Travel Guide to Moldova
Table of Contents 
1) Destination Overview
Welcome to Moldova, a captivating land nestled in the heart of Eastern Europe, often hailed as one of the continent’s last true off-the-beaten-path destinations. This enchanting country, positioned between Romania and Ukraine, offers a journey back in time, a world away from the bustling tourist hubs of the West. Moldova is a land of serene, rolling hills, vast sunflower fields, and, most famously, sprawling vineyards that produce world-class wines. Its charm lies not in colossal monuments but in its subtle, authentic experiences, the warmth of its people, and its rich, layered history. For travelers seeking an unfiltered cultural immersion and genuine hospitality, Moldova is a treasure trove waiting to be discovered. The nation’s identity is deeply intertwined with its winemaking heritage, which dates back thousands of years and is celebrated in every corner of the country.
The capital, Chișinău, serves as the primary gateway and is a city of surprising contrasts. Its wide, tree-lined boulevards are flanked by imposing Soviet-era buildings and monuments, yet these are softened by a multitude of lush green parks and a burgeoning modern café culture. The city buzzes with a youthful energy that speaks to Moldova’s forward momentum, while its museums and landmarks offer profound insights into its complex past. Beyond the capital, the true soul of Moldova reveals itself in the tranquil countryside. Here, you’ll find ancient Orthodox monasteries dramatically carved into limestone cliffs, traditional villages where life moves at a slower pace, and archaeological sites that whisper tales of civilizations long past. This rural heartland is the keeper of Moldova’s traditions and the source of its agricultural bounty.
Exploring Moldova is an exercise in discovery, appealing to the curious traveler who values authenticity over glamour. The country’s compact size makes it incredibly easy to navigate, allowing visitors to journey from the historic wine cellars of Cricova to the unique Turkic culture of the autonomous Gagauzia region in the south. The people of Moldova are renowned for their exceptional friendliness and generosity, often greeting visitors with an open heart and a glass of their finest homemade wine. This welcoming spirit, combined with the country’s remarkable affordability, makes it a highly accessible and rewarding destination for solo travelers, couples, and families alike. Whether your passion is history, wine, nature, or simply connecting with a new culture, Moldova offers a rich and memorable travel experience.
Adding another layer of intrigue is the breakaway territory of Transnistria, a narrow strip of land on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. A visit here is like stepping into a living museum of the USSR, with Soviet emblems, statues of Lenin, and a distinct, self-contained identity. While it requires a mindful approach, a day trip to its capital, Tiraspol, offers a unique and thought-provoking glimpse into a reality that has vanished from the rest of Eastern Europe. In essence, Moldova presents a compelling proposition for the modern traveler: a destination that is safe, profoundly cultural, astonishingly affordable, and still untouched by the homogenizing effects of mass tourism. It is a place to forge your own path and create stories you will tell for years to come.
Back to Top2) Best Time to Visit and Why
Deciding on the best time to visit Moldova is key to tailoring the perfect trip, as each season paints the country in a different light and offers distinct experiences. For the most idyllic weather conditions and a full spectrum of activities, the periods of late spring (May and June) and early autumn (September and October) are universally recommended. During these windows, the climate is wonderfully mild and pleasant, creating the perfect backdrop for exploring Chișinău’s leafy boulevards, hiking through the scenic countryside, and enjoying the vibrant outdoor terraces of local cafes and restaurants. Spring is particularly magical as the landscape erupts in a riot of color, with wildflowers carpeting the rolling hills and orchards in full bloom, offering picture-perfect scenery for photographers and nature lovers.
Autumn, however, holds a special allure, especially for oenophiles and cultural enthusiasts. September and early October mark the peak of the grape harvest season, a time of great celebration and activity throughout the nation’s many wineries. The absolute pinnacle of this season is the National Wine Day, typically celebrated on the first weekend of October. This spectacular festival transforms the Great National Assembly Square in Chișinău into a massive wine-tasting extravaganza. Wineries from all over Moldova gather to present their finest products, accompanied by traditional music, folk dancing, and an abundance of delicious local cuisine. The vibrant autumn foliage also adds a layer of beauty to the countryside, making it a visually stunning time to explore.
The summer months of July and August represent the warmest part of the year and the peak tourist season. The weather is consistently hot and sunny, with temperatures often climbing into the low 30s Celsius (high 80s Fahrenheit). This is the ideal season for those who enjoy the heat and want to engage in outdoor pursuits like swimming in local lakes, camping, or attending open-air concerts and festivals. The cities are alive with energy, and the long, light-filled evenings are perfect for leisurely dinners and soaking in the lively atmosphere. While it can be hotter and slightly more crowded, the summer offers a vibrant and festive Moldovan experience.
Conversely, winter (December to February) offers a completely different, more tranquil perspective of Moldova. The season is characterized by cold temperatures, often dipping below freezing, and a high chance of snow, which blankets the landscape in a serene white coat. This is a perfect time for travelers looking to escape the crowds and enjoy a more peaceful visit. You can explore the country’s excellent museums, get cozy in traditional restaurants with hearty Moldovan food, and appreciate the stark beauty of the winter scenery. For the budget-conscious traveler who doesn’t mind bundling up, a winter trip can be both incredibly affordable and uniquely magical, offering a quiet and intimate look at the nation’s culture.
Back to Top3) Top Destinations and Best Hotel
Moldova, though modest in size, is packed with diverse destinations that offer a rich blend of history, culture, and stunning natural landscapes. The journey for most visitors begins in the capital, Chișinău, a surprisingly green and pleasant city. Its layout is a fascinating mix of grand Soviet-era architecture and modern, stylish establishments, all set along wide, tree-lined boulevards and centered around beautiful parks like the Stefan the Great Central Park. Key landmarks such as the Nativity Cathedral and the Triumphal Arch provide a sense of the city’s historical importance. To delve deeper, the National Museum of History of Moldova and the National Museum of Ethnography and Natural History offer comprehensive exhibits that narrate the nation’s compelling story from ancient times to the present day.
A trip to Moldova would be incomplete without experiencing its world-famous wine culture, and the best places to do this are the colossal underground wine cities of Mileștii Mici and Cricova. Mileștii Mici proudly holds the Guinness World Record for housing the largest wine collection in the world, with its limestone tunnels stretching for over 200 kilometers and storing nearly 1.5 million bottles. Cricova is equally impressive, with its own vast network of subterranean streets named after wine varieties, which visitors can tour by electric train. Both wineries offer unforgettable tours that include a journey through these cellars and culminate in a guided tasting of their exceptional wines. These subterranean wonders are easily accessible as day trips from Chișinău, making them an essential part of any Moldovan itinerary.
For a profound connection with Moldova’s ancient past and spiritual heart, a visit to Orheiul Vechi (Old Orhei) is an absolute must. This breathtaking archaeological and ecclesiastical complex is situated in a dramatic, winding gorge carved by the Răut River. The site features ruins from Dacian and Tatar civilizations, but its most iconic feature is the 13th-century Cave Monastery, meticulously carved into a sheer limestone cliff. The panoramic views from the monastery over the serene valley are truly awe-inspiring. Staying overnight in a traditional guesthouse, or “pensiune,” in the nearby villages of Butuceni or Trebujeni allows for a deeper immersion into the peaceful, rural way of life that defines this culturally significant region.
For the more adventurous traveler, exploring the autonomous region of Gagauzia or the enigmatic territory of Transnistria offers a unique perspective. Gagauzia, in the south, is home to the Gagauz people, an Orthodox Christian group of Turkic descent, and visiting its capital, Comrat, provides insight into their distinct culture and traditions. To the east, Transnistria offers a surreal journey back to the Soviet Union. Its capital, Tiraspol, is adorned with statues of Lenin and Soviet emblems. A visit requires navigating a border crossing but rewards the curious with a truly unique and memorable experience. For accommodation, Chișinău offers the best selection, with top-rated hotels providing excellent service and a comfortable base for exploration.
| Top Hotels in Chișinău | Direct Booking Link |
|---|---|
| Radisson Blu Leogrand Hotel | Book on Booking.com |
| Bristol Central Park Hotel | Book on Booking.com |
| Nobil Luxury Boutique Hotel | Book on Booking.com |
4) Language & Culture
The cultural and linguistic landscape of Moldova is a direct reflection of its history at the crossroads of Latin and Slavic civilizations. The official language is Romanian, a Romance language that shares a common heritage and mutual intelligibility with the language spoken in neighboring Romania. This linguistic tie underscores the deep-seated cultural and historical connections between the two nations. However, due to its history as part of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union, Russian remains widely spoken and understood, especially by the older generations and in major urban centers like Chișinău and Bălți. This bilingualism is a defining characteristic of modern Moldova, creating a unique and diverse social environment. While English proficiency is growing, particularly among young people and in the tourism sector, learning a few basic phrases in Romanian will be immensely appreciated and will undoubtedly enrich your interactions.
Moldovan culture is a rich tapestry woven from the threads of its diverse historical influences, including Dacian, Roman, Ottoman, and Slavic traditions. This fusion is most vibrantly expressed through its folklore, music, and dance. Traditional folk music, with its lively rhythms and poignant melodies played on instruments like the ‘cobza’ (a type of lute) and ‘nai’ (pan flute), is a cherished part of the national identity. This music often accompanies energetic folk dances like the ‘Hora’ and ‘Sârba,’ which are staples at weddings, festivals, and community celebrations, symbolizing unity and joy. The country also boasts a strong tradition of handicrafts, particularly in the creation of intricate pottery, masterful woodcarvings, and the beautiful weaving of traditional carpets and textiles, showcasing the artistic soul of the Moldovan people.
At the very heart of Moldovan culture lies the concept of hospitality. Visitors are treated with extraordinary warmth and generosity, and an invitation to a local’s home for a meal is a common and sincere gesture of friendship. These meals are typically bountiful affairs, laden with delicious homemade food and, invariably, excellent local wine. Wine is more than just a beverage in Moldova; it is a cultural cornerstone, a source of national pride, and a symbol of life and prosperity. The country’s winemaking tradition is ancient and deeply ingrained in the fabric of society, with countless families cultivating their own small vineyards and producing their own ‘vin de casă’ (homemade wine). This profound connection to the land and its fruits is a central theme in the Moldovan way of life.
Religion also plays a vital role in shaping the cultural identity of the nation. The vast majority of Moldovans are Eastern Orthodox Christians, and this faith permeates daily life and the annual calendar. The countryside is dotted with beautiful, historic monasteries and churches, many of which are significant cultural landmarks and pilgrimage sites, such as the cliff-side monastery at Orheiul Vechi and the serene complex at Căpriana. Major religious holidays like Easter (Paștele) and Christmas (Crăciunul) are celebrated with great reverence, marked by special church services, family gatherings, and a host of unique culinary traditions. This blend of language, folklore, hospitality, wine, and faith creates a deeply traditional yet warmly welcoming society, offering visitors a truly authentic cultural experience.
Back to Top5) Festivals & Events
Moldova’s annual calendar is vibrant with festivals and events that provide a fantastic showcase of the country’s rich cultural tapestry, deep-rooted traditions, and passions. Many of these celebrations revolve around two pillars of Moldovan life: wine and music. The undisputed champion of all Moldovan festivals is the National Wine Day (‘Ziua Națională a Vinului’), an extravagant celebration held on the first weekend of October. This event transforms Chișinău’s central square into a massive, open-air wine exposition. Wineries from every region, from large, famous producers to small, family-run vineyards, gather to offer tastings of their best products. The atmosphere is electric with live folk music, traditional dancing, and stalls selling delicious Moldovan delicacies, making it an unmissable and joyous immersion into the nation’s vinicultural soul.
Marking the arrival of spring on March 1st is the beautiful and cherished Mărțișor festival. This tradition, shared with Romania and other Balkan countries, involves exchanging small red-and-white talismans, also called ‘mărțișoare,’ which are pinned to one’s coat and worn throughout the month. This gesture symbolizes health, vitality, and the triumph of spring over winter. The festival is not just a personal exchange but is also celebrated on a national scale with the “Mărțișor” International Music Festival. This prestigious event, running for several weeks, hosts a series of classical, folk, and contemporary music concerts in Chișinău and other cities, attracting performers and audiences from all over the world and filling the country with melody.
Beyond these major events, Moldova hosts a variety of unique festivals that celebrate specific aspects of its heritage. In the summer, the “IA Mania” festival is a colorful and stylish tribute to traditional Moldovan arts and crafts, with a special focus on the ‘ia,’ the intricately embroidered national blouse. The festival features artisan fairs, craft workshops where visitors can learn traditional techniques, and dynamic performances of folk music and dance. For a more quirky and fun-filled experience, the autumn “Bostaniada” festival celebrates the pumpkin harvest. This family-friendly event is filled with pumpkin-carving contests, creative pumpkin-based dishes, and games, showcasing the lighter, festive side of rural Moldovan life.
In addition to these organized national festivals, countless local celebrations known as ‘hram’ (patron saint’s day) take place in villages and towns throughout the year. These community-focused events are a wonderful opportunity to experience Moldovan hospitality and tradition on a more intimate and authentic scale. Visitors who are lucky enough to be in a village during its ‘hram’ will be treated to open houses, abundant food and wine, and a genuine welcome. Checking local event calendars before your trip is highly recommended, as timing your visit to coincide with one of these festivals can transform a great holiday into an unforgettable cultural adventure.
Back to Top6) Local Cuisine
Moldovan cuisine is a delicious testament to the country’s fertile land and its complex history, offering a culinary experience that is both hearty and soulful. Drawing significant influence from Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian, and Balkan cooking traditions, with subtle hints from Ottoman cuisine, Moldovan food is characterized by its reliance on fresh, seasonal, and locally sourced ingredients. Vegetables are the stars of many dishes, with tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant, zucchini, and cabbage featuring prominently. Pork, chicken, and lamb are popular meats, often grilled, stewed, or used as fillings. A key component is ‘brânză’, a salty sheep’s milk cheese similar to feta, which is used in countless savory dishes and pastries, adding a distinct and beloved flavor.
The cornerstone of any traditional Moldovan table is ‘mămăligă’, a creamy cornmeal porridge that is the national dish. Far more than a simple side, mămăligă is a versatile staple that can be served soft or firm, often accompanied by ‘scrob’ (a dish of scrambled eggs and meat), fried fish, or a generous topping of ‘brânză’ and sour cream. Another quintessential dish that no visitor should miss is ‘sarmale’. These are delectable parcels made from cabbage or grape leaves, carefully stuffed with a savory mixture of minced meat, rice, onions, and herbs, then slowly simmered in a rich tomato-based sauce. Sarmale are a labor of love and a highlight of any festive meal, embodying the warmth of Moldovan home cooking.
Soups, known as ‘zeamă’ or ‘ciorbă’, are an integral part of the local diet and are cherished for their comforting and restorative properties. The most famous is ‘zeamă de pui’, a light yet flavorful chicken soup, often made with homemade noodles and soured with ‘borș’ (fermented wheat bran), which gives it a characteristic tangy taste. Pastries, both savory and sweet, are another highlight. ‘Plăcinte’ are thin, flaky pastries that are fried or baked and come with a variety of fillings. Popular savory options include ‘brânză’, potatoes, or cabbage, while sweet versions are often filled with cherries, apples, or pumpkin. They are a perfect, affordable snack found at markets and bakeries across the country.
When it comes to dessert, Moldovan sweets are simple but delicious. A unique and visually striking cake is ‘cușma lui Guguță’ (Guguță’s Hat), a pyramid-shaped confection made of thin, rolled pancakes filled with sour cherries and smothered in a rich sour cream frosting. During holidays, ‘cozonac’, a sweet, leavened bread swirled with fillings like nuts, cocoa, or poppy seeds, is a common treat. Of course, no culinary exploration of Moldova is complete without sampling its exceptional wines. Exploring the local cuisine is a journey for the senses and provides a delicious, authentic window into the heart of Moldova’s culture and its renowned hospitality.
Back to Top7) Transportation
Navigating Moldova is a relatively simple and highly affordable endeavor, thanks to a well-established public transportation system that connects its cities and villages. Within the capital, Chișinău, the primary modes of transport are trolleybuses, buses, and a vast network of minibuses known locally as ‘maxitaxis’ or ‘rutierele’. The trolleybus system is particularly extensive and represents the cheapest way to get around the city, with fares costing a mere fraction of a dollar. Tickets are typically purchased from a conductor on board, making the process straightforward for visitors. Buses cover similar routes and are equally economical, providing comprehensive coverage of the urban area.
For quicker, more direct routes, the ‘maxitaxis’ are an extremely popular option among locals. These minibuses follow fixed routes but offer more flexibility than larger buses, often stopping on demand for passengers to board or alight. While slightly more expensive than trolleybuses, they are still very cheap and can significantly reduce travel time across the city. Understanding their routes can be a bit challenging for newcomers, but they offer an authentic glimpse into the daily life of the city’s residents. For maximum convenience, ride-sharing apps like Yandex Go and Bolt are widely used in Chișinău and offer a reliable and transparently priced alternative to traditional taxis.
For traveling between cities and exploring different regions of Moldova, a comprehensive network of long-distance buses and minibuses is the most common and efficient method. The country’s main bus terminals are located in Chișinău, with different stations serving specific directions (north, south, and central). These services are frequent, reliable, and incredibly budget-friendly, making it easy to plan day trips or multi-destination itineraries. While a domestic train service does exist, it is generally slower and less extensive than the bus network for internal travel. However, for international journeys to neighboring Romania (Iași or Bucharest) or Ukraine (Odesa), the train can be a comfortable and convenient option, especially the overnight services with sleeper cars.
For travelers desiring ultimate freedom and flexibility, renting a car is a great option. Several international and local car rental agencies have offices at Chișinău International Airport and within the city. Having your own vehicle allows you to explore the Moldovan countryside at your own leisure, discover hidden monasteries, and visit off-the-beaten-path wineries that might be difficult to reach via public transport. It is important to note that while main highways are generally in good condition, rural roads can be less predictable and may be poorly lit or unpaved. Driving is on the right-hand side of the road, and an International Driving Permit is recommended alongside your national license.
Back to Top8) Weather & Climate
Moldova’s climate is classified as moderately continental, a designation that translates to a distinct four-season experience with warm, sunny summers and cold, often snowy winters. The country’s location in Eastern Europe, combined with a moderating influence from the nearby Black Sea, helps to prevent the extreme temperature swings found in more landlocked continental regions. This climatic balance results in long, pleasant summers and autumns, which are particularly conducive to the country’s thriving agricultural sector, especially its world-renowned viticulture. Precipitation is fairly consistent throughout the year, with the rainiest periods typically occurring in late spring and early summer.
Summers, spanning from June to August, are characterized by plenty of sunshine and warm to hot temperatures. The average daily high in July, the hottest month, typically hovers between 28°C and 30°C (82-86°F), although occasional heatwaves can see temperatures rise even higher. The long, light-filled days and pleasantly warm evenings make this an ideal season for all kinds of outdoor activities, from exploring Chișinău’s beautiful parks to attending open-air festivals and swimming in local lakes. Brief but intense afternoon thunderstorms can occur, especially in June, so packing a light waterproof jacket or umbrella is always a sensible precaution for summer visitors.
Autumn (September to November) is a season of beautiful transition and is often considered one of the best times to visit. September continues to offer many warm, sunny days, while the evenings become refreshingly crisp. By October, the landscape transforms with spectacular autumn foliage, painting the rolling hills and vineyards in vibrant shades of gold, orange, and red. This season is also marked by the grape harvest and the celebratory National Wine Day. As the season progresses into November, the weather becomes progressively colder, and the first frosts signal the impending arrival of winter.
Winter in Moldova, from December to February, is genuinely cold, with average temperatures frequently dropping below freezing. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature around -2°C (28°F). Snowfall is common and can be quite heavy, blanketing the country in a picturesque and serene layer of white. While the chill requires proper winter attire, the season offers a unique and peaceful travel experience with far fewer tourists. It’s the perfect time to explore museums, enjoy hearty Moldovan cuisine in cozy restaurants, and appreciate the stark, frosty beauty of the landscape. Spring (March to May) is a period of awakening, with temperatures gradually warming and the countryside bursting into life with green shoots and colorful blossoms by late April and May.
| Season / Month | Average High Temperature |
|---|---|
| Winter (Dec-Feb) | 1°C to 4°C (34°F to 39°F) |
| Spring (Mar-May) | 10°C to 22°C (50°F to 72°F) |
| Summer (Jun-Aug) | 26°C to 28°C (79°F to 82°F) |
| Autumn (Sep-Nov) | 10°C to 23°C (50°F to 73°F) |
9) Airports, International and Domestic Flight
The principal gateway for international travelers to Moldova is Chișinău International Airport (KIV), strategically located about 13 kilometers (8 miles) southeast of the capital city. As the country’s sole international airport, KIV handles all commercial air traffic and serves as the primary hub for the national carrier, Air Moldova, alongside a growing roster of other European airlines. The airport terminal is modern, clean, and efficient, offering all the necessary amenities for a comfortable travel experience. These facilities include multiple currency exchange booths, ATMs, car rental desks representing major international brands, duty-free shopping, and a selection of cafes and restaurants for a final taste of Moldovan hospitality before departure or a welcome snack upon arrival.
Connectivity between Chișinău International Airport and the city center is both convenient and highly affordable. For the most budget-conscious traveler, the ‘Trolleybus 30’ route provides a direct, reliable, and incredibly cheap link to the heart of Chișinău, with the journey offering a first glimpse of the city’s suburbs. Alternatively, the ‘Express Bus 165’ also runs a frequent service. For those seeking more direct and comfortable transport, official taxis are readily available outside the arrivals hall. It is highly advisable to use licensed taxis or to pre-book a transfer with a reputable company to ensure a fair, fixed price. Ride-sharing services like Bolt and Yandex Go also operate from the airport, offering another convenient and cashless option for a swift journey to your accommodation, typically taking around 20-30 minutes.
Chișinău International Airport boasts a solid and expanding network of connections to major hubs across Europe and the Middle East. There are regular direct flights to and from key cities such as Istanbul, Vienna, Warsaw, Frankfurt, London, Dublin, and Tel Aviv. This robust network ensures that Moldova is easily accessible for travelers from virtually anywhere in the world, often with just a single, convenient layover. Several low-cost carriers, including Wizz Air and FlyOne, also operate numerous routes to KIV, which has significantly increased the affordability and accessibility of travel to Moldova, making it a prime destination for budget-savvy European explorers. To secure the best fares, it is always recommended to book flights well in advance, especially for travel during the peak summer months or around major holidays.
Due to Moldova’s compact geographical size, there is no domestic commercial flight industry. The country’s regions and major towns are efficiently and comprehensively connected by an excellent network of ground transportation, primarily buses and minibuses. This land-based travel is not only practical but also offers a more immersive experience, allowing visitors to witness the beautiful, rolling landscapes of the Moldovan countryside as they journey between destinations. Upon arriving at Chișinău International Airport, travelers can seamlessly connect to onward ground transport to reach any corner of the country, from the wineries in the central region to the cultural enclaves in the north and south, making a multi-destination trip both simple and enjoyable.
Back to Top10) Back Up Plan and Flight Route
While direct flights to Chișinău (KIV) are increasingly available, savvy travelers always benefit from having a backup plan. Unforeseen circumstances like flight cancellations, limited route availability from your origin, or prohibitive costs can disrupt travel plans. Fortunately, Moldova’s geographical position provides excellent alternative routes through its neighboring countries, most notably Romania. The most popular and highly recommended backup option is to fly into Iași International Airport (IAS) in Romania. Iași is a major city in eastern Romania, located remarkably close to the Moldovan border, and its airport is a hub for many airlines, including several low-cost carriers, offering extensive connections across Europe. This route often provides more flight options and competitive pricing.
The onward journey from Iași to Chișinău is simple, well-organized, and affordable. A steady stream of modern buses and minibuses operates daily between the two cities, making the border crossing seamless. The trip typically takes between three to four hours, including the time required for border formalities. This travel leg is a well-trodden path for both locals and tourists, ensuring a safe and reliable connection. This option not only serves as a practical backup but can also be a strategic choice for a two-country itinerary, allowing visitors to explore the historic Romanian city of Iași before heading to Moldova. The convenience and frequency of this route make it the premier alternative for accessing the country.
Another viable, albeit longer, alternative is to fly into Bucharest’s Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) in Romania. As the capital’s main airport, OTP has a much larger network of international flights, including long-haul connections from outside Europe. From Bucharest, travelers have two primary options for reaching Chișinău. A comfortable overnight train service connects the two capitals, offering a relaxing and scenic way to travel while saving on a night’s accommodation. Alternatively, several bus companies operate the route, which is a more time-consuming but often cheaper option. This route is ideal for those who wish to combine a visit to both Romania and Moldova in a single trip.
While Ukraine also borders Moldova, and cities like Odesa have historically served as entry points, the current geopolitical situation makes this a less stable and generally unadvisable option for tourists. Therefore, focusing on Romanian entry points is the most prudent and reliable strategy. Regardless of your chosen route, investing in comprehensive travel insurance that covers trip cancellations, delays, and interruptions is essential. This provides a financial safety net and peace of mind. By researching these alternative routes in advance, you can build a flexible and resilient travel plan, ensuring your journey to the heart of Moldova is smooth and stress-free, no matter the circumstances.
| Fly Into (Alternative Airport) | Onward Journey to Chișinău |
|---|---|
| Iași, Romania (IAS) – Recommended | Direct Bus or Minibus (approx. 3-4 hours) |
| Bucharest, Romania (OTP) | Overnight Train (approx. 13 hours) or Long-distance Bus |
11) Safety & Health
Moldova is widely regarded as a safe and secure destination for travelers, with a low incidence of serious crime. The local population is known for being friendly, hospitable, and generally welcoming to foreigners. Visitors can comfortably explore the capital and the countryside without significant safety concerns. However, as with any travel destination, it is crucial to exercise common sense and maintain a good level of situational awareness. Petty crime, such as pickpocketing and purse-snatching, can occur, particularly in crowded environments like public transportation, open-air markets (especially Chișinău’s Piata Centrala), and major tourist areas. To mitigate this risk, keep your valuables secure and out of sight, avoid displaying large amounts of cash, and consider using a money belt.
Regarding health, it is highly recommended to consult your doctor or a travel medicine clinic at least 4-6 weeks before your departure to ensure your routine vaccinations are up to date. While no specific vaccinations are mandatory for entry into Moldova, travel health professionals often recommend immunization against Hepatitis A and Tetanus as a standard precaution. The tap water in Moldova is not generally considered safe for consumption by tourists. To avoid any gastrointestinal issues, it is best to stick to bottled water, which is inexpensive and widely available in shops and restaurants throughout the country. Food hygiene in most restaurants and cafes is reliable, but always use your judgment and opt for establishments that appear clean and have a steady flow of customers.
Access to healthcare in Chișinău is adequate for treating common illnesses and minor injuries, with several private clinics offering services to international visitors. However, for serious or complex medical emergencies, the facilities may not meet the standards of Western Europe or North America. For this reason, securing comprehensive travel insurance before your trip is not just a recommendation; it is an absolute necessity. Your policy should include robust coverage for emergency medical treatment, hospitalization, and, most importantly, medical evacuation to a country with more advanced medical facilities if required. Pharmacies are well-stocked, but it’s always wise to bring a sufficient supply of any personal prescription medications, along with a doctor’s note.
A specific consideration for travelers is the political status of the breakaway region of Transnistria. While day trips to its capital, Tiraspol, are popular and generally safe, it is important to understand that this region is not under the control of the Moldovan government. Consular assistance from your embassy may be severely limited or non-existent should you encounter any problems there. It is essential to check your government’s latest travel advisories before planning a visit, adhere strictly to the entry and exit procedures at the checkpoints, and maintain a low profile. By taking these sensible precautions and prioritizing your health and safety, you can ensure a worry-free and deeply rewarding exploration of all that Moldova has to offer.
Back to Top12) Currency, Commodities & Costs
The official currency of Moldova is the Moldovan Leu (MDL), which is subdivided into 100 bani. As the Leu is a closed currency, it is not generally possible to obtain it outside of Moldova. Therefore, travelers will need to exchange their money upon arrival. The most convenient place to do this is at Chișinău International Airport, where several exchange kiosks are available. However, for slightly better exchange rates, it is often worth waiting until you get to the city center, where numerous ‘case de schimb’ (exchange offices) can be found. These offices are plentiful and generally offer more competitive rates than banks. ATMs are also widely available throughout Chișinău and other major towns, providing a simple way to withdraw cash using international debit or credit cards.
Moldova is renowned for being one of the most affordable travel destinations in all of Europe, offering exceptional value for money. This affordability makes it an ideal choice for budget-conscious travelers, backpackers, and anyone looking to have a rich travel experience without a hefty price tag. The costs for accommodation, food, transportation, and attractions are significantly lower than in Western or even Central Europe. For example, a delicious and filling meal at a local restaurant or ‘cantină’ can be enjoyed for just a few dollars, while a three-course dinner for two at a good mid-range restaurant, complete with a bottle of excellent local wine, can often be had for less than the price of a main course in a major Western city.
Transportation within Moldova is remarkably inexpensive. A single journey on a trolleybus in Chișinău costs just a few Lei, making it almost free by international standards. Intercity bus travel, the primary method for exploring the country, is also incredibly cheap, allowing for extensive travel on a minimal budget. Taxis and ride-sharing services are more expensive but still offer great value compared to other European capitals. This low cost of transport makes it easy and affordable to visit key sites like the Orheiul Vechi monastery complex or the world-famous Cricova winery without needing to join an expensive organized tour.
This excellent value extends to everyday commodities and souvenirs. A cup of coffee at a trendy café, a loaf of fresh bread from a bakery, or a bottle of water are all very cheap. The standout bargain, however, is the wine. Moldova produces world-class wines that can be purchased in supermarkets and wine shops for a fraction of what a comparable bottle would cost elsewhere. This allows visitors to sample a wide variety of high-quality wines and bring home fantastic, affordable gifts. The overall low cost of travel in Moldova means you can enjoy a longer, more comfortable, and more enriching trip on any budget.
| Commodity / Service | Approximate Cost (MDL) |
|---|---|
| Meal at an inexpensive ‘Cantină’ | 120 – 180 MDL |
| Three-course meal for two (mid-range restaurant) | 500 – 800 MDL |
| Domestic Beer (0.5 liter) | 25 – 40 MDL |
| Bottle of quality local wine (supermarket) | 100 – 200 MDL |
| Cappuccino in a central café | 30 – 45 MDL |
| One-way ticket on Chișinău trolleybus | 6 MDL |
13) Housing Rental Cost
For individuals planning an extended stay in Moldova, such as digital nomads, expatriates, or long-term travelers, the housing rental market presents an incredibly attractive and affordable landscape. The cost of renting an apartment or a house is dramatically lower than in almost any other European country, which is a major factor in the nation’s appeal for those looking to relocate or settle for a few months. The most developed and diverse rental market is found in the capital, Chișinău, where one can find a wide spectrum of properties, from modern, newly-renovated apartments in the city center to larger, family-style homes and condominiums in quieter residential neighborhoods.
The primary determinants of rental prices are, as expected, location, size, and the overall condition of the property. A modern, furnished one-bedroom apartment in a desirable central district like Centru or Râșcani will command the highest prices, yet these are still remarkably low by international standards. Moving to neighborhoods just outside the immediate city center, such as Botanica or Buiucani, can yield even greater savings without significantly compromising on convenience, thanks to the excellent public transport system. For those requiring more space, two or three-bedroom apartments and even detached houses with small gardens are available at prices that are often a fraction of what one would pay for a small studio in a major Western European city. Rental costs in other Moldovan cities like Bălți or Tiraspol are even more economical.
When embarking on a search for a rental property, utilizing online real estate portals is the most efficient approach. Several local websites list available properties, although they may primarily be in Romanian or Russian. Alternatively, working with a reputable local real estate agent can streamline the process, as they can help bridge any language barriers and assist with contract negotiations. It is crucial to have a formal rental agreement (‘contract de închiriere’) drafted and signed to protect both the tenant and the landlord. This contract should clearly outline the rent, payment schedule, duration of the lease, and responsibilities for utility payments and maintenance.
Prospective renters should always clarify which costs are included in the monthly rent. Typically, tenants are responsible for their own utilities, which include electricity, gas, water, and internet. A significant additional expense to budget for is central heating during the winter, which can be substantial from November to March. It is important to inquire about average winter utility costs before signing a lease. Despite these additional costs, the overall affordability of the rental market remains one of Moldova’s biggest draws, enabling a high standard of living and allowing long-term visitors to comfortably immerse themselves in the local culture without the financial pressures found elsewhere in Europe.
| Property Type & Location | Approximate Monthly Rent (EUR) |
|---|---|
| 1-Bedroom Apartment (City Center) | €350 – €550 |
| 1-Bedroom Apartment (Outside Center) | €250 – €400 |
| 3-Bedroom Apartment (City Center) | €600 – €900 |
| 3-Bedroom House (Suburbs) | €700 – €1200+ |
14) Cost of Living
The cost of living in Moldova is consistently ranked as one of the lowest in Europe, presenting a significant advantage for expats, digital nomads, students, and long-term travelers. This remarkable affordability permeates nearly every facet of daily life, including housing, groceries, transportation, and leisure activities. Even in the capital, Chișinău, which is the country’s economic hub and most expensive city, expenses remain substantially lower than in other European capitals. This low-cost environment allows for a comfortable, and even high, quality of life on a modest budget, enabling residents to save money or indulge in more frequent cultural and culinary experiences.
Daily expenses, such as groceries, contribute significantly to the low cost of living. Shopping at local ‘piețe’ (markets), like the bustling Piața Centrală in Chișinău, is the most economical way to buy fresh, seasonal, and locally grown produce, meats, and dairy products. The quality is excellent, and the prices are a fraction of what one would find in a Western supermarket. Dining out is also incredibly affordable, with a wide spectrum of options from cheap and cheerful ‘cantinele’ (canteens) serving traditional food to mid-range and fine dining restaurants that offer exceptional value for money. A monthly food budget can be managed very effectively without sacrificing quality or variety.
Utility costs for housing are generally reasonable, covering electricity, water, gas, and high-speed internet, which is both fast and cheap. The most significant utility expense to be mindful of is heating during the cold winter months. Buildings with centralized heating systems have costs that can rise substantially from November to March, so this should be factored into any long-term budget. Public transportation is another area of major savings, with trolleybus and bus fares in Chișinău being exceptionally low. This reliable and cheap network reduces the need for a private car, further cutting down on monthly expenses related to fuel, insurance, and maintenance.
For families considering a move to Moldova, the costs associated with education and childcare are also very competitive. While the public school system is free, Chișinău is home to several private and international schools that offer curricula in English and other languages. The tuition fees for these institutions are considerably lower than those for comparable schools in most other countries, making it a feasible option for many expat families. Similarly, costs for healthcare, fitness memberships, and entertainment are all well below the European average. This combination of low living expenses and affordable amenities makes Moldova a highly practical and financially sensible choice for anyone seeking an authentic European lifestyle without the associated high costs.
| Expense Category | Approximate Monthly Cost (EUR) |
|---|---|
| Basic Utilities (85m² Apt, incl. heating) | €90 – €180 (higher in winter) |
| High-Speed Internet | €8 – €12 |
| Fitness Club Membership (1 Adult) | €25 – €45 |
| International Primary School (per child, per year) | €3,000 – €8,000 |
15) Shopping & Souvenirs
Shopping in Moldova offers a delightful departure from the generic, brand-filled high streets found elsewhere in Europe. While Chișinău does have modern shopping malls like Malldova, which house familiar international brands, the true essence of Moldovan commerce is found in its bustling local markets, charming souvenir shops, and specialized artisan stores. It is in these places that visitors can discover unique, handcrafted items that tell a story of the country’s rich cultural heritage and artisanal traditions. From world-class wines to intricately embroidered textiles, the souvenirs available are authentic, meaningful, and, best of all, incredibly affordable, ensuring you can bring home a piece of Moldova without straining your budget.
Unquestionably, the most popular and celebrated souvenir to purchase is Moldovan wine. With a viticultural history stretching back millennia, the country produces an astonishing variety of high-quality wines that consistently win international awards. A visit to a specialized wine shop, or ‘vinotecă’, is a must for any visitor. Here, you can find a wide selection of bottles from both large, famous wineries like Cricova and Purcari, as well as smaller, boutique producers. For a truly authentic taste, seek out wines made from indigenous grape varieties such as Fetească Albă (white), Fetească Neagră, and Rară Neagră (red). Another excellent local spirit to consider is ‘divin’, the country’s smooth and flavorful brandy, which is produced to a standard similar to French cognac.
For those who appreciate traditional craftsmanship, the ‘ia’ (pronounced ee-ya) is the ultimate cultural souvenir. This is the traditional Romanian and Moldovan blouse, exquisitely decorated with hand-stitched embroidery. Each pattern and color combination is symbolic and often specific to a particular region, making each blouse a unique work of wearable art. You can find authentic ‘ia’ blouses, along with other traditional textiles like handwoven wool carpets (‘scoarțe’) and embroidered tablecloths, at dedicated artisan markets and souvenir shops. Handcrafted pottery, reflecting an ancient local craft, is another wonderful gift, with items ranging from decorative plates to rustic, black-fired ceramics from the village of Hoginești.
Edible souvenirs are always a fantastic way to bring the taste of your travels home. Moldova, with its fertile soil, offers many delicious options. Jars of local acacia or linden honey are a popular choice, as are homemade fruit preserves, especially those made from sour cherries, walnuts, or quince. You can also find bags of high-quality walnuts, a major agricultural export, and various traditional sweets. The best place to find all these items and more is at a local market, such as the Piața Centrală in Chișinău. A stroll through its vibrant, chaotic aisles is a sensory experience in itself and the perfect place to hunt for authentic gifts while observing a slice of daily Moldovan life.
Back to Top16) Nightlife & Entertainment
While Moldova might not be globally renowned as a nightlife hotspot, its capital, Chișinău, boasts a surprisingly dynamic and diverse after-dark scene that has something to offer everyone. The city’s nightlife has evolved rapidly, now featuring a mix of sophisticated cocktail bars, cozy craft beer pubs, high-energy nightclubs, and alternative music venues. Most of these establishments are conveniently clustered in and around the city center, particularly along the main thoroughfare, Ștefan cel Mare boulevard, and its intersecting streets. This concentration makes it easy for visitors to bar-hop and explore different spots on foot. The atmosphere is typically relaxed and welcoming, and the prices for drinks and entry fees are refreshingly affordable compared to other European capitals.
For a more refined and relaxed evening, Chișinău’s burgeoning cocktail and wine bar scene is the perfect place to start. A number of stylish and intimate venues offer expertly crafted cocktails using premium spirits and local ingredients. Wine bars, or ‘vinoteci’, are also incredibly popular, providing the perfect setting to explore Moldova’s fantastic range of local wines by the glass or bottle, often accompanied by delicious cheese and meat platters. For those who prefer beer, several pubs and bars now offer a great selection of local craft beers alongside international favorites, serving as cozy spots to socialize with both locals and fellow travelers in a laid-back environment.
When the desire to dance takes hold, Chișinău delivers with a variety of nightclubs that cater to different musical tastes. You can find clubs pumping out mainstream electronic dance music, pop, and R&B, as well as more underground venues that focus on techno, house, and alternative music. The clubbing scene is energetic and inclusive, attracting a vibrant mix of young Moldovans and international visitors. Some of the more upscale clubs may have a smart-casual dress code, so it’s a good idea to check in advance. These venues typically get busy after midnight and stay open until the early hours of the morning, especially on weekends.
Beyond the typical bar and club scene, Chișinău offers a range of other entertainment options for the evening. The city is home to the magnificent National Opera and Ballet Theatre, where you can witness world-class performances of classic operas and ballets at incredibly accessible prices. This offers a chance for a truly elegant and cultured night out. Additionally, there are several drama theaters staging plays in Romanian and Russian, as well as modern cinemas showing the latest international blockbusters. During the warmer months, the city’s parks often host free open-air concerts and events, adding another layer to the capital’s lively and varied entertainment landscape.
Back to Top17) Insider Travel Tips
To truly elevate your Moldovan journey from a standard holiday to an unforgettable adventure, embracing a few insider tips can make all the difference. One of the best ways to get your bearings and delve into the local narrative is by joining a free walking tour. Offered in both Chișinău and Tiraspol (in Transnistria), these tours are led by passionate local guides who provide fascinating insights into the city’s history, architecture, and contemporary life that you won’t find in a guidebook. While the tours are officially free, they operate on a tips-based model, so it is customary to give your guide a gratuity that reflects your enjoyment of the tour. It’s a fantastic and economical way to start your exploration.
Embrace the local transportation for an authentic and budget-friendly experience. Don’t be intimidated by Chișinău’s network of trolleybuses. They are incredibly cheap, easy to use, and cover the entire city. Simply hop on and wait for the conductor to come and collect the small fare. This is how the locals travel, and it offers a slice-of-life experience. For intercity travel, forgo expensive private transfers and use the ‘gara’ (bus station). The system of buses and ‘maxitaxis’ is comprehensive and will get you almost anywhere in the country for just a few dollars, allowing you to immerse yourself in the daily rhythms of Moldovan life.
To experience the heart of Moldovan hospitality, consider staying in a rural guesthouse, or ‘pensiune’, for at least one night. Places like Butuceni and Trebujeni near Orheiul Vechi offer charming, family-run accommodations where you can enjoy delicious, home-cooked traditional meals and experience the serene pace of village life. This provides a much more intimate and memorable experience than staying exclusively in city hotels. Similarly, when dining, look for ‘cantină’ style restaurants for lunch. These self-service eateries offer a variety of authentic, homemade dishes at incredibly low prices and are a favorite among locals for a quick and hearty meal.
Finally, always carry cash, especially when venturing outside of Chișinău. While credit cards are widely accepted in the capital’s larger establishments, cash is king in rural areas, at local markets, and in smaller shops. Have a mix of Moldovan Lei in various denominations. Learn a few words of Romanian; a simple ‘Mulțumesc’ (Thank you) or ‘Bună ziua’ (Good day) will be met with warm smiles and can open the door to more genuine interactions. Be open-minded, be curious, and accept offers of hospitality when they arise. It is these spontaneous moments of connection that will ultimately define your authentic Moldovan experience.
Back to Top18) Etiquette & Customs
Observing local etiquette and customs is a sign of respect that can greatly enhance your travel experience in Moldova. While Moldovans are generally warm, forgiving, and accustomed to visitors, demonstrating an awareness of their social norms will be deeply appreciated and can lead to more meaningful interactions. When meeting someone for the first time, a firm handshake is the standard greeting for both men and women, accompanied by direct eye contact and a polite verbal greeting such as “Bună ziua” (Good day). When addressing people you don’t know, especially those older than you, using the formal ‘dumneavoastră’ (you) is a sign of respect.
Being invited into a Moldovan home is a common and sincere gesture of hospitality and should be considered an honor. If you receive such an invitation, it is customary to bring a small gift for your hosts to show your appreciation. A bottle of wine (a safe and always welcome choice), a box of chocolates, or a bouquet of flowers for the hostess are all excellent options. When giving flowers, always ensure you give an odd number of stems, as even numbers are strictly reserved for funerals and are considered bad luck in other contexts. Upon entering a home, it is polite to remove your shoes at the door; your host will likely offer you a pair of slippers to wear inside.
During a meal, you will be treated with immense generosity. Your hosts will offer you plenty of food and drink, and it is polite to accept everything you are offered. To refuse food or a drink, especially the initial offering of homemade wine or ‘țuică’ (a strong fruit brandy), can be seen as impolite. Even if you don’t drink alcohol, it is best to accept the glass and take a symbolic sip. Wait for your host to say “Poftă bună!” (Enjoy your meal!) or make the first toast (“Noroc!”) before you begin eating or drinking. It is also good manners to try a little bit of every dish that is served.
When visiting Moldova’s many beautiful and historic churches and monasteries, dressing modestly is essential. Men should avoid wearing shorts and should opt for long trousers. Women should wear skirts or dresses that cover their knees and ensure their shoulders are covered. In some more conservative monasteries, women may also be required or politely asked to cover their hair with a scarf, which are often provided at the entrance. Behave with reverence inside places of worship; speak softly and refrain from taking intrusive photos during services. By being mindful of these cultural nuances, you show respect for the Moldovan way of life and will, in turn, be met with even greater warmth and hospitality.
Back to Top19) Basic Language Tips
While navigating the tourist areas of Chișinău with English is certainly possible, taking the time to learn a few basic phrases in Romanian will fundamentally transform your travel experience in Moldova. Any attempt to communicate in the local language, no matter how small, is seen as a profound sign of respect and an appreciation for the culture. It acts as an instant icebreaker, turning simple transactions into friendly exchanges and opening the door to more genuine and memorable interactions. Moldovans are incredibly patient and encouraging with foreigners trying to speak their language, so there is no need to be shy or afraid of making mistakes. Your efforts will be met with warmth and appreciation.
Romanian is a phonetic language, which means that words are generally pronounced as they are spelled, making it easier to learn than languages with more complex pronunciation rules. It is a Romance language, so travelers with a background in Spanish, French, or Italian will recognize some cognates and grammatical structures. Start with the essential greetings. “Bună ziua” (BOO-nuh ZEE-wah) is the universal polite greeting for “Good day.” In the morning, you can use “Bună dimineața” (BOO-nuh dee-mee-NYA-tsa), and in the evening, “Bună seara” (BOO-nuh SYA-ra). A more informal “Hello” is simply “Salut” (sa-LOOT).
Politeness is paramount in Moldovan culture, so knowing your manners is key. “Vă rog” (vuh ROHG) means “Please,” and “Mulțumesc” (mool-tsoo-MESK) means “Thank you.” These two phrases will be invaluable in every situation, from ordering in a restaurant to buying a bus ticket. Responding with “Cu plăcere” (koo pluh-CHAIR-eh) for “You’re welcome” will complete the polite exchange. To get someone’s attention, you can say “Scuzați-mă” (skoo-ZAHTS-muh), which means “Excuse me.” The two most basic words, “Da” (Yes) and “Nu” (No), are also essential for your vocabulary.
When you are shopping or at a restaurant, a few more phrases will be very helpful. “Cât costă?” (kut COS-tuh) means “How much does it cost?”. When you are ready to pay, you can ask for “Nota, vă rog” (NO-tah, vuh ROHG), which means “The bill, please.” And of course, when enjoying the country’s fantastic wine with new friends, the all-important word for “Cheers!” is “Noroc!” (no-ROK). Keeping a translation app on your phone is a great backup, but making the effort to memorize these simple phrases will undoubtedly lead to a richer, more engaging, and more rewarding journey through this hospitable land.
| English Phrase | Romanian Translation |
|---|---|
| Hello (Good day) | Bună ziua |
| Hello (Informal) | Salut |
| Goodbye | La revedere |
| Please | Vă rog |
| Thank you | Mulțumesc |
| You’re welcome | Cu plăcere |
| Yes | Da |
| No | Nu |
| Excuse me | Scuzați-mă |
| I don’t understand | Nu înțeleg |
| Do you speak English? | Vorbiți engleza? |
| My name is… | Mă numesc… |
| How are you? | Ce faci? (informal) / Ce faceți? (formal) |
| How much is this? | Cât costă? |
| Where is the toilet? | Unde este toaleta? |
| The bill, please. | Nota, vă rog. |
| Water | Apă |
| Wine | Vin |
| Cheers! | Noroc! |
| Enjoy your meal! | Poftă bună! |
20) Useful Resources
To ensure your trip to Moldova is well-planned, smooth, and enriching, leveraging a few key online resources is highly recommended. The official tourism website for the Republic of Moldova, often found at moldova.travel, should be your first port of call. This platform is specifically designed for international visitors and offers a wealth of reliable information on destinations, cultural attractions, national parks, wineries, and upcoming events. It provides curated itineraries and practical travel advice, serving as an excellent source of inspiration and factual information to help you build your perfect travel plan. The site is typically available in English and other major languages, making it easily accessible.
For securing accommodation, major international booking platforms like Booking.com and Airbnb are widely used and have extensive listings across Moldova. Booking.com is particularly strong for hotels, from luxury establishments in Chișinău to smaller, family-run hotels in other towns. Airbnb is an excellent resource for finding private apartments, which can offer more space and kitchen facilities for a more self-sufficient stay, or for booking rooms in rural guesthouses for a truly authentic experience. Reading recent reviews from other travelers on these platforms is an invaluable way to gauge the quality and location of a property before you commit.
When it comes to navigating the country, having the right digital tools can make a world of difference. For getting around Chișinău and other cities, downloading a ride-sharing app like Bolt or Yandex Go is a must for convenient and transparently priced taxi services. For public transport routes, apps like Moovit can be helpful, although simply asking a local is often just as effective. For intercity bus schedules, checking websites like autogara.md can provide some information, but schedules can change, so it is always best to verify times at the ‘gara’ (bus station) itself a day in advance if possible.
Lastly, for the most current and critical travel information, always consult your home country’s official government travel advisory website before and during your trip. These sites provide up-to-date details on visa requirements, safety and security situations (including specific advice for regions like Transnistria), health recommendations, and local laws. Subscribing to their updates can keep you informed of any changing conditions. Following a few travel bloggers or vloggers who have recently visited Moldova can also provide excellent, on-the-ground tips and inspiration. By combining these official and informal resources, you can equip yourself with the knowledge needed for a fantastic and trouble-free journey through this captivating country.
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