Mongolia Travel Guide

1) Destination Overview

Mongolia, the “Land of the Eternal Blue Sky,” is a destination that captures the imagination like few others. It is a vast, landlocked country sandwiched between Russia and China, a realm of endless steppes, rugged mountains, and pristine lakes, all under a boundless, piercingly blue sky. This is a land that offers the ultimate adventure for travelers seeking raw, untamed nature and a profound connection to a culture that has remained unchanged for centuries. Mongolia is one of the most sparsely populated countries on Earth, a fact that becomes immediately apparent as you venture beyond the capital and into the immense, silent landscapes that define the nation. It is a place where the legacy of Chinggis Khaan (Genghis Khan) and his mighty empire still echoes across the plains, and where the nomadic way of life continues to be the bedrock of society.

The heart of the Mongolian experience lies in its nomadic culture. Nearly a third of the population still lives a traditional, pastoralist lifestyle, moving with their herds of horses, goats, and yaks across the vast grasslands in search of fresh pasture. This ancient way of life is deeply intertwined with the natural world and a strong sense of community and hospitality. Visitors have the unique opportunity to stay with nomadic families in their traditional felt dwellings, known as gers (yurts), sharing meals, learning about their daily routines, and experiencing a level of warmth and generosity that is truly humbling. This is not a manufactured tourist experience; it is a genuine immersion into a culture that values freedom, resilience, and a deep respect for the land.

The geography of Mongolia is as diverse as it is dramatic. The country can be broadly divided into several distinct regions. In the south, the formidable Gobi Desert stretches across the horizon, a landscape of sweeping sand dunes, rocky canyons, and surprising oases. This seemingly inhospitable environment is home to unique wildlife, including the two-humped Bactrian camel, and holds a treasure trove of dinosaur fossils. In contrast, the central region is the heartland of the steppe, the classic Mongolian landscape of rolling green hills and grasslands. The north is a region of dense taiga forests, crystal-clear lakes like the magnificent Khövsgöl Nuur, and the home of the Tsaatan reindeer herders. In the far west, the Altai Mountains rise dramatically, offering some of the most spectacular and challenging trekking in Asia.

While nature and nomadic culture are the main draws, the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, provides a fascinating and often jarring contrast. It is a bustling, rapidly modernizing city where Soviet-era architecture stands alongside gleaming new skyscrapers and Buddhist monasteries. It is the country’s political, economic, and cultural hub, home to excellent museums like the National Museum of Mongolia, which offers a comprehensive overview of the nation’s history, from the Stone Age to the present day. Ulaanbaatar serves as the gateway to the rest of the country, the starting point for any great Mongolian adventure. A journey to Mongolia is a journey back in time and a deep dive into a world of breathtaking space, profound silence, and enduring tradition.

Back to Top

2) Best Time to Visit and Why

Choosing the best time to visit Mongolia is crucial, as the country’s extreme continental climate dictates everything from accessibility to the types of experiences you can have. The Mongolian travel season is relatively short, with the most favorable and popular period being the summer months of June, July, and August. During this time, the weather is at its most pleasant and reliable across the country. The vast steppes are a vibrant, lush green, wildflowers are in bloom, and daytime temperatures are warm and comfortable, typically ranging from 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). This is the perfect weather for all the classic Mongolian activities, including horse riding, trekking, and camping.

July is arguably the single best month to visit, as it coincides with the Naadam Festival, Mongolia’s most important national holiday. This spectacular event, known as the “three manly games,” features competitions in wrestling, horse racing, and archery, and it is a vibrant and colorful celebration of Mongolian culture and tradition. While the main festival takes place in Ulaanbaatar, smaller, more intimate Naadam celebrations are held in towns and villages across the country, offering a more authentic experience. The summer months also offer the best conditions for overland travel, as the dirt tracks that make up most of the country’s road network are dry and most passable.

The shoulder months of May and September can also be excellent times to visit. In May, the country is emerging from its harsh winter, the landscape is greening, and you will encounter fewer tourists than in the peak summer months. It is a time of new life, with baby animals being born among the nomadic herds. September is another beautiful month, often characterized by clear, crisp autumn days and the golden colors of the changing foliage, particularly in the northern forests. The weather is generally still pleasant for outdoor activities, and the main tourist crowds have departed. However, be prepared for cooler temperatures, especially at night.

The winter in Mongolia, from November to March, is brutally cold and is only for the most adventurous and well-prepared travelers. Temperatures in Ulaanbaatar can plummet to -30°C (-22°F) or even lower, and the countryside is covered in a thick blanket of snow. While this period offers a unique and starkly beautiful landscape, travel is extremely difficult and many tourist ger camps are closed. The exception is for those wishing to experience specific winter festivals, such as the Ice Festival on Lake Khövsgöl or the Golden Eagle Festival in the west (which has a winter edition). For the vast majority of travelers, the period from June to August offers the ideal combination of pleasant weather, cultural events, and accessibility to fully appreciate the wonders of Mongolia.

Back to Top

3) Top Destinations and Best Hotel

Mongolia’s top destinations are a roll call of epic landscapes and profound cultural experiences, offering a journey into a world far removed from the everyday. The adventure for most begins and ends in the capital, Ulaanbaatar. While often seen as just a gateway, the city is worth exploring for a day or two to acclimatize and understand the nation’s context. Key sites include the Gandan Monastery, the country’s most important Buddhist center, where you can witness monks chanting and spin prayer wheels. The National Museum of Mongolia provides an essential overview of the country’s history, from prehistoric times to the Mongol Empire and the modern era. For a panoramic view of the city, head to the Zaisan Memorial, a Soviet-era monument on a hill overlooking Ulaanbaatar.

The Gobi Desert, in the south of the country, is one of Mongolia’s most iconic and awe-inspiring landscapes. This is not a desert of endless sand, but a diverse and dramatic region of vast gravel plains, rocky mountains, and stunning “singing” sand dunes like the Khongoryn Els. The Gobi is also famous for its rich paleontological history; the Flaming Cliffs (Bayanzag) are where the American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews first discovered dinosaur eggs in the 1920s. Other highlights include the deep, narrow canyon of Yolyn Am (Vulture’s Mouth), which often holds ice well into the summer, and the opportunity to ride the two-humped Bactrian camels that are native to the region. A tour through the Gobi, staying in traditional ger camps under a canopy of brilliant stars, is an unforgettable experience.

Central Mongolia is the classic heartland of the steppe, a region of rolling green hills, nomadic families, and important historical sites. Here you will find the Orkhon Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage site that was the center of the ancient Mongol Empire. The valley is home to the ruins of Karakorum (Kharkhorin), the 13th-century capital founded by Chinggis Khaan’s son, Ögedei. The adjacent Erdene Zuu Monastery, the first Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, is a magnificent complex of temples surrounded by 108 stupas. This region is also perfect for horse riding, with destinations like the beautiful Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur (Great White Lake) and the Khorgo volcano offering stunning scenery for trekking and exploration.

In the north, the landscape transforms into a region of mountains, forests, and pristine lakes, reminiscent of Siberia. The jewel of this region is Khövsgöl Nuur, a massive, crystal-clear alpine lake known as the “Blue Pearl of Mongolia.” It is a stunningly beautiful area, perfect for hiking, horse riding, and kayaking. The region is also home to the Tsaatan, or Dukha people, one of the last groups of nomadic reindeer herders in the world. Visiting a Tsaatan camp is a unique and fascinating cultural experience. When it comes to accommodation, outside of Ulaanbaatar, the main option is ger camps. In the capital, however, you can find excellent hotels. The Shangri-La Ulaanbaatar offers world-class luxury, while the The Blue Sky Hotel and Tower provides modern comfort and spectacular city views. For a more boutique feel, the Khuvsgul Lake Hotel is another excellent choice.

Back to Top

4) Language & Culture

The culture of Mongolia is a powerful and enduring force, deeply rooted in its history as the heart of the largest contiguous land empire the world has ever known and in its ancient traditions of nomadic pastoralism. It is a culture defined by a profound connection to the land, a fierce sense of independence, and an unwavering spirit of hospitality. The legacy of Chinggis Khaan (Genghis Khan) is not just a historical footnote; it is the foundational element of the national identity, a source of immense pride that permeates every aspect of society. He is revered as the father of the nation, the great leader who united the Mongol tribes and established a code of law and a sense of shared destiny.

The official language of the country is Mongolian, which is spoken by over 95% of the population. It is written using the Cyrillic alphabet, a legacy of the Soviet era’s influence. While this can be challenging for Western visitors, learning a few basic phrases is highly appreciated and can greatly enhance interactions. In Ulaanbaatar, English is spoken by many younger people and those working in the tourism industry, but outside the capital, it is much less common. The Russian language is also understood by some of the older generation. The language itself is rich with expressions that reflect the importance of nature, animals, and the sky.

The heart of Mongolian culture lies in its nomadic way of life. For millennia, Mongolians have been pastoralists, moving with their five main types of livestock—horses, cattle (including yaks), camels, sheep, and goats—across the vast steppes. This lifestyle has fostered a unique set of values, including incredible resilience, self-sufficiency, and a deep, intuitive understanding of the natural world. The traditional dwelling, the ger (or yurt), is a masterpiece of nomadic engineering, a portable, felt-covered structure that can be assembled and disassembled in a matter of hours. Hospitality is a sacred duty in the nomadic culture; visitors are always welcomed into a ger and offered food and drink, a tradition born from the necessity of mutual support in a harsh environment.

Religion in Mongolia is predominantly Tibetan Buddhism, which has been intertwined with the national identity since the 16th century. It is a syncretic faith, often blended with older shamanistic and animistic beliefs that predate Buddhism’s arrival. This is visible in the practice of worshipping “ovoo,” sacred stone heaps found on mountaintops and passes, where travelers leave offerings for a safe journey. After being suppressed during the communist period of the 20th century, Buddhism has undergone a major revival since the 1990s, and monasteries like Gandan in Ulaanbaatar are once again vibrant centers of worship and learning. This spiritual landscape, combined with the legacy of the empire and the enduring nomadic traditions, makes Mongolian culture a truly unique and fascinating subject of discovery.

Back to Top

5) Festivals & Events

Festivals in Mongolia are a vibrant and spectacular window into the nation’s soul, celebrating its rich nomadic heritage, ancient traditions, and deep cultural pride. These events are not just for show; they are living, breathing expressions of the skills and values that have defined Mongolian life for centuries. The undisputed king of all Mongolian festivals is Naadam, the national holiday celebrated across the country every summer. Officially held from July 11th to 13th, Naadam is a thrilling spectacle centered on the “Eriin Gurvan Naadam,” or the “three manly games”: wrestling, horse racing, and archery. These are the core skills of the Mongol warrior, and the competitions are taken very seriously.

The largest and most elaborate Naadam celebration takes place in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, kicking off with a grand opening ceremony at the National Sports Stadium. The wrestling competition is the main event, with hundreds of burly wrestlers competing in a single-elimination tournament. The horse racing is an incredible sight, with thousands of horses competing in long-distance races across the steppe, ridden by child jockeys renowned for their skill and bravery. While the Ulaanbaatar Naadam is a magnificent spectacle, many travelers find the smaller, local Naadam festivals held in provincial towns and villages to be more authentic and intimate. Here, you can get much closer to the action and celebrate alongside the local communities.

Another of Mongolia’s most famous cultural events is the Golden Eagle Festival, held in the far western province of Bayan-Ölgii in early October. This spectacular festival celebrates the ancient tradition of eagle hunting, which is practiced by the local Kazakh people. Kazakh hunters, known as “berkutchi,” demonstrate the incredible bond they share with their trained golden eagles. The festival features competitions where the eagles are judged on their speed, agility, and accuracy in hunting small prey. Dressed in their magnificent traditional fur coats and riding decorated horses, the hunters and their eagles create a stunning and unforgettable visual spectacle against the backdrop of the Altai Mountains.

Beyond these two major events, Mongolia’s calendar is filled with other fascinating festivals. Tsagaan Sar, the Mongolian Lunar New Year, is the most important family celebration, usually occurring in January or February. It is a time for feasting, visiting relatives, and performing traditional rituals to ensure a prosperous year ahead. In recent years, new festivals have emerged to celebrate other aspects of the culture, such as the Thousand Camel Festival in the Gobi Desert and the Ice Festival on the frozen surface of Lake Khövsgöl in winter. Attending a Mongolian festival is an unparalleled opportunity to witness the country’s unique heritage and vibrant spirit in full, glorious display.

Back to Top

6) Local Cuisine

Mongolian cuisine is a direct reflection of the country’s harsh climate and its ancient nomadic traditions. It is a hearty, rustic, and practical cuisine, designed to provide sustenance and warmth in an environment where resources are scarce. The diet is traditionally based on the products of the “five snouts,” the five main types of livestock herded by nomads: horses, cattle (including yaks), camels, sheep, and goats. As a result, meat and dairy products form the twin pillars of Mongolian food. Vegetables and spices have historically played a very minor role, as they are difficult to grow in the country’s extreme climate, although their use is becoming more common in modern, urban cooking.

The most common and essential food group is meat, particularly mutton and beef. The meat is often boiled, either in a simple broth to create a soup called “shöl,” or cooked with large chunks of vegetables like potatoes and carrots. One of the most authentic and famous Mongolian dishes is “khorkhog,” a traditional barbecue. To make khorkhog, chunks of meat, vegetables, and water are placed inside a large metal container (often a milk churn) along with smooth stones that have been heated in a fire. The container is sealed, and the meat is cooked from the inside by the heat of the stones and from the outside by the fire, resulting in incredibly tender and flavorful meat. Another popular meat dish is “buuz,” steamed dumplings filled with minced mutton, a favorite during the Tsagaan Sar (Lunar New Year) festival.

Dairy products, known as “tsagaan idee” or “white foods,” are the other cornerstone of the diet, especially during the summer months. Nomadic families produce a wide variety of dairy products from the milk of their animals. The most common is “aaruul,” dried milk curds that are incredibly hard and have a sour taste. They are a practical, long-lasting source of protein and calcium, perfect for a nomadic lifestyle. Another staple is “öröm,” a thick, clotted cream skimmed from the top of boiled milk. Fermented mare’s milk, known as “airag,” is the national beverage. It is an alcoholic and slightly fizzy drink with a distinctive sour taste, and it is offered to all guests as a sign of hospitality.

In Ulaanbaatar, the culinary scene is much more diverse, with a wide range of international restaurants offering everything from Korean and Japanese to Italian and Mexican food. However, to truly experience the local food culture, you should visit a “guanz,” a traditional Mongolian canteen, to try the staple dishes. One popular dish found in these canteens is “tsuivan,” a hearty noodle dish made with fried noodles, meat, and a few vegetables. While Mongolian cuisine may be simple and heavily focused on meat and dairy, it is an authentic and integral part of the country’s cultural identity, offering a true taste of the nomadic way of life.

Back to Top

7) Transportation

Transportation in Mongolia is an adventure in itself and a central part of any journey through this vast and sparsely populated country. The infrastructure is limited, and the concept of a paved road is largely confined to the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and the main arteries connecting it to a few provincial centers. Once you venture into the countryside, you will be traveling on a vast and often confusing network of dirt tracks that crisscross the steppe. This makes independent travel extremely challenging for those unfamiliar with the terrain. For this reason, the vast majority of travelers explore Mongolia as part of a pre-arranged tour with a private vehicle and an experienced local driver.

The most common mode of transport for any cross-country tour is a four-wheel-drive vehicle. The most iconic and ubiquitous of these is the Russian-made UAZ Furgon, a rugged and incredibly durable van that has become a symbol of Mongolian travel. These robust vehicles are built to handle the tough off-road conditions, and their simple mechanics mean that they can often be repaired by drivers even in the most remote locations. For more comfort, many tour operators now use Japanese or Korean 4x4s, such as Toyota Land Cruisers or Hyundai Starex vans, which offer a smoother ride and air conditioning, a welcome luxury in the summer months. Hiring a vehicle with a driver is the standard and most recommended way to see the country safely and efficiently.

For long-distance travel between major provincial centers, there is a public bus system. These buses connect Ulaanbaatar with all the “aimag” (province) capitals. They are a very cheap way to travel and are used primarily by locals. However, the journeys can be very long, uncomfortable, and crowded. The buses travel on the few paved roads that exist, but the final stretches to many towns can still be on rough tracks. This is an option for the most budget-conscious and adventurous travelers who have plenty of time, but it is not a practical way to visit the more remote natural attractions.

The Trans-Mongolian Railway, a branch of the famous Trans-Siberian Railway, runs through the country, connecting Russia in the north with China in the south, via Ulaanbaatar. This provides a comfortable and scenic way to enter or exit the country and to travel between a few key points along its route, such as from Ulaanbaatar to the Gobi gateway city of Sainshand. Domestic flights also operate from Ulaanbaatar to several provincial capitals, including those in the far west (Ölgii) and the Gobi (Dalanzadgad). Flying can save a significant amount of time compared to the long overland journeys, but the services can be expensive and are sometimes subject to delays or cancellations. Ultimately, for a true Mongolian experience, embracing the long and bumpy overland journey in a 4×4 is an essential part of the adventure.

Back to Top

8) Weather & Climate

Mongolia’s weather is defined by its extreme continental climate, characterized by long, brutally cold winters and short, mild summers. As a high-altitude country located far from any moderating influence of the sea, it experiences huge temperature fluctuations, both seasonally and diurnally (between day and night). The country is famously known as the “Land of the Eternal Blue Sky” because it enjoys over 250 sunny days a year, but this sunshine is often accompanied by harsh temperatures. Understanding the distinct seasons is absolutely critical for planning a trip, as the weather will be the single biggest factor influencing your activities, comfort, and safety.

The winter, which lasts from November through March, is long and severe. In Ulaanbaatar, the world’s coldest capital city, average January temperatures hover around -25°C (-13°F), and it is not uncommon for them to drop below -40°C (-40°F). The countryside is even colder and is typically covered in a blanket of snow. While the skies are often clear and sunny, the cold is intense and requires specialized clothing and preparation. Travel during this period is very difficult, with many tourist camps closed and transportation options limited. It is a season best suited for only the most intrepid travelers seeking specific winter experiences like ice festivals or dog sledding.

Spring, from April to May, is a transitional season and can be very unpredictable. It is known for being windy and dusty, with the possibility of strong dust storms sweeping across the plains. While temperatures are rising, they can still be cold, and there is a risk of late-season snowstorms. The landscape is generally brown and barren as it emerges from the winter freeze. While it is possible to travel during this time, the conditions are not ideal, and many consider it the least pleasant season to visit.

Summer, from June to August, is the peak travel season and offers the most pleasant weather. This is the warmest time of the year, with average daytime temperatures in the Gobi reaching up to 30°C (86°F) and in the rest of the country ranging from 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). This is also the wettest season, but the rain usually comes in the form of short, sharp showers or thunderstorms, rather than prolonged downpours. The landscape is at its most beautiful, with the steppes turning a vibrant green. Autumn, in September and October, is another beautiful season, with clear, crisp air and golden landscapes. However, temperatures drop quickly, and by October, the first snows can begin to fall, signaling the swift approach of winter.

Season / Months	Average Temperature Range (°C) in Ulaanbaatar
Winter (Nov – Mar)	-15°C to -30°C
Spring (Apr – May)	-5°C to 15°C (Windy)
Summer (Jun – Aug)	10°C to 25°C
Autumn (Sep – Oct)	-5°C to 10°C

Back to Top

9) Airports, International and Domestic Flight

Air travel is the primary means of entry for most international visitors to Mongolia and plays a crucial role in traversing the country’s vast distances. The nation’s main international gateway is the new Chinggis Khaan International Airport (UBN), which officially opened in 2021. It is located in the Khöshig Valley, approximately 52 kilometers south of the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. This modern and state-of-the-art facility replaced the old Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport (which had the airport code ULN) as the main hub for all international and domestic flights. The new airport offers significantly improved capacity and facilities, designed to handle the growing number of visitors and to operate more reliably during Mongolia’s harsh winters.

International flight connections to Ulaanbaatar are somewhat limited compared to major global hubs, reflecting the country’s remote location. The national carrier, MIAT Mongolian Airlines, operates routes to several key cities in Asia and Europe, including Seoul, Tokyo, Beijing, Istanbul, and Frankfurt. Other major airlines that serve Ulaanbaatar include Korean Air, Asiana Airlines, Air China, and Turkish Airlines. The most common and reliable routes for international travelers are typically through major hubs like Seoul (Incheon), Istanbul, or Beijing. It is important to note that there are no direct flights to Mongolia from North or South America, or from Australia; travel from these regions will always require at least one connection.

Given the immense size of Mongolia and the limited and often rough road network, domestic flights are an essential and time-saving mode of transport for reaching the more remote provinces. Two main domestic airlines, Hunnu Air and Aero Mongolia, operate a network of flights from Ulaanbaatar to various “aimag” (province) capitals. These flights are a lifeline for connecting the far-flung corners of the country with the capital. For tourists, flying can turn a grueling multi-day overland journey into a flight of just a few hours, allowing for more time to be spent exploring the destination itself.

The most popular domestic routes for travelers are those that connect Ulaanbaatar with the main tourist regions. These include flights to Dalanzadgad (DLZ) in the Gobi Desert, to Murun (MXV) for access to Lake Khövsgöl, and to the western cities of Khovd (HVD) and Ölgii (ULG) in the Altai Mountains region. These flights are operated using smaller propeller or jet aircraft suitable for the regional airports. It is highly advisable to book domestic flights well in advance, especially during the peak summer season, as seats are limited and can sell out quickly. While flying is more expensive than overland travel, the time it saves makes it a very worthwhile investment for those on a tighter schedule.

Back to Top

10) Back Up Plan and Flight Route

Traveling in Mongolia requires a level of flexibility and preparedness that is greater than in most other destinations. The country’s rugged terrain, unpredictable weather, and limited infrastructure mean that even the best-laid plans can go awry. A backup plan is not just a good idea; it is an essential component of any Mongolian travel itinerary. The most common issues that travelers face are vehicle breakdowns, impassable roads due to mud or snow, and flight delays or cancellations. A resilient and patient mindset is your most important asset when dealing with these challenges.

For those traveling overland, the primary backup plan revolves around the vehicle and the driver. It is crucial to travel with an experienced driver who knows the terrain and has excellent mechanical skills. The Russian UAZ Furgon, while uncomfortable, is favored for its simplicity and the fact that most local drivers can fix it with a limited set of tools. Your backup plan should include having extra supplies of food, water, and fuel. It is also wise to carry a satellite phone or a personal locator beacon (PLB) for communication in remote areas where there is no mobile phone service. If a road is impassable, your driver will know the alternative tracks, but this may involve significant detours and delays, so having buffer days built into your schedule is critical.

If you are relying on domestic flights to cover long distances, your backup plan needs to account for potential cancellations. Mongolian domestic airlines have a reputation for being subject to delays and schedule changes, often due to weather conditions. If your flight is cancelled, the only alternative is a long and arduous overland journey, which could take several days. For example, if a flight from Ulaanbaatar to Ölgii in the far west is cancelled, the overland drive would take at least two to three days. Therefore, it is crucial not to schedule important activities, like the start of a trek or the Golden Eagle Festival, for the day immediately following a flight. Always allow for a buffer of at least one or two days.

In terms of international travel, the limited number of airlines serving Ulaanbaatar means that if your flight is cancelled, the next available flight might not be for another day or two. The most reliable flight routes are generally through major hubs like Seoul (ICN) or Istanbul (IST), which have daily or near-daily services. Having a travel insurance policy that covers trip delays and cancellations is essential. This can help you recoup the costs of extra accommodation and other expenses incurred due to a disruption. Ultimately, the best backup plan in Mongolia is a simple one: expect the unexpected, build extra time into your itinerary, and embrace any detours or delays as part of the authentic adventure.

Contingency	Backup Action / Plan
Domestic Flight Cancellation	Contact the airline to rebook on the next flight. Be prepared for a 1-2 day delay. The only alternative is a multi-day overland journey by private vehicle.
Vehicle Breakdown (Overland)	Rely on your experienced driver’s mechanical skills. This is a common occurrence. Have buffer days in your itinerary to account for repair time.
Impassable Road (Mud/Snow)	Your driver will attempt to find an alternative route. This may involve significant detours. Patience and extra supplies are key.
International Flight Disruption	The most frequent connections are via Seoul (ICN) and Istanbul (IST). Work with your airline to be re-routed, possibly through one of these hubs.

Back to Top

11) Safety & Health

Mongolia is generally a very safe country for travelers, with a low rate of violent crime. The nomadic people of the countryside are known for their warmth and hospitality, and visitors are almost always met with kindness and generosity. However, as in any country, it is important to be aware of your surroundings and take sensible precautions, particularly in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. The city has seen an increase in petty crime, such as pickpocketing and bag snatching, especially in crowded areas like the Naran Tuul Market (the Black Market) and on public transport. It is advisable to keep your valuables secure, avoid displaying large amounts of cash, and be vigilant in crowded places.

There have also been reports of occasional, racially motivated aggression towards foreigners in Ulaanbaatar, sometimes linked to ultra-nationalist groups. While these incidents are not common, it is wise to be cautious, especially at night in bars and nightclubs. It is recommended to avoid walking alone after dark and to use reputable taxi services. Outside of the capital, the main safety concerns are related to the environment and the challenges of remote travel. The vast and empty landscapes mean that if you have an accident or your vehicle breaks down, help can be very far away. This is why it is crucial to travel with an experienced guide and driver and to have a reliable means of emergency communication, such as a satellite phone.

From a health perspective, the most important step for any traveler is to consult a doctor or a travel medicine clinic well in advance of their trip. While there are no mandatory vaccinations required for entry into Mongolia, it is recommended to be up-to-date on routine vaccines. Vaccinations for Hepatitis A and Typhoid are also strongly recommended, as they can be contracted through contaminated food or water. Depending on your itinerary and planned activities, your doctor may also suggest vaccinations for Rabies (due to the presence of many free-roaming dogs) and Tick-borne Encephalitis, especially if you plan to spend a lot of time in forested areas in the north.

Medical facilities in Mongolia are limited and are not up to Western standards, especially outside of Ulaanbaatar. The capital has a few private hospitals that cater to foreigners, but for any serious medical issue, evacuation to another country would be necessary. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to have comprehensive travel insurance that includes emergency medical evacuation. The local water is not safe to drink, so you must stick to bottled, boiled, or purified water. Be cautious with dairy products in the countryside, as they are unpasteurized. While the risk of foodborne illness is generally low, it is always wise to eat at places that appear clean and busy. By taking these health and safety precautions, you can ensure a safe and healthy journey through this incredible country.

Back to Top

12) Currency, Commodities & Costs

Mongolia is a very affordable travel destination, offering incredible value for money, especially for those coming from Western countries. The official currency is the Mongolian Tugrik (or Tögrög), which is denoted by the symbol ₮ or the code MNT. The currency has experienced significant inflation over the years, meaning you will be dealing with large denominations; it is common to handle notes of 10,000 and 20,000 MNT. Understanding the currency and the general cost of goods and services is key to budgeting for your trip and ensuring you get fair prices. For most travelers, the biggest single expense will be the cost of a pre-arranged tour, which typically includes a private vehicle, a driver, a guide, all meals, and accommodation in ger camps.

Once you are on the ground, daily expenses are very low. A hearty meal at a local canteen (“guanz”) in Ulaanbaatar or a provincial town can cost as little as 10,000-15,000 MNT. Even a meal at a mid-range restaurant in the capital is very affordable by international standards. Accommodation in Ulaanbaatar ranges from budget-friendly hostels, where a dorm bed might cost around 25,000-40,000 MNT, to comfortable mid-range hotels for 150,000-250,000 MNT per night. Outside the capital, the primary form of accommodation is tourist ger camps, the cost of which is usually included in a tour package. These typically offer a comfortable and authentic experience for a reasonable price.

Transportation costs vary. Local city buses in Ulaanbaatar are extremely cheap, costing only a few hundred Tugrik per ride. Taxis are also affordable, but it is important to use a reputable company or a ride-hailing app like UBCab to ensure you get a fair price. The cost of domestic flights can be a significant budget item, but they can save days of arduous overland travel. For example, a one-way flight from Ulaanbaatar to the Gobi or the far west might cost between 400,000 and 800,000 MNT. The cost of hiring a private vehicle and driver, which is the most common way to travel, will be your main transportation expense and is best arranged as part of a tour package.

Cash is essential for travel in Mongolia. While credit cards are accepted at high-end hotels, upscale restaurants, and large supermarkets in Ulaanbaatar, they are useless once you leave the capital. You must carry enough cash to cover all your expenses for the duration of your trip in the countryside. ATMs are widely available in Ulaanbaatar and in most provincial capitals, and they are the best way to get local currency. It is advisable to withdraw a large amount of cash before leaving the city. US dollars are the easiest foreign currency to exchange, although Euros are also accepted. By planning your budget and ensuring you have access to enough cash, you can enjoy a stress-free and incredibly affordable adventure in Mongolia.

Commodity	Average Cost (MNT)
Meal at an inexpensive local canteen (guanz)	10,000 – 18,000 MNT
Three-course meal for two at a mid-range restaurant	80,000 – 150,000 MNT
Domestic Beer (0.5 liter bottle)	4,000 – 6,000 MNT
Cappuccino (regular)	7,000 – 12,000 MNT
Gasoline (1 liter)	~3,500 MNT
Short taxi ride in Ulaanbaatar	5,000 – 10,000 MNT

Back to Top

13) Housing Rental Cost

The housing rental market in Mongolia is almost exclusively concentrated in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, which is home to nearly half of the country’s population and virtually all of its expatriate community. The market has developed rapidly in recent years, with a construction boom leading to a wide range of modern housing options. For those considering a long-term stay, whether for work or other reasons, it is possible to find comfortable and secure accommodation at prices that are very reasonable compared to most Western capitals. The most common types of rental properties are apartments in high-rise buildings, with a smaller market for detached houses.

The most desirable neighborhoods for expatriates are typically in the city center and the more affluent southern districts. The area around Sukhbaatar Square, the central plaza of the city, offers convenient access to government offices, businesses, and cultural attractions. The Zaisan district, located in the hills to the south of the city, is another very popular area for expatriates and wealthy Mongolians. It is considered to have cleaner air than the city center and offers a more suburban feel, with many modern apartment complexes and international schools. Other popular areas include the Embassy District and the neighborhoods just east of the city center.

Rental costs vary significantly depending on the location, size, age, and quality of the property. A modern, furnished one-bedroom apartment in a good location might range from 1,500,000 to 2,500,000 MNT per month. A two or three-bedroom apartment in a new, secure building in an area like Zaisan could cost between 2,500,000 and 4,500,000 MNT per month. Older, Soviet-era apartments are available for much lower prices but may lack modern amenities and can be very cold in the winter. Detached houses are less common for rent but can be found in some suburban areas, with prices varying greatly based on size and location.

The process of renting an apartment in Ulaanbaatar usually involves working with a real estate agent. There are several agencies that specialize in catering to the expatriate market. It is standard practice for landlords to require a security deposit, typically equivalent to one month’s rent, in addition to the first month’s rent paid in advance. Lease agreements are usually for one year. It is important to have a clear, written contract, preferably in both Mongolian and English. Utilities such as electricity, heating, and internet are usually not included in the rent and must be budgeted for separately. Heating costs, in particular, can be a significant expense during the long, cold winter months.

Property Type	Average Monthly Rent (MNT) in Ulaanbaatar
Apartment (1 bedroom) in City Centre	1,500,000 – 2,500,000 MNT
Apartment (1 bedroom) Outside of Centre	1,000,000 – 1,800,000 MNT
Apartment (3 bedrooms) in City Centre	3,000,000 – 5,000,000 MNT
Apartment (3 bedrooms) Outside of Centre	2,000,000 – 3,500,000 MNT
House (suburban)	4,000,000 – 8,000,000+ MNT
Condominium (modern, high-end)	Prices are similar to modern apartments

Back to Top

14) Cost of Living

The cost of living in Mongolia offers a tale of two cities, or rather, a tale of the city versus the countryside. For the nomadic population, the lifestyle is one of subsistence, with a low monetary cost of living. For residents of the capital, Ulaanbaatar, the costs are much higher and are rising steadily. For an expatriate looking to maintain a Western standard of living, Ulaanbaatar can be surprisingly expensive in some areas, while remaining very affordable in others. Overall, the cost of living is significantly lower than in major Western cities, but it is higher than in many other developing countries, particularly for imported goods and services.

Housing is the largest expense for most expatriates living in Ulaanbaatar. As detailed in the previous section, renting a modern, secure apartment in a desirable neighborhood requires a significant portion of one’s budget. On top of rent, utilities must be considered. Electricity and central heating are crucial during the frigid winter, and these costs can be substantial. Groceries are another major expense. While local products like meat, potatoes, and flour are very cheap, almost everything else is imported. Fresh fruits, vegetables, and dairy products are expensive and of variable quality. Shopping at one of the city’s modern supermarkets for imported goods will result in a grocery bill comparable to that in a Western country.

Transportation within Ulaanbaatar is very affordable. Public buses are extremely cheap, and taxis or ride-hailing services offer a convenient and low-cost way to get around. Owning a car, however, can be expensive due to the high cost of imported vehicles and fuel. Healthcare is another important consideration. While public healthcare is available, most expatriates rely on private clinics, which offer a higher standard of care but at a greater cost. Comprehensive international health insurance is essential, and the premiums for policies that cover Mongolia can be high, especially if they include medical evacuation.

For expatriate families, the cost of education is a major financial commitment. Ulaanbaatar has several international schools that offer curricula such as the British, American, or International Baccalaureate systems. These schools provide a high-quality education but come with very high annual tuition fees, which can be the single largest expense for a family. For example, annual fees for a primary school student at a top international school can range from $10,000 to over $20,000 USD. In contrast, entertainment and dining out can be very affordable, allowing for an active social life on a reasonable budget. This mix of high and low costs creates a unique financial landscape for those living in Mongolia.

Expense	Average Monthly/Annual Cost (MNT / USD)
International School, Primary (Annual Fee)	$10,000 – $25,000 USD
Preschool/Kindergarten, Private (Monthly Fee)	800,000 – 1,500,000 MNT
Utilities (Heating, Electricity, etc.) for 85m2 Apt	300,000 – 500,000 MNT
High-Speed Internet (Monthly)	50,000 – 80,000 MNT
Fitness Club, Monthly Fee for 1 Adult	150,000 – 300,000 MNT
Private Health Insurance with Evacuation (Annual)	$3,000 – $10,000+ USD

Back to Top

15) Shopping & Souvenirs

Shopping in Mongolia offers a unique and rewarding experience, particularly for those looking to purchase authentic, high-quality local products that reflect the country’s nomadic heritage and artistic traditions. The shopping scene is heavily concentrated in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, where you can find everything from modern department stores to bustling markets and specialized artisan workshops. The experience is less about international luxury brands and more about discovering the rich craftsmanship and natural products of Mongolia. The most sought-after items are undoubtedly those made from cashmere, leather, and felt, materials that are central to the nomadic way of life.

Mongolia is world-renowned for producing some of the finest cashmere in the world. The harsh climate means that the local goats produce an incredibly soft and warm undercoat, which is then processed into luxurious sweaters, scarves, hats, and blankets. A visit to a cashmere factory outlet store in Ulaanbaatar is a must for any shopper. The Gobi and Goyo brands are the two largest and most reputable producers, and their flagship stores offer a vast selection of high-quality cashmere products at prices that are significantly lower than you would find for comparable quality in the West. A beautiful cashmere scarf or sweater is the quintessential Mongolian souvenir.

For a more traditional and atmospheric shopping experience, a visit to the Naran Tuul Market, also known as the Black Market, is an adventure in itself. This vast, sprawling market is where locals shop for everything imaginable, from household goods and clothing to horse saddles and ger components. While it can be crowded and requires vigilance against pickpockets, it is a fascinating place to observe local life and find authentic Mongolian items. Here you can buy traditional clothing, such as the “deel” (a long, tunic-like garment), leather boots with upturned toes, and intricately decorated silver belts. It is a place to immerse yourself in the sights and sounds of Ulaanbaatar’s commercial heart.

Other wonderful souvenirs to look out for include traditional felt products, such as slippers, rugs, and toys, which are warm, durable, and beautifully decorated. You can also find a variety of leather goods, from bags and wallets to traditional flasks. For those interested in art, there are numerous galleries in Ulaanbaatar selling contemporary Mongolian paintings, which often depict scenes of the steppe and nomadic life. You can also find traditional musical instruments, like the “morin khuur” (horsehead fiddle), and classic Mongolian board games. The State Department Store in the city center is another good place to find a wide variety of souvenirs all under one roof, offering a more relaxed shopping experience than the bustling outdoor markets.

Back to Top

16) Nightlife & Entertainment

The nightlife and entertainment scene in Mongolia is almost exclusively found in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. As the country’s only major urban center, it is where you will find a surprising and rapidly evolving variety of options for an evening out, from sophisticated cocktail bars and Irish pubs to high-energy nightclubs and live music venues. The scene is largely driven by the city’s young and increasingly cosmopolitan population, as well as its community of expatriates. While the nightlife may not be as extensive as in major global capitals, it offers a unique and often lively experience, providing a stark contrast to the tranquility of the Mongolian countryside.

In recent years, Ulaanbaatar has seen a boom in trendy bars and lounges, particularly in the city center around Sukhbaatar Square and Seoul Street. You can find everything from chic wine bars and craft beer pubs to sophisticated cocktail lounges with skilled mixologists. These venues are popular with both locals and foreigners and offer a comfortable and stylish environment to enjoy a drink. Several Irish and Western-style pubs are also popular meeting spots for the expatriate community and tourists, offering a familiar atmosphere and often featuring live music or sports broadcasts. These bars provide a great opportunity to socialize and exchange travel stories.

For those who want to dance, Ulaanbaatar has a number of nightclubs that get busy on weekend nights, staying open until the early hours of the morning. These clubs play a mix of electronic dance music, hip hop, and international pop hits, and they attract a young, energetic crowd. It is important to be aware that some of these venues can have a reputation for boisterous behavior, and it is always wise to go with a group and be mindful of your surroundings. The dress code is usually smart-casual, and some of the more exclusive clubs may have a stricter door policy.

Beyond the bar and club scene, one of the most rewarding forms of evening entertainment is to experience a traditional Mongolian cultural performance. The Tumen Ekh Ensemble in Ulaanbaatar offers a fantastic show that features traditional folk music, including the mesmerizing art of throat singing (“khoomei”), the playing of the horsehead fiddle (“morin khuur”), and performances of traditional dance and contortionism. This is a must-see for any visitor and provides a wonderful insight into the country’s rich artistic heritage. For a more relaxed evening, the city also has several modern cinemas showing the latest international films. While Ulaanbaatar’s nightlife is vibrant, it is important for visitors to always prioritize their safety, especially when out late at night.

Back to Top

17) Insider Travel Tips

To truly unlock the magic of Mongolia and have an authentic and seamless adventure, it pays to know a few insider tips that go beyond the standard travel advice. The single most important decision you will make is choosing your driver and guide. Your experience in the vast countryside will be almost entirely shaped by these two individuals. Do not simply go for the cheapest option. Seek out a reputable tour company with experienced, safe drivers and knowledgeable, English-speaking guides. A good driver is not just someone who can navigate the rough tracks; they are a skilled mechanic who can fix the inevitable breakdown in the middle of nowhere. A great guide will not just translate; they will be your cultural bridge, facilitating genuine interactions with nomadic families and explaining the nuances of the culture.

Packing smart is absolutely crucial. The weather in Mongolia is famously unpredictable, and you can experience all four seasons in a single day. The key is to dress in layers. Bring thermal underwear, fleece jackets, and a windproof and waterproof outer layer, even in the summer. The temperature can drop dramatically at night, especially in the Gobi Desert. A warm hat, gloves, and a scarf are essential. Also, the sun is incredibly strong at high altitudes, so bring high-factor sunscreen, sunglasses, and a wide-brimmed hat. A good quality sleeping bag, even if you are staying in ger camps, can provide extra warmth and comfort on cold nights.

Embrace the digital detox. Outside of Ulaanbaatar and a few provincial towns, you will have no mobile phone service or internet access. Instead of seeing this as an inconvenience, embrace it as a rare opportunity to disconnect from the digital world and connect with your surroundings and the people you are with. Bring a good book, a journal, or a deck of cards. Download any music or podcasts you want before you leave the city. A portable power bank is essential for keeping your camera and other devices charged, as electricity in ger camps can be limited to a few hours in the evening.

Finally, learn and respect the local customs, especially when visiting a nomadic family. Always accept the food and drink that is offered to you; it is a sign of hospitality. Use your right hand to receive things. Do not touch people’s heads, and do not point your feet at people or the altar in a ger. A small, thoughtful gift for the host family, such as some sweets for the children or a practical item for the parents, is always appreciated. By showing respect and genuine curiosity, you will be rewarded with an incredibly warm and authentic cultural experience that will be the highlight of your trip.

Back to Top

18) Etiquette & Customs

Observing and respecting local etiquette and customs is fundamental to a positive and meaningful travel experience in Mongolia. The culture is rich with tradition, and showing that you have taken the time to understand and honor these customs will be greatly appreciated by your hosts, particularly in the nomadic communities of the countryside. Mongolian etiquette is deeply rooted in respect for elders, a strong sense of hospitality, and a set of beliefs and taboos related to the natural world and the traditional ger dwelling. Navigating these customs with grace will open the door to genuine connection and warmth.

Hospitality is a sacred duty in Mongolia. When you visit a family’s ger, you will always be welcomed as an honored guest. Upon entering, it is customary to move to the left (the west side of the ger), which is the guest area. The right side is the family’s private space. You will be offered something to eat and drink, almost always starting with “suutei tsai” (salty milk tea). It is considered very rude to refuse this offering. You should accept the bowl with your right hand, or with both hands, and take at least a small sip. Even if the food or drink is not to your taste, it is important to accept it graciously.

There are many specific customs associated with behavior inside a ger. You should never lean against the central support columns, as they are considered sacred. It is also taboo to whistle inside a ger, as it is believed to attract evil spirits. When sitting, you should not point your feet towards the fire or the altar, which is located at the back of the ger, opposite the door. You should also never step over a person or their outstretched legs; always walk around them. When entering or leaving, be careful not to step on the threshold of the door, as this is considered bad luck.

Respect for elders is paramount in Mongolian society. You should always greet older people first and treat them with deference. When giving or receiving items, especially from an elder, it is polite to do so with your right hand, while your left hand supports your right elbow as a sign of respect. It is also considered impolite to touch another person’s hat. While these customs may seem numerous, Mongolians are generally very forgiving of unintentional mistakes made by foreigners. The most important thing is to be observant, respectful, and to approach every interaction with a friendly smile and an open heart. Your effort to honor their traditions will be the most important gesture you can make.

Back to Top

19) Basic Language Tips

While it is possible to travel in Mongolia with an English-speaking guide, making the effort to learn a few basic phrases in the Mongolian language will profoundly enrich your journey. The official language, Mongolian, uses the Cyrillic alphabet, which can look intimidating at first, but learning to say a few key words and phrases will be met with immense appreciation and will serve as a powerful icebreaker. It demonstrates a genuine interest in the culture that goes beyond simple tourism and can transform a standard interaction into a warm and memorable connection, especially when visiting nomadic families in the countryside.

The most important word you can learn is “Sain baina uu?” (pronounced “Sain-baino”), which is the formal way to say “Hello.” A shorter, more informal version is just “Sain uu?”. The response to this is also “Sain baina uu?” or “Sain” (Fine). This is the cornerstone of any interaction. Another crucial phrase is “Bayarlalaa” (pronounced “Bayar-la-la”), which means “Thank you.” Expressing gratitude is a universal sign of respect, and this word will be one of your most used. To say “goodbye,” you can use “Bayartai” (pronounced “Bayar-tai”).

Navigating simple situations will be much easier with a few more phrases. The word for “yes” is “Tiim,” and “no” is “Ügüi.” To ask “how much is this?” when shopping, you can say, “Ene khed ve?” (pronounced “En-eh hed-veh?”). The word for water is “us,” and food is “khool.” If you want to compliment your host on a delicious meal, you can say “Amttai baina” (pronounced “Amt-tai bain”), which means “It’s delicious!” This is a wonderful way to show your appreciation for their hospitality.

Don’t worry about achieving perfect pronunciation. The very act of trying to speak the language is what matters most to Mongolians. They are proud of their language and culture and will be happy to help you and teach you more. You can write down a few key phrases phonetically to help you remember them. Even if you are traveling with a guide who handles all the translation, taking a moment to personally thank your nomadic host with a heartfelt “Bayarlalaa” will create a connection that transcends language barriers and will be one of the most rewarding parts of your trip.

English	Mongolian (Phonetic Spelling)
Hello	Sain baina uu? (Sain-baino?)
Thank you	Bayarlalaa (Bayar-la-la)
Goodbye	Bayartai (Bayar-tai)
Yes	Tiim (Teem)
No	Ügüi (Oo-gooey)
My name is…	Minii neriig… gedeg (Mini nerg… gedeg)
What is your name?	Tanii neriig khen gedeg ve? (Tani nerg ken gedeg veh?)
How are you?	Sain baina uu? (Same as hello)
I’m fine	Sain (Sain)
Excuse me / Sorry	Uuchlaarai (Ooch-la-rai)
How much is this?	Ene khed ve? (En-eh hed veh?)
Water	Us (Oos)
Food	Khool (Hawl)
Delicious!	Amttai baina (Amt-tai bain)
Cheers! (To your health!)	Togtooy! (Tog-toy!)
One / Two / Three	Neg / Khoyor / Gurav
I don’t understand	Bi oilgokhgüi baina (Bi oil-gokh-gooey bain)
Where is the toilet?	Nol harana ve? (Nol haa-ran veh?)
Let’s go!	Yavtsgaay! (Yavts-gai!)
No problem	Zügeer (Zoo-geer)

Back to Top

20) Useful Resources

To plan a successful and safe journey through the vast landscapes of Mongolia, it is essential to consult a range of reliable and up-to-date resources. Given the unique challenges of travel in the country, being well-informed before you go is crucial. The official tourism website for Mongolia can be a good starting point for inspiration and general information on the country’s main destinations and attractions. However, for more practical and detailed planning, it is often better to look at the websites of established, reputable tour operators based in Ulaanbaatar. These sites provide detailed itineraries, information on ger camps, and practical advice that is grounded in firsthand experience.

Online travel forums and communities are an invaluable resource for getting candid advice and reviews from fellow travelers. Platforms like Lonely Planet’s Thorntree forum (in its archived form) and TripAdvisor’s Mongolia forum contain years of discussions and trip reports that can provide insights into everything from choosing a tour company to packing for the climate. Reading about the experiences of others can help you set realistic expectations and prepare for the realities of overland travel in Mongolia. Travel blogs from those who have recently visited can also offer fresh perspectives and practical tips.

For health and safety information, the most authoritative resources are the official travel advisory websites of your home government and major health organizations. Websites such as the U.S. Department of State, the UK’s FCDO, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide essential information on safety precautions, visa requirements, and recommended vaccinations. This information is regularly updated and should be considered a mandatory part of your pre-trip research. It is also crucial to register your trip with your embassy before you depart.

Once you are in Mongolia, a few key resources will be very helpful. A good quality physical map of Mongolia is still a valuable tool, as digital maps can be unreliable outside the capital. A Mongolian phrasebook or a translation app on your phone can be a great aid for communication. For navigation and communication in remote areas, consider renting a satellite phone or a GPS device in Ulaanbaatar. Finally, your most valuable resource on the ground will be your local guide and driver. Trust their expertise, ask them questions, and rely on their knowledge to navigate the complexities of the country safely and respectfully. Their guidance will be the key to a truly unforgettable Mongolian adventure.

Back to Top