears that climate change and rising seas could compromise the structural integrity of the dome, potentially releasing radioactive materials into the surrounding marine environment. This nuclear legacy complicates every aspect of environmental management and sustainable development in the affected atolls.

Beyond these two existential threats, the Marshall Islands faces other significant environmental pressures. Waste management is a critical issue, especially in the densely populated urban center of Majuro. The limited land area makes it extremely difficult to manage solid waste, and the island’s landfill is overflowing, creating public health risks and polluting the surrounding lagoon. The reliance on imported goods has also led to a significant problem with plastic pollution. Furthermore, the health of the nation’s coral reefs, which are vital for coastal protection and support the marine ecosystem, is under threat from both global warming-induced coral bleaching and localized pollution. Addressing this complex web of environmental challenges—from climate change and nuclear contamination to waste management and reef health—is the central and most critical task for the future of the Marshall Islands.

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33) Marriage & Courtship

In the Marshall Islands, marriage is a cornerstone of society, traditionally viewed as a vital alliance between two clans (jowi) rather than just a union of two individuals. While modern practices and Christian influences have shaped contemporary weddings, the foundations of courtship and marriage are still deeply rooted in Marshallese custom and the importance of family. Historically, marriages were often arranged by the families to strengthen clan ties, maintain land rights, and ensure social stability. Today, while individuals have the freedom to choose their own partners, the approval and involvement of the family remain crucial. The courtship process is generally modest and discreet. A young man interested in a young woman will often use an intermediary, such as a friend or relative, to express his interest and to gauge the receptiveness of the woman and her family.

Once a couple decides to marry, the two families will come together to formally agree to the union. A central part of this process involves a discussion of family histories and lineage to ensure that the couple is not too closely related, as the matrilineal clan system is complex and extensive. The wedding itself is a major community event, often celebrated over several days. It typically involves a Christian church ceremony, as the vast majority of Marshallese are devout Christians, followed by a large community feast known as a “kemem.” The entire community contributes to the kemem, bringing food and helping with preparations, which underscores the communal nature of the celebration. The exchange of gifts between the two families is an important part of the wedding, symbolizing the new bond that has been forged. Marriage is seen as a lifelong commitment, and the new couple is supported by a strong network of extended family members who play an active role in their lives.

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34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands is limited and characterized by a dual economy. The largest single employer is the public sector, with a significant portion of the workforce employed by the national and local governments. These government jobs, which span fields like administration, education, healthcare, and public utilities, are largely funded by the financial assistance the country receives from the United States under the Compact of Free Association. Consequently, public sector employment is concentrated in the capital, Majuro, and on Ebeye Island in Kwajalein Atoll, the two main urban centers. These positions are the most sought-after due to their relative stability and benefits.

The private sector is small and offers a limited number of formal jobs. The main private industries include retail, construction, and services that cater to the urban population and the government. The fisheries sector also provides some employment, both through the government agency that manages fishing licenses and through the local fish market and processing facilities. Another significant source of employment is the U.S. Army Garrison-Kwajalein Atoll (USAG-KA), a major missile testing range. A large number of Marshallese citizens commute from Ebeye Island to work on the base in various support, maintenance, and service roles. For those living on the remote outer atolls, formal work opportunities are extremely scarce. The economy there is almost entirely based on subsistence lifestyles, with the production of copra (dried coconut meat) for export being one of the only sources of cash income.

For foreign nationals, work opportunities are very limited and highly specialized. Expatriates are typically employed in roles where local expertise is not available. This includes positions as senior advisors or technical experts within government ministries (often funded by international aid), doctors and other specialized healthcare professionals, senior roles in international NGOs, and specialized technical positions on the U.S. army base. Securing a work permit requires an employer to demonstrate that a qualified Marshallese citizen could not be found to fill the position. The country faces significant challenges with high unemployment, particularly among the youth. The government’s focus is on improving education and vocational training to better equip its citizens for the few available jobs and to foster small business development and entrepreneurship.

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35) Education

The education system in the Republic of the Marshall Islands is structured to provide a pathway from early childhood education through to the tertiary level, though it faces significant challenges related to resources, quality, and geographical dispersion. The system is largely based on the American model, a legacy of the country’s time as a U.S.-administered Trust Territory. The Ministry of Education, Sports, and Training oversees the public school system, which is responsible for the education of the vast majority of students. Education is compulsory for children from ages 6 to 14, covering eight years of elementary school. After elementary school, students can continue to a four-year secondary (high school) program. The system is a mix of public and private schools, with many of the private schools being run by religious organizations.

One of the greatest challenges facing the education system is ensuring equitable access and quality across the nation’s scattered atolls. While schools in the urban centers of Majuro and Ebeye are more accessible and generally better-resourced, schools in the remote outer atolls often struggle with a severe lack of basic facilities, learning materials, and qualified teachers. It is difficult to attract and retain trained educators in these isolated communities. This creates a significant disparity in educational outcomes between urban and rural students. The curriculum is taught primarily in English, with Marshallese language and culture classes also being a part of the program. At the end of high school, students can take standardized tests that determine their eligibility for higher education.

At the tertiary level, the College of the Marshall Islands (CMI), located in Majuro, is the nation’s primary institution of higher learning. It is a two-year community college that offers associate degree programs in fields like nursing, education, liberal arts, and business. CMI plays a crucial role in training the nation’s workforce, particularly its teachers and healthcare professionals. For students seeking a four-year bachelor’s degree or higher, they typically must travel abroad, often to the United States or to regional institutions like the University of the South Pacific in Fiji. The government, with support from international partners, is continuously working to improve teacher training, develop a more relevant curriculum, and upgrade school infrastructure to provide a better quality of education for all Marshallese children, as it is seen as the key to the nation’s future development.

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36) Communication & Connectivity

The communication and connectivity infrastructure in the Marshall Islands is a study in contrasts, reflecting the immense geographical challenge of connecting a nation of scattered, low-lying atolls. In the main urban centers of Majuro and Ebeye, connectivity has improved significantly in recent years. The National Telecommunications Authority (NTA) is the sole provider of telecommunication services in the country. They operate a mobile network that provides 3G and 4G/LTE services in these populated areas, allowing residents and visitors to access the internet through their smartphones and other mobile devices. This has been a crucial development for business, education, and social connection. However, the cost of mobile data remains relatively high compared to international standards, which can be a barrier for some users.

A major breakthrough for the country’s connectivity was the connection to the HANTRU-1 submarine fiber-optic cable, which links Majuro and Ebeye to Guam and the global internet backbone. This has provided a much faster and more reliable internet service for the urban centers compared to the previous reliance on satellite technology. This fiber-optic connection supports fixed-line internet services for government offices, businesses, and a growing number of households. However, this high-speed connectivity is largely confined to the two main atolls. The vast majority of the outer atolls remain disconnected from this network and continue to rely on older, slower, and less reliable technologies.

Connecting the remote outer islands is the greatest communication challenge. These communities are spread across a huge expanse of the Pacific, and extending fiber-optic or microwave links to them is not economically feasible. As a result, communication with the outer atolls is primarily conducted through a combination of high-frequency (HF) radio and, in some locations, satellite-based internet services. The NTA operates a network of public satellite terminals on many outer islands, providing a vital, albeit slow and often expensive, link to the outside world. This limited connectivity impacts everything from distance education and healthcare to emergency response. Efforts are ongoing to leverage new satellite technologies to improve and expand internet access to these remote and isolated communities, bridging the significant digital divide that exists between the urban centers and the rest of the nation.

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37) National Symbols

Symbol	Name/Description
National Flag	The flag of the Marshall Islands features a blue field representing the Pacific Ocean. Two diagonal stripes, orange and white, radiate from the lower hoist corner. Orange symbolizes wealth and bravery, while white symbolizes peace. A large white 24-pointed star in the upper hoist represents the 24 municipalities of the country.
Seal (Coat of Arms)	The Seal of the Republic of the Marshall Islands depicts an angel with outstretched wings symbolizing peace. Behind the angel is a map of the islands. Other elements include a fishing net, a canoe, and a traditional stick chart, all representing the nation’s reliance on the sea and its navigational heritage. The motto is “Jepilpilin ke Ejukaan” (Accomplishment Through Joint Effort).
National Anthem	“Forever Marshall Islands” is the national anthem. The lyrics and music were written by former President Amata Kabua.
National Animal	While not officially designated, the Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) is a powerful symbol of the ocean and is culturally significant throughout the islands.
National Tree	The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) is central to life in the Marshall Islands, providing food, drink, building materials, and the basis of the copra industry. It is a symbol of life and sustenance.
Flora	The flora is typical of coral atolls. It is dominated by Coconut Palms, Pandanus (screwpine), Breadfruit trees, and various shrubs and grasses that are tolerant of sandy soil and salt spray.
Fauna	The native land fauna is limited, primarily consisting of birds, lizards, and insects. The surrounding marine fauna is exceptionally rich, with hundreds of species of fish, corals, sea turtles, sharks, rays, and marine mammals like dolphins and whales.

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38) Tourism

Tourism in the Republic of the Marshall Islands is a small-scale, niche industry that offers a truly unique and off-the-beaten-path experience for adventurous travelers. The country is not a destination for mass tourism; its remoteness, limited flight connections, and developing infrastructure mean that it attracts a specific type of visitor who is seeking authenticity, cultural immersion, and world-class marine adventures. The main draw for most tourists is the incredible underwater world. The Marshall Islands are a paradise for scuba divers and snorkelers, boasting pristine coral reefs, incredible visibility, and a staggering abundance of marine life. The calm, protected waters of the atoll lagoons are teeming with colorful reef fish, sharks, rays, and sea turtles.

For advanced divers, the Marshall Islands offers some of the most spectacular wreck diving on the planet. The lagoons of Bikini Atoll and Kwajalein Atoll are graveyards for a fleet of World War II warships, including battleships, aircraft carriers, and submarines. These wrecks, sunk during the post-war U.S. nuclear tests at Bikini (Operation Crossroads) or during WWII battles, have become stunning artificial reefs, attracting both history buffs and underwater photographers. Diving on these historic “ghost fleets” is a unique and haunting experience. In addition to diving, the country is an excellent destination for sport fishing, with its deep offshore waters holding large populations of tuna, marlin, and wahoo. The outer atolls also offer a chance to experience a traditional way of life that has changed little over the centuries, allowing visitors to learn about Marshallese culture, navigation, and handicrafts from the local communities.

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39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Understanding the visa and entry requirements for the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a critical step for any traveler planning a trip to this remote Pacific nation. The country maintains its own immigration policies, and the requirements vary based on a visitor’s nationality. Citizens of the United States are granted visa-free access due to the Compact of Free Association between the two nations. U.S. citizens can enter the Marshall Islands for tourism or business and stay for an indefinite period, provided they have a valid passport. Similarly, citizens of most Pacific island nations, as well as countries in the European Union Schengen Area, the United Kingdom, and several other nations, are also typically granted visa-free entry for short stays, usually up to 90 days. However, it is essential for all travelers to confirm the specific rules for their nationality before making travel arrangements, as these policies can change.

For citizens of countries that are not on the visa-waiver list, a visa must be obtained in advance of arrival. The Marshall Islands does not have a large network of embassies and consulates around the world, so applying for a visa can require some planning. Applications are typically processed through the Office of the Attorney General in Majuro. The process usually involves submitting a completed application form, a valid passport, passport photos, and supporting documents such as a flight itinerary and proof of accommodation. It is highly recommended to start this process well in advance of your planned travel dates to allow for sufficient processing time. Arriving in the Marshall Islands without the required visa can result in being denied entry.

All visitors, regardless of their visa status, must hold a passport that is valid for at least six months from the date of entry. Upon arrival at Amata Kabua International Airport in Majuro, travelers must also present a completed immigration and customs declaration form. Proof of sufficient funds to cover the duration of the stay and a return or onward ticket may also be requested by immigration officials. There is also a departure tax that is payable in cash at the airport when leaving the country. Given the specific and sometimes complex nature of the entry requirements, all travelers are strongly advised to contact the nearest RMI diplomatic mission or the Marshall Islands Immigration Division directly for the most accurate and up-to-date information before finalizing their travel plans.

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40) Useful Resources

• Nitijela (Parliament of the Marshall Islands)
• RMI Embassy to the United States (Visa & Consular Info)
• Yokwe.net (News and Information Portal)
• Micronesia Tour (Marshall Islands Section)
• The Pacific Community (SPC) – Marshall Islands Profile
• University of the South Pacific (USP) – RMI Campus

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