Mauritania Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of Mauritania is a profound narrative shaped by its vast desert landscapes, its role as a crossroads of civilizations, and its complex social fabric. In ancient times, the region was inhabited by Berber (Amazigh) and sub-Saharan African peoples. The Ghana Empire, one of the great empires of West Africa, extended its influence into the southern parts of modern-day Mauritania. The most significant historical turning point was the arrival of Islam in the 8th century, which was spread through trade and conquest. This led to the rise of powerful Berber dynasties, most notably the Almoravids in the 11th century. Originating in Mauritania, the Almoravid movement was a puritanical Islamic reform movement that built a vast empire stretching from the Sahara to Spain, leaving a lasting legacy of Islamic scholarship and culture. The ancient caravan cities of Chinguetti, Ouadane, Tichitt, and Oualata, now UNESCO World Heritage sites, flourished during this period as vital centers of the trans-Saharan trade in salt, gold, and slaves, and as renowned centers of Islamic learning.

Over the centuries, Arab-Berber groups, particularly the Beni Hassan tribe, migrated southwards, gradually gaining dominance over the region. This process led to the Arabization of the Berber population and the consolidation of a hierarchical social structure, with the warrior and clerical (Maraboutic) lineages at the top. This society, known as Moorish society, was characterized by its nomadic pastoralism and its deep commitment to Islamic scholarship. The historic libraries of Chinguetti and other ancient cities, filled with priceless manuscripts on subjects ranging from theology and law to astronomy and mathematics, are a testament to this rich intellectual tradition. European contact began in the 15th century with the arrival of Portuguese traders, but it was not until the 19th and early 20th centuries that France began to assert colonial control over the territory.

French colonial rule was formally established in the early 20th century, but French control over the nomadic interior remained tenuous for many years. The colonial administration laid the groundwork for a modern state but also exacerbated existing social tensions. On November 28, 1960, Mauritania gained its independence from France, with Moktar Ould Daddah becoming its first president. The post-independence era has been marked by significant challenges, including political instability, a series of military coups, ethnic tensions between the Arab-Berber Moors and sub-Saharan African populations, and the long-running conflict in the neighboring Western Sahara. Despite these difficulties, Mauritania has embarked on a journey of nation-building, striving to forge a unified national identity while navigating the complexities of its diverse heritage and the harsh realities of its Saharan environment. The country has held multi-party elections in recent decades, including its first peaceful transfer of power in 2019, signaling a gradual move towards greater democratic stability.

22) Geography

The geography of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is overwhelmingly defined by one of the world’s most formidable natural features: the Sahara Desert. This vast West African nation is a land of stark, breathtaking beauty, where endless expanses of sand dunes, rocky plateaus, and arid plains create a landscape of immense scale and profound silence. Approximately 90% of Mauritania’s territory lies within the Sahara, making it one of the most sparsely populated countries on Earth. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara and Algeria to the north, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. This geography has profoundly shaped the country’s history, culture, and economy, fostering a resilient nomadic tradition and concentrating life along the few areas where water is available.

The country can be broadly divided into three main geographical zones. The first, covering the vast majority of the nation, is the Saharan zone in the north and center. This region is characterized by extreme aridity, with vast sand seas, or ergs, such as the Akchar and Aoukar, and expansive rocky plateaus, or hamadas. A particularly striking feature of this zone is the Adrar Plateau, a sandstone escarpment that rises from the desert floor. This plateau is home to some of Mauritania’s most historic and scenic sites, including the ancient caravan cities of Chinguetti and Ouadane, and the remarkable Guelb er Richât, often called the “Eye of the Sahara,” a deeply eroded geological dome that is visible from space. The climate in this region is hyper-arid, with scorching summer temperatures and minimal rainfall, making permanent settlement extremely challenging outside of a few oases.

The second geographical zone is the Sahelian belt, which runs along the southern edge of the country. This transitional zone receives slightly more rainfall than the Sahara, supporting a landscape of savanna and steppe grasslands. This is the traditional heartland of nomadic pastoralism, where communities raise camels, goats, and cattle. The third and most fertile zone is the Chemama, the narrow agricultural belt along the northern bank of the Senegal River, which forms the country’s southern border. This region benefits from the river’s seasonal floods, which deposit rich alluvial soils and make agriculture possible. It is the most densely populated area of the country, where crops like millet, sorghum, and rice are grown. Along the Atlantic coast, the 754-kilometer coastline is largely flat and sandy. A major feature here is the Banc d’Arguin National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the world’s most important wintering grounds for migratory birds, where the nutrient-rich upwelling of the ocean meets the desert sands.

23) Politics and Government

The political system of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a semi-presidential republic, a framework established by the constitution of 1991, which has been amended several times since. The political landscape is heavily influenced by the country’s history of military rule and its complex social structure. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, Mauritania has experienced a number of successful and attempted military coups, which have often disrupted its path towards stable democratic governance. While the country has held regular multi-party elections since the early 1990s, the political system has been described as a competitive authoritarian regime, where democratic institutions exist but the incumbent has historically held significant advantages. However, the country achieved a major milestone in 2019 with its first peaceful transfer of power between two elected presidents.

The executive branch is headed by the President, who is the head of state and is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term, with a two-term limit. The President holds significant power, including the authority to appoint the Prime Minister and the cabinet, to command the armed forces, and to issue decrees. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is responsible for coordinating the work of the various ministries and implementing the policies set forth by the President. The executive branch wields considerable influence over the state apparatus, and personalities have historically played a major role in the exercise of political power, often drawing on tribal, ethnic, and personal affiliations.

The legislative branch of government is the National Assembly (Al Jamiya Al Wataniya), which has been a unicameral body since the abolition of the Senate following a referendum in 2017. The National Assembly is composed of 176 members who are elected for five-year terms. A portion of the seats are elected from single-member constituencies, while others are filled through a system of proportional representation from national lists, which include dedicated seats for women and youth to ensure broader representation. The Assembly is responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and exercising oversight over the executive branch. The judiciary is officially independent, but its autonomy has been challenged at times. The legal system is a blend of French civil law and Sharia (Islamic law), which is designated by the constitution as the sole source of law.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a unique and complex amalgamation of two distinct legal traditions: French civil law, inherited from the colonial period, and Sharia (Islamic law), which is enshrined in the constitution as the sole source of law. This dualistic framework shapes the country’s entire judicial and legislative landscape. The Constitution of 1991, with its subsequent amendments, serves as the supreme legal document, but it explicitly states that Islam is the religion of the people and the state. Consequently, all laws passed by the National Assembly must conform to the principles of Sharia. This has led to the integration of Islamic legal concepts into the country’s codified laws, which are based on the French model. For example, the Penal Code includes Sharia-defined crimes such as apostasy, blasphemy, adultery, and drinking alcohol, alongside more conventional criminal offenses.

The judicial structure is a unified system of courts that applies this blend of secular and religious law. Following a major judicial reorganization in the 1980s, the previous separation between modern and Islamic courts was abolished. Today, the court system is hierarchical. At the lowest level are the Moughataa (departmental) courts, which handle minor civil and criminal matters. Above them are the Wilaya (regional) courts, which serve as courts of first instance for more serious cases. The next level is the Court of Appeal, which reviews decisions from the lower courts. The highest court in the regular judicial system is the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court acts as the final court of appeal, but it rules on points of law rather than re-examining the facts of a case. In addition to these ordinary courts, there is a Constitutional Council, which has the authority to review the constitutionality of laws, and a High Court of Justice, which has jurisdiction to try the President and high government officials for treason.

The criminal justice process in Mauritania is led by public prosecutors who work under the authority of the Ministry of Justice. They are responsible for investigating crimes, in conjunction with the national police and gendarmerie, and for bringing cases to trial. The legal system guarantees certain rights for the accused, including the right to a defense attorney and the presumption of innocence. However, the system faces significant challenges, including a lack of resources, insufficient training for judicial personnel, and concerns about judicial independence. The application of strict Sharia punishments, such as the death penalty for apostasy and blasphemy, remains on the books, though capital punishment has not been carried out for such offenses. The ongoing tension between its civil law heritage and the constitutional primacy of Sharia continues to be a defining feature of Mauritania’s legal and criminal justice system.

25) Foreign Relations

The foreign relations of Mauritania are strategically guided by its unique geographical position as a bridge between the Arab Maghreb of North Africa and the diverse societies of sub-Saharan West Africa. Its foreign policy is primarily focused on ensuring regional stability, fostering economic cooperation, and combating the shared threat of terrorism in the Sahel. As a member of the Arab League, the African Union, and other regional bodies, Mauritania actively engages in multilateral diplomacy to advance its interests. Its diplomatic posture is often one of pragmatism and neutrality, seeking to maintain balanced and positive relationships with its immediate neighbors, key regional powers, and international partners. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, and Mauritanians Abroad is the key government body responsible for implementing the country’s foreign policy.

A central pillar of Mauritania’s foreign and security policy is its involvement in regional security initiatives. The country is a founding and crucial member of the G5 Sahel, a regional organization established in 2014, alongside Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, and Niger, to address the growing threat of Islamist insurgencies and organized crime in the Sahel region. Mauritania has been seen as a relative success story within this framework, having managed to keep major terrorist attacks off its soil for over a decade through a combination of military strengthening, engagement with local communities, and a firm security posture. This has made it a key partner for international actors, particularly France and the United States, who provide support for counter-terrorism efforts in the region. Mauritania also plays an active role in the African Union, contributing to discussions on peace, security, and development on the continent.

In terms of bilateral relations, Mauritania maintains important and often complex ties with its neighbors. Its relationship with Morocco to the north is shaped by the unresolved issue of Western Sahara, while its relationship with Senegal to the south is anchored by deep cultural ties and shared management of the Senegal River. The country also has strong historical and cultural links with the wider Arab world and is an active member of the Arab League. Economically, Mauritania has cultivated important partnerships with the European Union, which is a major market for its fish exports and a key development partner, and with China, which has become a significant investor, particularly in the fishing and infrastructure sectors. By balancing these diverse relationships, Mauritania navigates a complex geopolitical landscape, striving to safeguard its sovereignty and promote its economic development.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is organized in a hierarchical system designed to facilitate governance across its vast and sparsely populated territory. The country has undergone a process of decentralization since the 1990s, aimed at devolving some power to local authorities and promoting regional development. The primary and highest level of administrative division is the region, known as a “wilaya.” Mauritania is divided into 15 wilayas, a number that includes the three regions that make up the capital city, Nouakchott. This structure provides a framework for the implementation of national policies and the organization of state services at a sub-national level. Each wilaya is overseen by a governor, or “Wali,” who is appointed by the central government and acts as its direct representative in the region.

The fifteen wilayas of Mauritania are Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza, and the three regions of the capital: Nouakchott-Nord (North Nouakchott), Nouakchott-Ouest (West Nouakchott), and Nouakchott-Sud (South Nouakchott). These regions vary dramatically in size and population. For example, the vast desert regions of Tiris Zemmour and Hodh Ech Chargui cover enormous areas but have very low population densities, while the regions along the Senegal River and the capital are much more populous. The Wali in each region is the superior authority, overseeing the prefects at the next administrative level and coordinating the work of the devolved technical services of the national ministries.

Each wilaya is further subdivided into departments, known in Mauritania as “moughataas.” There are 53 moughataas in total across the country. Each moughataa is managed by a prefect, or “hakem,” who is also an appointee of the central government and is responsible for administration and security within the department. The final and most local level of administration is the commune. Mauritania is divided into 216 communes, which are the basic units of local self-government. The communes are intended to have a degree of legal and financial autonomy and are governed by locally elected municipal councils and a mayor. This system, with its three main tiers of wilayas, moughataas, and communes, forms the backbone of Mauritania’s public administration, balancing central government authority with a framework for local governance.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of Mauritania is largely based on the extraction of natural resources and agriculture, but it faces significant challenges due to its harsh desert environment and historical political instability. The country is classified as a lower-middle-income economy by the World Bank and is heavily dependent on a few key sectors for its export earnings and government revenue. The traditional backbone of the economy for a large portion of the population has been nomadic pastoralism, with communities raising livestock such as camels, cattle, and goats. However, recurring droughts have put immense pressure on this way of life. The government has been working to diversify the economy and attract foreign investment, particularly in the mining and fishing industries, to foster more sustainable and inclusive growth. The national currency is the Mauritanian Ouguiya (MRU).

The two most critical sectors for the Mauritanian economy are mining and fishing, which together account for the vast majority of the country’s exports. The mining sector is dominated by the extraction of iron ore. Mauritania is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron ore, and the state-owned company, the Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière (SNIM), is the country’s largest employer. The iron ore is primarily mined in the Zouérat region and transported to the port of Nouadhibou via the iconic Mauritania Railway, one of the longest trains in the world. In recent years, there has also been growing foreign investment in the extraction of other minerals, particularly gold and copper, which is helping to diversify the mining sector. However, the economy’s heavy reliance on iron ore prices makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in the global commodities market.

The fishing industry is the second pillar of the Mauritanian economy. The country’s Atlantic coastline boasts some of the richest fishing grounds in the world, thanks to a nutrient-rich upwelling. This has attracted significant international interest, and the export of fish, including octopus, squid, and various types of finfish, is a major source of foreign exchange. The government has been working to develop the domestic processing industry to add more value to its seafood exports. Beyond these two sectors, agriculture is primarily concentrated in the south along the Senegal River valley, where crops like rice, millet, and sorghum are grown. The discovery of offshore natural gas reserves holds significant potential for the future of the Mauritanian economy, with major projects underway that could transform the country into a significant energy exporter in the coming years.

28) Science and Technology

The landscape of science and technology in Mauritania is in a nascent stage of development, reflecting the broader economic and educational challenges faced by the nation. The country has traditionally been focused on its primary industries of mining and fishing, and investment in scientific research and technological innovation has been limited. There is a lack of a robust national strategy and the necessary infrastructure to foster a vibrant research and development (R&D) ecosystem. However, there is a growing recognition within the government and among international partners that building capacity in science and technology is crucial for diversifying the economy, addressing pressing environmental issues, and improving the quality of life for its citizens. This has led to some initial steps to strengthen the country’s scientific and technological foundations.

Higher education institutions are the primary centers for scientific activity in the country. The University of Nouakchott, established in 1981, is the country’s main university and includes faculties of science and technology. Other specialized institutions, such as the National School of Administration and the National School of Public Health, also contribute to the training of professionals. However, these institutions often struggle with limited funding, a shortage of qualified faculty, and outdated equipment, which hampers their ability to conduct high-level research. There is a strong need for greater investment in research infrastructure, the development of postgraduate programs, and the creation of stronger links between academia and industry to ensure that research is relevant to the country’s needs.

In the area of technology, the most significant progress has been in the telecommunications sector. The expansion of mobile networks has brought connectivity to many parts of the country, and internet access is growing, particularly in urban centers. This digital infrastructure provides a platform for the development of new services and opportunities. There is also a growing interest in leveraging technology to address local challenges. For example, satellite technology is being used for resource management and monitoring desertification, and there is potential for the development of renewable energy technologies, particularly solar power, given the country’s abundant sunshine. Building a more robust science and technology sector will require a long-term commitment to education, sustained investment in R&D, and the creation of a policy environment that encourages innovation and attracts skilled talent.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical tradition in Mauritania is deeply and inextricably linked to the country’s rich Islamic heritage and its history as a center of religious scholarship. For centuries, the region has been a crucible of Islamic thought, particularly within the Maliki school of Sunni jurisprudence and the mystical traditions of Sufism. The philosophy that flourished here was not an abstract, secular inquiry in the Western sense, but rather a profound intellectual and spiritual engagement with the teachings of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. The ancient caravan cities of Chinguetti, Ouadane, Tichitt, and Oualata were not just commercial hubs; they were beacons of learning, home to prestigious “mahdras” (traditional Islamic schools) and vast private libraries that attracted scholars from across the Islamic world.

The core of Mauritanian philosophical and intellectual life has been the pursuit of religious knowledge (“ilm”). This encompassed a wide range of disciplines, including Quranic exegesis (tafsir), Islamic law (fiqh), Arabic grammar, logic, and theology. The scholars of these desert universities were renowned for their encyclopedic knowledge and their ability to memorize vast amounts of text. Their philosophical work was often expressed through poetry, legal opinions (fatwas), and commentaries on classical Islamic texts. A key theme in this tradition is the integration of the spiritual and the temporal, the idea that all aspects of life, from law and governance to personal conduct, should be guided by divine principles. Sufism, with its emphasis on inner spiritual development and the direct experience of God, also played a significant role, shaping the country’s cultural and religious expression.

This deep-rooted intellectual tradition continues to shape Mauritanian society today. The respect for scholars and the value placed on religious learning remain central to the culture. While modern education has been introduced, the traditional mahdras continue to function, preserving a classical approach to Islamic education. In the contemporary era, Mauritanian thinkers are engaged in a dialogue between this traditional Islamic heritage and the challenges of the modern world. They grapple with questions of how to reconcile Islamic principles with concepts like democracy, human rights, and modern economic development. This ongoing intellectual conversation, rooted in a millennium of scholarly tradition, is a vital and defining aspect of modern Mauritanian thought.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Cultural etiquette in Mauritania is a graceful and nuanced system of social interaction deeply rooted in Islamic tradition, nomadic heritage, and a profound sense of community. Hospitality is the cornerstone of the culture, and visitors are often treated with immense generosity and respect. The traditional Moorish proverb, “a guest is a gift from God,” is a living principle. Whether in a city home or a desert tent, you will likely be welcomed with open arms. Accepting this hospitality is crucial for building trust and showing respect. The most iconic expression of this hospitality is the tea ceremony. You will almost certainly be offered three small, strong glasses of sweet mint tea. It is a social ritual that can take a considerable amount of time, and it is considered polite to accept all three glasses. The first glass is said to be “bitter like life,” the second “sweet like love,” and the third “gentle like death.”

Greetings are a vital and unhurried part of daily life. A simple “hello” is not sufficient; it is customary to engage in a lengthy exchange of pleasantries, inquiring about one’s health, family, and well-being. Handshakes are common between men. However, due to conservative Islamic customs, physical contact between unrelated men and women is generally avoided. A man should wait for a woman to extend her hand first; if she does not, a polite verbal greeting is appropriate. It is important to always use the right hand when shaking hands, giving or receiving items, and eating, as the left hand is traditionally reserved for personal hygiene. Respect for elders is paramount. Younger people are expected to show deference to their seniors in both words and actions, and elders are always served first during meals.

Modesty is a key value in Mauritanian society, and this is reflected in the dress code. Both men and women tend to dress conservatively. For men, this often means wearing a “daraa,” a long, flowing robe, while women traditionally wear a “melhafa,” a large piece of cloth that is elegantly draped to cover the body and head. While foreign visitors are not expected to adopt local dress, it is highly recommended to dress modestly to show respect for the local culture. For women, this means wearing loose-fitting clothing that covers the arms, legs, and chest, and carrying a headscarf is a good idea, especially when visiting mosques or more conservative areas. By observing these customs of hospitality, respect, and modesty, visitors can navigate Mauritanian society with grace and will be rewarded with a warm and welcoming experience.

31) Sports and Recreation

The world of sports and recreation in Mauritania is a reflection of its cultural landscape, blending the global popularity of modern sports with a deep appreciation for traditional pastimes rooted in its nomadic heritage. By far, the most popular sport in the country is football (soccer). The sport is followed with immense passion, from children playing in the sandy streets of Nouakchott to the organized matches of the national league, the Super D1. The national team, known as “Al-Mourabitounes,” has achieved growing success in recent years, qualifying for the Africa Cup of Nations on several occasions and uniting the country in moments of national pride. The passion for football is visible everywhere, with fans eagerly following major European leagues and supporting local clubs with great enthusiasm.

Beyond the football pitch, traditional sports and recreational activities continue to play an important role in Mauritanian culture, particularly in rural and desert communities. Camel racing is a prestigious and exciting sport, often held during festivals and special events. It is a thrilling spectacle that showcases the speed and endurance of these “ships of the desert” and the skill of their riders. Another traditional pastime is a form of wrestling that is popular among various communities. These sports are not just about competition; they are important social gatherings that reinforce cultural identity and bring communities together. In recent years, there has also been a growing interest in athletics and other modern sports, though the infrastructure to support them is still in development.

Recreational activities are often simple and communal, shaped by the country’s environment and social customs. A central part of social life is the gathering for the tea ceremony, a leisurely and highly ritualized activity that serves as the main forum for conversation, storytelling, and socializing. In the evenings, it is common to see people gathering to play board games, with chess being particularly popular. For the more adventurous, the vast and stunning landscapes of the Sahara offer unique recreational opportunities. Activities like desert trekking, 4×4 expeditions through the dunes, and stargazing in the clear desert night sky are becoming increasingly popular, offering a chance to experience the profound beauty and tranquility of Mauritania’s natural environment.

32) Environmental Concerns

The Islamic Republic of Mauritania faces a set of severe and interconnected environmental challenges that are profoundly shaped by its arid climate and its reliance on natural resources. The most overarching and critical environmental issue is desertification. As a country where approximately 90% of the landmass is part of the Sahara Desert, Mauritania is on the frontline of climate change and land degradation. Years of recurrent drought, combined with pressures from overgrazing and the collection of firewood, have led to a gradual degradation of the fragile Sahelian ecosystem. This process threatens the livelihoods of the pastoral communities who depend on the land for their survival, contributes to food insecurity, and forces rural populations to migrate to already overburdened urban centers. The government and international organizations are working on projects like the “Great Green Wall” initiative to combat desertification through reforestation and sustainable land management, but the scale of the challenge is immense.

Another major environmental concern is the pressure on the country’s rich marine resources. Mauritania’s Atlantic coastline is home to one of the world’s most productive fisheries, which is a vital pillar of the national economy. However, these fish stocks are under significant threat from overfishing, both by industrial foreign fleets and by unregulated local fishing. The depletion of key fish stocks not only jeopardizes a crucial source of export revenue but also threatens the food security and livelihoods of coastal communities. The government has been working to improve fisheries management, including implementing stricter regulations, increasing surveillance to combat illegal fishing, and promoting more sustainable fishing practices. The health of the marine ecosystem is also threatened by the potential for pollution from offshore oil and gas exploration, which is a growing sector of the economy.

Water scarcity is a fundamental and pervasive environmental challenge that underpins many of the country’s other issues. With extremely low and erratic rainfall, Mauritania is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world. The primary source of fresh water for a large part of the population is the Senegal River in the south, but even this resource is under pressure from dam construction and the impacts of climate change. In the rest of the country, people rely on groundwater from aquifers, which are being depleted at an unsustainable rate. Access to clean drinking water and sanitation remains a major challenge, particularly in rural areas. Addressing these complex environmental issues of desertification, overfishing, and water scarcity is essential for the long-term sustainable development and stability of Mauritania.

33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in Mauritania are deeply rooted in the traditions of its diverse ethnic groups, particularly the Moorish culture, and are strongly influenced by Islamic law and customs. Marriage is considered a cornerstone of society, a sacred union that extends beyond the couple to involve the entire family and community. While modern influences are present in urban centers, traditional practices remain prevalent. Courtship is often a family affair, with parents and relatives playing a significant role in the matchmaking process. It is not uncommon for marriages to be arranged between families who share a similar social status or lineage. The engagement process itself involves formal negotiations between the families, where details such as the dowry (mahr), a gift from the groom to the bride as prescribed by Islamic law, are discussed and agreed upon.

The Mauritanian wedding celebration is a vibrant, multi-day affair, rich in symbolism and community participation. A unique and controversial traditional practice associated with marriage, particularly in the past, is “leblouh,” the custom of fattening girls in preparation for marriage, as corpulence was historically seen as a sign of beauty and wealth. While this practice is declining, the wedding celebrations themselves remain elaborate. They often include a henna party for the bride, lively music and dancing, and a grand feast for the entire community. The signing of the marriage contract (aqd) is the central legal and religious act, often performed by an imam. Following the wedding, the bride traditionally moves to the home of the groom’s family, reinforcing the communal nature of the marital union.

34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Mauritania is largely shaped by its resource-based economy and its stage of development. The job market is concentrated in a few key sectors, and formal employment opportunities can be limited, with a significant portion of the population engaged in informal activities, agriculture, and pastoralism. For Mauritanian nationals, the public sector has traditionally been a major source of employment. However, the private sector is growing, particularly in industries related to the country’s main natural resources. The overall work environment can be challenging, with a need for greater economic diversification and vocational training to address the high rates of unemployment and underemployment, especially among the youth.

The most significant opportunities for both local and expatriate employment are found in the extractive industries. The iron ore mining sector, centered around the city of Zouérat and managed by the state-owned company SNIM, is the country’s largest industrial employer. This sector requires a range of skills, from engineers and geologists to technicians and heavy machinery operators. The burgeoning gold and copper mining industries also offer similar opportunities. The second major sector is fisheries, based primarily in the port city of Nouadhibou. This industry provides jobs in fishing fleets, fish processing plants, and related logistics and export services. In recent years, the development of offshore natural gas fields has begun to create new, highly skilled job opportunities in the energy sector, a trend that is expected to grow significantly.

For foreign nationals, work opportunities are typically concentrated in these specialized industrial sectors, where international expertise is often required. Expatriates are frequently employed in senior management, engineering, and technical advisory roles within mining, oil, and gas companies. The international aid and development sector also offers opportunities for foreigners, with numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and UN agencies operating in the country, particularly in areas like food security, health, and governance. The diplomatic corps and a small number of foreign companies operating in the service sector in Nouakchott also provide some employment for expatriates. Fluency in French is generally a prerequisite for most professional jobs, while knowledge of Arabic is a significant asset.

35) Education

The education system in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a developing system that faces significant challenges but is a key priority for the national government. The structure of the system has been heavily influenced by the French colonial model and has undergone several reforms since independence, most notably in 1999, which aimed to unify and Arabize the curriculum. Education is officially free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14. The system is divided into primary, secondary, and higher education levels. The language of instruction is a critical aspect of the system. In the first year of primary school, all classes are taught in Arabic. From the second year, French is introduced and is used to teach scientific subjects, reflecting the bilingual nature of the country’s administration and professional life. This dual-language approach aims to equip students for both national and international contexts.

The educational journey begins with primary school, which lasts for six years. At the end of this cycle, students sit for a national examination to receive the “Certificat d’Etudes Primaires Elémentaires” (CEPE), which is required for entry into secondary school. Secondary education is divided into two cycles: a four-year lower secondary cycle (Collège) and a three-year upper secondary cycle (Lycée). At the end of the lower cycle, students take an exam for the “Brevet d’Études du Premier Cycle” (BEPC). In the upper secondary cycle, students are streamed into different tracks, such as literature, natural sciences, or mathematics. The final examination at the end of the Lycée is the Baccalauréat, which is the key to entering higher education. Alongside the formal public system, traditional Koranic schools, known as “mahdras,” play a vital role in society, providing religious and classical Arabic education.

Higher education in Mauritania is centered around the University of Nouakchott, the country’s primary university, which was founded in 1981. It comprises several faculties, including arts and social sciences, law and economics, and science and technology. There are also other specialized institutions of higher learning, such as the National School of Administration and the National School of Public Health. Despite these institutions, the education system as a whole faces considerable challenges. These include high dropout rates, particularly in rural areas and among girls, a lack of sufficient resources and qualified teachers, and overcrowded classrooms. The government, often with the support of international partners, is continuously working on reforms to improve access, quality, and relevance of the education provided to its young and growing population.

36) Communication & Connectivity

The communication and connectivity landscape in Mauritania is a sector in transition, marked by the rapid expansion of mobile services but also by a significant digital divide between urban and rural areas. The telecommunications infrastructure has seen considerable development in recent years, making it easier for people to stay in touch and access information. However, given the country’s vast desert terrain and low population density, achieving universal coverage remains a major challenge. The government has recognized the importance of ICT for economic development and has been working to create a more competitive market and to expand the country’s digital footprint. The sector is regulated by the Autorité de Régulation (ARE), which oversees the activities of the telecom operators.

Mobile phones are the primary means of communication for the vast majority of Mauritanians. The mobile penetration rate has grown significantly, and even in many remote areas, a mobile signal can be found. There are several mobile network operators in the country, with Mattel, Mauritel, and Chinguitel being the main players. They offer a range of services, including voice calls, SMS, and mobile internet. 2G and 3G coverage is relatively widespread, while 4G/LTE services are primarily available in the capital, Nouakchott, the economic hub of Nouadhibou, and other major towns. For travelers, purchasing a local prepaid SIM card is a simple and affordable way to stay connected. SIM cards and top-up vouchers are widely available in cities and towns.

Internet access in Mauritania is still developing. While the number of internet users is growing, penetration rates remain lower than in many other countries in the region. The primary means of accessing the internet is through mobile data plans. Fixed-line broadband services are available but are largely limited to the main urban centers and can be expensive. Internet cafes can be found in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou, providing another option for getting online. The country is connected to the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) submarine cable, which has significantly increased its international bandwidth and has the potential to improve the quality and reduce the cost of internet services in the future. As the digital infrastructure continues to improve, it will play an increasingly important role in the country’s social and economic life.

37) National Symbols

Symbol	Description
Cultural Symbols
National Flag	The flag of Mauritania features a green field with a central gold star and crescent. It is flanked by two red horizontal stripes at the top and bottom. The green, crescent, and star are traditional symbols of Islam, the state religion. The gold color represents the sands of the Sahara Desert. The red stripes were added in 2017 to honor the sacrifices and bloodshed of those who fought for the country’s independence.
National Anthem	The “Nashid al-Watani al-Muritani” (National Anthem of Mauritania) was adopted in 2017, replacing the previous anthem. The lyrics call for unity, sacrifice, and loyalty to the nation, reflecting a modern patriotic spirit.
Coat of Arms	The seal of Mauritania was also updated in 2017 to mirror the design of the new flag. It is circular and features the star and crescent, along with a palm tree and a millet branch, symbolizing the country’s natural resources. The name of the country is written in Arabic and French around the emblem.
Flora
Date Palm	The date palm is an iconic and vital plant in Mauritania, especially in the oasis regions of the Sahara. It is a symbol of life, sustenance, and resilience in the harsh desert environment. Dates are a staple food source, and the palm tree itself provides materials for construction and crafts.
Fauna
Addax (Desert Antelope)	The Addax is a critically endangered species of desert antelope that is native to the Sahara, including parts of Mauritania. It is perfectly adapted to the arid environment and is a symbol of the country’s unique and fragile desert wildlife. It represents endurance and the wild beauty of the Saharan landscape.

38) Tourism

Tourism in Mauritania offers a truly unique and adventurous travel experience, a journey into a land of vast desert landscapes, ancient cultures, and profound hospitality. This is not a destination for the casual tourist; it is a country that rewards the intrepid traveler with unforgettable sights and authentic interactions. The country’s primary allure lies in its stunning Saharan scenery and its rich history as a crossroads of trans-Saharan trade. The government is working to develop the tourism sector, recognizing its potential to diversify the economy and showcase the country’s unique heritage. The key to a successful trip to Mauritania is careful planning and a spirit of adventure, ready to embrace a world far removed from the beaten path.

The jewels in Mauritania’s tourism crown are its ancient desert cities, particularly Chinguetti and Ouadane, which are part of a UNESCO World Heritage site. These once-thriving caravan towns were centers of Islamic scholarship, and their ancient libraries still house thousands of priceless medieval manuscripts. Wandering through the sand-swept streets of these ancient “ksours” is like stepping back in time. Another must-see destination is the Banc d’Arguin National Park, a vast coastal wetland that is one of the most important wintering sites for migratory birds in the world. For the ultimate adventure, many travelers seek to ride the famous Mauritania Railway, or “Iron Ore Train.” This 700-kilometer journey from the iron mines of Zouérat to the port of Nouadhibou, riding atop an open-topped iron ore wagon under a canopy of stars, is one of the world’s most epic and raw travel experiences. The Adrar Plateau, with its dramatic canyons, oases, and prehistoric rock art, offers further opportunities for exploration and discovery.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for the Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a critical part of planning any trip to this West African nation. The country’s visa policy has undergone recent changes, and it is essential for all travelers to verify the latest regulations before departure. As of early 2025, Mauritania has been implementing an e-visa system, moving away from the previous practice of issuing visas on arrival for most nationalities. This shift is intended to modernize and streamline the entry process, but it requires travelers to plan ahead and apply online before their trip. Having the correct documentation is essential for a smooth entry into the country.

Most foreign nationals are required to obtain a visa to enter Mauritania. Citizens of a few neighboring and regional countries, such as those in the ECOWAS bloc, may be exempt from visa requirements for short stays. For all other travelers, the new e-visa system is becoming the standard procedure. This requires applicants to visit the official website of the Mauritanian government’s visa agency, complete an online application form, and upload necessary documents. These documents typically include a scanned copy of a valid passport, a passport-style photograph, and sometimes proof of travel arrangements. It is crucial to apply for the e-visa well in advance of your travel dates to allow for processing time. The visa fee is usually paid upon arrival at the port of entry, even after receiving e-visa approval online.

In addition to the visa, all travelers must hold a passport that is valid for at least six months from the date of entry into Mauritania. It is also a mandatory health requirement for travelers arriving from countries with a risk of yellow fever transmission to present a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (Yellow Card). It is highly recommended that all travelers consult their doctor for advice on other recommended vaccinations and health precautions for the region. Upon arrival, it is advisable to carry a printed copy of your e-visa approval. As visa policies can be subject to change, travelers should always confirm the very latest requirements with the nearest Mauritanian embassy or consulate or check the official government visa portal before finalizing their travel plans.

40) Useful Resources

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation, and Mauritanians Abroad
• National Agency for Population Register and Secure Titles (for e-visa information)
• Tourism Mauritania (Private travel agency with useful information)
• UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Mauritania

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