Travel Guide: Oman

21) Brief History

The history of Oman is a rich and ancient tapestry, woven from maritime trade, imperial power, and a resilient cultural identity. Situated at a strategic crossroads between Asia and Africa, the Omani coast has been a hub of human activity for millennia. Archaeological evidence points to settlements dating back over 5,000 years, with the region, known in antiquity as Magan, being a vital source of copper for the Sumerian civilization. Its most famous early commodity, however, was frankincense, a fragrant resin harvested from trees in the southern Dhofar region. The frankincense trade created immense wealth and connected Oman to the great empires of Rome, Persia, and India. The arrival of Islam in the 7th century profoundly shaped the nation’s character, with Omanis embracing the Ibadi school of Islam, a distinct branch that emphasizes moderation and has influenced the country’s tolerant and pragmatic culture ever since.

Oman’s golden age as a maritime power began in the 17th century. After successfully expelling the Portuguese, who had controlled Muscat and other coastal ports for over a century, the Yaruba dynasty established a powerful Omani empire. This empire was not confined to Arabia; it was a thalassocracy, a maritime empire whose influence was projected across the Indian Ocean by its formidable fleet of wooden dhows. At its zenith in the 19th century, under the Al Said dynasty (the same dynasty that rules today), the Omani empire stretched from the coast of modern-day Pakistan down the eastern coast of Africa. The Sultan of Oman even relocated his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar, which became a thriving center for the trade of spices, ivory, and unfortunately, slaves. This period cemented Oman’s identity as a nation of seafarers and merchants, with a cosmopolitan outlook shaped by its extensive international connections.

The decline of the slave trade and the loss of its African territories led to a period of isolation and decline for Oman in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The country remained largely undeveloped and deeply conservative. This era of stagnation ended dramatically on July 23, 1970, when Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said came to power. He launched a period of breathtaking modernization and development known as the Omani Renaissance. Using the country’s newfound oil wealth, Sultan Qaboos built schools, hospitals, roads, and ports, transforming Oman from a medieval backwater into a modern, prosperous, and stable nation. He also pursued a foreign policy of neutrality and diplomacy, establishing Oman as a respected mediator in a volatile region. After his death in 2020, his cousin Sultan Haitham bin Tariq has continued this legacy, focusing on economic diversification and navigating the challenges of the 21st century while preserving Oman’s unique cultural heritage.

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22) Geography

The geography of the Sultanate of Oman is one of stunning diversity and dramatic contrasts, setting it apart from its neighbors on the Arabian Peninsula. While vast deserts are a key feature, the country’s landscape is far from monotonous. Its most defining feature is the spectacular Al Hajar mountain range, which forms a massive arc across the northern part of the country, separating the fertile coastal plain of Al Batinah from the arid interior. This rugged mountain chain, whose name means “The Stone,” is home to Jebel Shams, the “Mountain of the Sun,” which is the highest point in Oman at over 3,000 meters. The mountains are carved by deep canyons and wadis—dry riverbeds that can turn into raging torrents after rare rainfall. These wadis, such as Wadi Shab and Wadi Bani Khalid, are oases of life, with crystal-clear pools and lush palm groves that offer a stunning contrast to the surrounding rock.

To the south and west of the Hajar Mountains lies the vast expanse of the Rub’ al Khali, or the Empty Quarter, one of the largest sand deserts in the world, which Oman shares with Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the UAE. Closer to the coast, this gives way to the Sharqiya Sands (formerly Wahiba Sands), a more accessible sea of undulating, golden-red dunes that is a popular destination for desert camping and dune bashing. The coastline of Oman is another area of remarkable geographical diversity, stretching for over 3,000 kilometers. It ranges from the fjord-like inlets of the Musandam Peninsula in the north, a dramatic and isolated exclave separated from the rest of Oman by the UAE, to the long, sandy beaches of the central coast, which are important nesting grounds for several species of sea turtles.

Perhaps the most unique geographical phenomenon in Oman is found in its southernmost governorate, Dhofar. While the rest of the Arabian Peninsula bakes in the summer heat, Dhofar experiences the “Khareef,” a seasonal monsoon from June to September. The moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean envelop the coastal mountains in a thick mist, transforming the arid landscape into a lush, green paradise of rolling hills, cascading waterfalls, and grazing camels. This unique microclimate makes the regional capital, Salalah, a major summer tourist destination for visitors from across the Gulf. This incredible variety—from soaring mountains and vast deserts to a long, beautiful coastline and a monsoon-blessed south—makes Oman a country of unparalleled geographical richness and natural beauty.

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23) Politics and Government

The political system of the Sultanate of Oman is an absolute monarchy. The country is governed by the Sultan, who is the hereditary head of state and head of government, holding ultimate authority in all executive, legislative, and judicial matters. The Sultan is the supreme commander of the armed forces, the chairman of the Central Bank, and holds the portfolio of Prime Minister, as well as the ministers of defense, foreign affairs, and finance. This concentration of power in the hands of the monarch is the defining feature of the Omani political system. The line of succession is determined by the ruling Al Said dynasty. Upon the death of a Sultan, the ruling family council convenes to choose a successor. If they cannot agree, a letter left by the deceased Sultan containing his personal choice for the next ruler is opened, a process that was last used in 2020 upon the death of Sultan Qaboos.

While the Sultan holds absolute authority, the government structure does include consultative bodies. In 1996, Sultan Qaboos introduced the “Basic Statute of the State,” which acts as the country’s uncodified constitution. The Basic Statute established the Council of Oman (Majlis Oman), a bicameral, advisory parliament. The Council consists of two houses. The upper house is the Council of State (Majlis al-Dawla), whose members are all appointed by the Sultan and are typically drawn from the ranks of former senior government officials, prominent businesspeople, and academics. The lower house is the Consultative Council (Majlis al-Shura), whose members are elected by the public for four-year terms. All Omani citizens aged 21 and older have the right to vote for the members of the Majlis al-Shura.

The Council of Oman’s role is primarily consultative. It can propose legislation and review laws drafted by the cabinet, but it does not have the power to enact laws independently or to overrule the Sultan’s decisions. Its primary function is to provide a forum for public consultation and to offer advice to the government. The real executive power lies with the Council of Ministers, or the cabinet, whose members are appointed and can be dismissed by the Sultan. The political system does not have political parties, which are banned. All candidates for the Majlis al-Shura run as independents. This system, established and carefully managed by Sultan Qaboos, is designed to incorporate elements of public participation and consultation while maintaining the ultimate authority and stability of the monarchy.

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24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Sultanate of Oman is a sophisticated blend of Islamic Sharia law and modern civil, criminal, and commercial codes. The supreme law of the land is the Basic Statute of the State, which functions as a constitution. It affirms that Islam is the state religion and that Islamic Sharia is the basis for legislation. This means that Sharia principles heavily influence many aspects of the law, particularly in the area of personal status, which governs matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance. For these issues, the courts apply the principles of the Ibadi school of Islam, which is the dominant form of Islam in Oman. However, for most other areas of law, the system is based on written statutes enacted by royal decree.

Outside of personal status law, the legal framework is largely based on modern, codified law, influenced by Egyptian and French legal traditions. This includes a comprehensive Commercial Code, a Penal Code, and codes of civil and criminal procedure. This dual system allows Oman to engage in international trade and commerce under a predictable, modern legal framework while maintaining its Islamic identity and heritage in matters of family and personal law. The judiciary is an independent branch of the government, although the Sultan is the ultimate head of the entire legal and judicial system. The court structure is organized into a primary court system, courts of appeal, and a Supreme Court, which is the highest judicial authority in the country. There are also specialized courts that deal with commercial and administrative disputes.

The criminal justice system is administered by the Royal Oman Police (ROP), a highly respected and professional force responsible for all aspects of law enforcement, from traffic control and general policing to customs and immigration. The ROP is known for its efficiency and for maintaining a high degree of public safety, and Oman has a very low crime rate. The prosecution of criminal cases is handled by the Public Prosecution office. The Penal Code outlines criminal offenses and their corresponding punishments, which can include fines and imprisonment. The system provides for the rights of the accused, including the right to a defense. The overall legal and criminal justice framework in Oman reflects the country’s character: it is a system that is deeply rooted in tradition and faith, yet pragmatic and modern in its approach to governance and public safety.

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25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of the Sultanate of Oman is a masterclass in diplomacy and pragmatism, characterized by a long-standing commitment to neutrality, non-interference, and dialogue. In a region often defined by conflict and rivalry, Oman has successfully carved out a unique role for itself as a quiet and effective mediator, earning the nickname the “Switzerland of the Middle East.” This policy was the cornerstone of the late Sultan Qaboos bin Said’s rule and continues under his successor, Sultan Haitham bin Tariq. The core principle of Omani foreign policy is to be a “friend to all and an enemy to none.” This has allowed Oman to maintain positive and constructive relationships with a wide range of international actors, including those who are adversaries to each other, such as the United States and Iran, and Israel and the Palestinians.

This neutral stance has enabled Oman to play a crucial role as a back-channel and facilitator for sensitive international negotiations. Most notably, Oman hosted the secret talks between the United States and Iran that paved the way for the landmark 2015 nuclear deal (the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action). Its ability to act as a trusted intermediary is based on its credibility and its consistent policy of not taking sides in regional disputes. Oman is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), alongside Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain. However, it often charts its own course within the organization, for example, by maintaining diplomatic relations with Qatar during the 2017 Gulf crisis and by not participating in the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen.

Oman’s strategic location at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, overlooking the vital Strait of Hormuz through which a significant portion of the world’s oil passes, gives it immense geopolitical importance. It maintains strong security and defense relationships with Western powers, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, which have agreements for military cooperation and access to Omani ports and airfields. At the same time, it maintains an open and pragmatic dialogue with Iran, its neighbor across the strait. This delicate balancing act is central to Oman’s foreign policy, as it seeks to ensure the security of this crucial maritime chokepoint and promote de-escalation in the wider region. By leveraging its history, geography, and a consistent policy of quiet diplomacy, Oman has established itself as a small but highly influential and respected actor in international affairs.

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26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Sultanate of Oman is organized into a system of governorates (muhafazat), which serve as the primary level of sub-national administration. As of a major administrative reform in 2011, the country is divided into eleven governorates. These governorates replaced the previous system of regions and are the main framework through which the central government in Muscat administers its services and development plans across the country. Each governorate is headed by a governor (muhafiz), who is appointed by the Sultan and holds the rank of a minister. The governor acts as the Sultan’s representative and is responsible for overseeing the administration, security, and development within their designated territory.

The eleven governorates of Oman are: Ad Dakhiliyah, Ad Dhahirah, Al Batinah North, Al Batinah South, Al Buraimi, Al Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah North, Ash Sharqiyah South, Dhofar, Muscat, and Musandam. Each governorate has its own distinct geographical, cultural, and economic character. Muscat Governorate, for example, is the most populous and is the political and economic capital of the nation. The Batinah North and South governorates form the fertile coastal plain, which is a major agricultural and population center. Ad Dakhiliyah, with its historic capital of Nizwa, is the cultural heartland of the interior, nestled at the foot of the Hajar Mountains. The Sharqiyah North and South governorates contain the vast Wahiba Sands desert and the turtle nesting beaches of Ras al Jinz. Al Wusta is a vast, sparsely populated central region important for the oil and gas industry. Dhofar, in the far south, is unique for its monsoon climate, and the Musandam Governorate is a rugged, mountainous exclave at the strategic Strait of Hormuz.

Below the governorate level, the administrative structure is further broken down into provinces, or “wilayats.” There are over 60 wilayats in total across the eleven governorates. Each wilayat is administered by a “wali,” a government official responsible for local administration and acting as a link between the local community and the governor. This system allows for a more localized approach to governance and the delivery of public services like healthcare, education, and municipal affairs. This administrative framework, from the governorates down to the wilayats, provides the structure for implementing the Sultan’s development policies and for maintaining a stable and well-ordered system of governance that reaches all corners of this geographically diverse nation.

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27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Sultanate of Oman has undergone a profound transformation over the past five decades, moving from a subsistence-level economy based on agriculture and fishing to a modern, upper-middle-income economy driven by its hydrocarbon resources. The discovery and export of oil, which began in 1967, has been the undisputed engine of the country’s economic development and the foundation of the Omani Renaissance under the late Sultan Qaboos. Revenue from the export of crude oil and, more recently, liquefied natural gas (LNG) has funded the development of all the country’s modern infrastructure, including roads, ports, hospitals, and schools. The oil and gas sector remains the largest contributor to the country’s GDP and the primary source of government revenue. However, recognizing the finite nature of these resources, Oman has embarked on an ambitious long-term strategy for economic diversification.

This strategy, known as “Oman Vision 2040,” aims to reduce the economy’s dependence on hydrocarbons and develop other sectors to ensure long-term sustainable growth. A key focus of this diversification plan is the development of logistics and industry. Leveraging its strategic location on major global shipping lanes, Oman has invested heavily in developing world-class ports at Sohar, Salalah, and Duqm. These ports are being integrated with special economic zones and industrial estates to attract investment in manufacturing, petrochemicals, and mineral processing. The country is also looking to capitalize on its significant mineral wealth, which includes deposits of copper, chromite, and gypsum.

Tourism is another pillar of the diversification strategy. Unlike some of its Gulf neighbors, Oman is focusing on developing a more sustainable and culturally authentic tourism industry. It promotes its rich history, stunning natural landscapes—from mountains and deserts to pristine coastlines—and traditional Arabian hospitality. The country is targeting growth in adventure tourism, eco-tourism, and cultural heritage tourism. The fisheries sector, a traditional Omani industry, is also being modernized to increase its contribution to the economy. While oil and gas remain the dominant commodities, the government is actively fostering an environment to grow these non-oil sectors, aiming to create a more balanced, resilient, and knowledge-based economy for future generations.

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28) Science and Technology

The development of science and technology has been a cornerstone of Oman’s modernization since the beginning of its Renaissance in 1970. Recognizing that a modern economy cannot be built on natural resources alone, the late Sultan Qaboos placed a strong emphasis on education and the creation of institutions to foster scientific research and technological innovation. The flagship institution for this endeavor is Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), which was established in 1986. SQU has grown into a comprehensive research university with colleges of medicine, engineering, science, and agriculture, and it serves as the primary center for academic research and the training of Omani scientists and engineers. The government has also established The Research Council (TRC) to promote and fund scientific research across various sectors and to develop a national strategy for innovation.

A key focus of scientific and technological application in Oman is in areas that are directly relevant to its national challenges and economic priorities. The oil and gas industry, for example, has been a major driver of technological adoption. Omani engineers and geologists use advanced technologies, such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, to maximize production from the country’s complex and mature oilfields. Another critical area is water resource management. As a country with a naturally arid climate, Oman has invested heavily in the science and technology of desalination, building large-scale plants to provide fresh water for its population and industries. There is also significant research being conducted into wastewater treatment and reuse for agriculture to conserve precious groundwater resources.

Looking to the future, Oman is increasingly focusing on renewable energy technologies as part of its economic diversification strategy. The country has excellent potential for solar power, and several large-scale solar energy projects are underway to harness this resource and reduce reliance on natural gas for electricity generation. There is also growing interest in green hydrogen technology, with Oman aiming to become a major global producer and exporter of this clean fuel. The government is also promoting the adoption of digital technology and building a knowledge-based economy. This includes investing in telecommunications infrastructure, promoting e-government services, and fostering a small but growing startup ecosystem. By focusing on strategic areas like energy, water, and digital technology, Oman is aiming to build a sustainable and technologically advanced future.

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29) Philosophy

The philosophical outlook of Omani society is a rich and deeply-rooted tapestry woven from the threads of its unique Islamic heritage, its long maritime history, and its strong tribal traditions. The most profound influence on Omani philosophy is the Ibadi school of Islam, which is distinct from both the Sunni and Shia branches. Ibadism has been the dominant form of Islam in Oman for centuries and has infused the culture with its core principles of moderation, tolerance, pragmatism, and social justice. The Ibadi tradition emphasizes the importance of community consensus, the election of the leader (Imam), and a commitment to living a just and pious life without religious ostentation. This has fostered a societal philosophy that is generally conservative and deeply respectful of tradition, yet also remarkably tolerant of other faiths and cultures, a quality that has been a hallmark of Omani society throughout its history.

This religious philosophy is intertwined with the values derived from Oman’s tribal and maritime past. As a nation of seafarers and traders, Omani culture developed a philosophy that is both resilient and outward-looking. The challenges of long sea voyages and the need to interact with diverse cultures fostered a sense of self-reliance, patience, and a pragmatic approach to commerce and diplomacy. At the same time, the tribal structure, with its emphasis on kinship, honor, and loyalty, has created a strong sense of collective identity and social responsibility. Hospitality is a cornerstone of this philosophy; welcoming a stranger is not just a polite gesture but a sacred duty, a reflection of the Bedouin values of generosity and mutual support that are still very much alive in the culture.

In the modern era, this traditional philosophy has been guided and shaped by the vision of the late Sultan Qaboos bin Said. The philosophy of the Omani Renaissance was one of a careful and deliberate balancing act: embracing modernity, education, and economic development while consciously preserving the nation’s cultural identity and religious values. This has resulted in a national philosophy that values stability, order, and gradual progress. There is a deep respect for authority and a strong sense of national pride in the country’s peaceful development. The Omani worldview, therefore, is a unique synthesis of a moderate and tolerant Islamic faith, the pragmatic resilience of a seafaring people, and a modern commitment to peaceful progress and stability, creating a society that is both deeply traditional and quietly modern.

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30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural etiquette of Oman is a rewarding experience, as it opens the door to the warmth and generosity of the Omani people. The culture is deeply rooted in Islamic tradition and a strong sense of tribal heritage, both of which place a high value on respect, modesty, and hospitality. Greetings are an important and unhurried part of any interaction. The standard Arabic greeting is “As-salamu alaykum” (Peace be upon you), to which the reply is “Wa alaykum as-salam” (And upon you be peace). When meeting an Omani man, a handshake is common, but it is important to wait for him to extend his hand first. It is not customary for men to shake hands with women unless the woman initiates the gesture. The most respectful approach is to simply place your right hand over your heart and give a slight nod.

Hospitality is a pillar of Omani culture, and you may be invited into a home for coffee and dates. Accepting such an invitation is a great honor. When you enter a home, it is customary to remove your shoes. You will likely be served “kahwa,” a traditional light coffee flavored with cardamom, in a small cup without handles. It is polite to accept at least one cup. Your host will continue to refill your cup until you politely signal that you have had enough by gently shaking the cup from side to side when you hand it back. Always use your right hand to give or receive items, especially food and drink, as the left hand is considered unclean. It is considered impolite to show the soles of your feet when sitting, so try to keep your feet flat on the floor.

Modesty is a key aspect of Omani etiquette, particularly in dress. While Oman is tolerant, visitors should dress conservatively in public places out of respect for the local culture. Both men and women should ensure their shoulders and knees are covered. For women, loose-fitting clothing is recommended, and a headscarf should be carried to be worn when visiting a mosque, such as the magnificent Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque in Muscat. Public displays of affection are not appropriate. It is also important to be mindful during the holy month of Ramadan, when Muslims are fasting from sunrise to sunset. During this time, you should refrain from eating, drinking, or smoking in public during fasting hours. By showing a genuine respect for these customs, visitors will be met with the incredible grace and hospitality that make Oman such a special place to visit.

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31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation in the Sultanate of Oman are a vibrant blend of modern international sports and deeply rooted traditional pastimes that reflect the country’s cultural heritage. The most popular modern sport, as in much of the world, is football (soccer). The sport is followed with immense passion, from the professional clubs of the Oman Professional League to informal games played in neighborhoods across the country. The Omani national football team commands strong support, and their matches in regional competitions like the Arabian Gulf Cup can bring the nation together in a shared sense of pride. The government has invested in modern stadiums and facilities, including the Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex in Muscat, to support the growth of the sport.

Beyond football, Oman has a rich heritage of traditional sports that are still actively practiced and celebrated. At the forefront of these are camel racing and dhow racing. Camel racing is a spectacular and popular winter sport, with major races held on specially built tracks in the desert. It is a thrilling event that combines modern technology (often using small robot jockeys) with a centuries-old Bedouin tradition. Dhow racing is another traditional sport that honors Oman’s proud maritime history. These races, featuring beautifully crafted traditional wooden sailing vessels, are a testament to the nation’s seafaring skills and are a beautiful sight to behold along the Omani coast. Bull-butting, a unique and bloodless contest of strength between two bulls, is another traditional spectacle, particularly popular in the Al Batinah region.

The stunning and diverse geography of Oman provides a natural playground for a wide array of recreational activities. The Hajar Mountains offer world-class opportunities for hiking, rock climbing, and caving. Exploring the wadis—the dramatic canyons and riverbeds—is a national pastime, with families and friends flocking to these oases for picnics and swimming in the cool, clear pools. The vast desert of the Sharqiya Sands is a popular destination for dune bashing in 4×4 vehicles, sandboarding, and overnight camping under the stars. With its long coastline, water sports are central to recreation. This includes sailing, kite surfing, and especially scuba diving and snorkeling, with the rich marine life around the Musandam Peninsula and the Daymaniyat Islands being major draws for underwater enthusiasts.

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32) Environmental Concerns

Oman, a country celebrated for its dramatic natural landscapes, faces a number of significant environmental challenges that are characteristic of an arid nation undergoing rapid development. The most critical and overarching environmental concern is water scarcity. With very low annual rainfall and a hot, dry climate, Oman is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. The nation has historically relied on groundwater from wells and the traditional “aflaj” irrigation systems, which are ancient water channels that tap into underground sources. However, rapid population growth and increased demand from agriculture and industry have put immense pressure on these finite groundwater resources, leading to falling water tables and saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. To combat this, Oman has invested heavily in large-scale desalination plants, but these are energy-intensive and raise their own environmental concerns regarding brine discharge into the sea.

The protection of its unique biodiversity and marine ecosystems is another major environmental priority. The Omani coastline is a critical habitat for several endangered species of sea turtles, which come ashore to nest on beaches like Ras al Jinz. These nesting sites are threatened by coastal development, light pollution, and plastic waste. The country’s coral reefs, while still relatively healthy in some areas, are vulnerable to the global threats of climate change-induced coral bleaching and ocean acidification, as well as localized pollution. On land, the Arabian leopard, a critically endangered subspecies, finds one of its last refuges in the mountains of Dhofar. The Arabian Oryx, which was reintroduced into the wild in Oman, also faces threats from poaching and habitat loss. The government has established a network of nature reserves and protected areas to conserve these critical habitats and species, but enforcement and management remain ongoing challenges.

As an oil-producing nation, Oman also grapples with the environmental impacts associated with the hydrocarbon industry. The risk of oil spills along its major shipping lanes in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman is a constant concern. The industrial zones, particularly around the ports of Sohar and Salalah, can be sources of air and water pollution if not properly regulated. Furthermore, like other countries in the region, Oman is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, which are predicted to include higher temperatures, more extreme weather events like cyclones, and increased pressure on its already scarce water resources. The government has recognized these challenges and is increasingly focusing on promoting environmental sustainability, investing in renewable energy, and integrating environmental protection into its long-term development plans under Oman Vision 2040.

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33) Marriage & Courtship

In Omani society, marriage is a cornerstone of life, a sacred institution that is viewed as a vital union between two families, not just two individuals. While modern life has introduced some changes, the traditions surrounding courtship and marriage remain deeply rooted in Islamic principles and strong family values. The process typically begins with the families. It is common for a young man’s family to identify a potential bride, who may be a cousin or someone from a family known to them. An intermediary, usually an older female relative, will then make a discreet inquiry to the young woman’s family to gauge their interest. If the response is positive, the families will meet to get to know each other. While arranged marriages in the strictest sense are becoming less common, the consent and blessing of both families are considered absolutely essential for the marriage to proceed. The couple is usually given a chance to meet and talk in a supervised setting to decide if they are compatible.

A key element of the marriage contract is the “mahr,” a mandatory gift from the groom to the bride, which is stipulated in the Quran. The mahr is the sole property of the bride and serves as a form of financial security for her. The wedding celebrations themselves are often joyous, multi-day affairs, but are traditionally segregated by gender. The main celebration for the men often involves a large communal feast, while the women have their own separate, vibrant celebration, which is a chance for them to celebrate with the bride with music, dancing, and intricate henna designs. The culmination of the wedding is when the groom, accompanied by his male relatives, formally joins the women’s celebration to be united with his bride. These traditions, centered on family, faith, and community, reinforce the social fabric and mark the beginning of a new family unit within Omani society.

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34) Work Opportunities

The labor market in the Sultanate of Oman is a dualistic system, composed of a large expatriate workforce and a growing number of Omani nationals. Historically, the country has relied heavily on foreign labor to build its infrastructure and fill roles across all skill levels, from construction and domestic work to highly specialized technical positions. However, a central policy of the Omani government for several decades has been “Omanisation” (Ta’meen), a strategy aimed at replacing expatriate workers with trained Omani citizens. This policy has been implemented through a system of quotas for different industries and by reserving certain professions entirely for Omani nationals. This means that for expatriates, the greatest opportunities are found in highly skilled or specialized fields where there is a shortage of local expertise.

The most significant opportunities for foreign professionals are concentrated in a few key sectors. The oil and gas industry, while a mature sector, still requires specialized engineers, geologists, and project managers. The healthcare sector is another major employer of expatriates, with a constant demand for doctors, nurses, and allied health professionals to staff the country’s modern hospitals and clinics. The education sector also offers numerous opportunities, from teachers at international schools to professors and researchers at Sultan Qaboos University and other higher education institutions. As Oman pushes forward with its economic diversification plans under Vision 2040, new opportunities are emerging in sectors like logistics, technology, renewable energy, and tourism, particularly for those with senior management and specialized technical experience.

For any foreign national wishing to work in Oman, securing a job offer from an Omani employer is the essential first step. The employer must act as the sponsor and is responsible for obtaining the necessary employment visa and work permit from the Ministry of Labour. The process involves demonstrating that the role cannot be filled by an Omani citizen. Once the visa is approved, the employee can enter the country and will then complete the process of obtaining a residence card. The work environment in Oman is generally professional and multicultural, particularly in large companies. While Arabic is the official language, English is widely used as the language of business. The country offers a high quality of life, excellent safety and security, and tax-free salaries, making it an attractive destination for many expatriate professionals.

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35) Education

The development of a modern education system has been one of the most remarkable success stories of the Omani Renaissance. Prior to 1970, there were only three formal schools in the entire country. Under the leadership of the late Sultan Qaboos, Oman embarked on a massive campaign to build a national education system from the ground up, recognizing it as the foundation for all future development. Today, the system provides free education for all Omani citizens from primary school through to the tertiary level. The structure of the public education system consists of a ten-year cycle of basic education, followed by a two-year post-basic education cycle (grades 11 and 12), which prepares students for higher education or the workforce. The curriculum is standardized across the country, with a strong emphasis on core subjects like Arabic, English, mathematics, and science, as well as Islamic studies. The rapid expansion of the school system has led to a dramatic increase in literacy rates, transforming the nation in a single generation.

At the pinnacle of the higher education system is Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), the country’s national university, located in Muscat. SQU is a comprehensive research university that offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs and is a major center for scientific research in the country. In addition to SQU, the government has established a network of Colleges of Applied Sciences and technical colleges throughout the country to provide vocational and technical training that is aligned with the needs of the labor market. There is also a growing private higher education sector, with a number of private universities and colleges operating in affiliation with international institutions from the UK, the US, and Australia. The government, through the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, provides scholarships for thousands of Omani students to pursue degrees abroad in specialized fields not available in Oman.

Despite the incredible progress, the education system in Oman continues to evolve to meet the challenges of the 21st century. A key focus of the government’s Oman Vision 2040 is to improve the quality of education and to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship. This involves ongoing curriculum reform to emphasize critical thinking and problem-solving skills, investing in teacher training and professional development, and strengthening the links between academia and industry. The goal is to create a knowledge-based economy and to prepare a new generation of Omanis with the skills needed to lead the country’s post-oil future. The journey from just three schools to a comprehensive national education system stands as a powerful testament to Oman’s commitment to human development.

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36) Communication & Connectivity

The communication and connectivity infrastructure in the Sultanate of Oman is modern, robust, and has seen rapid development over the past two decades. The country has made significant investments to ensure that its population and businesses have access to reliable and high-speed communication services. The telecommunications market is regulated by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) and is dominated by two main providers: Omantel, the state-majority-owned incumbent operator, and Ooredoo, a major international competitor. This duopoly has driven investment in network upgrades and the expansion of services across the country. In recent years, a third mobile operator has also entered the market, further increasing competition.

In terms of mobile connectivity, Oman has extensive 4G/LTE network coverage that reaches the vast majority of the populated areas, including cities, towns, and major highways. The rollout of 5G services is also well advanced, particularly in Muscat and other major urban centers, providing ultra-fast mobile data speeds to a growing number of users. This advanced mobile network is the primary means of internet access for a large portion of the population. For fixed-line internet, Oman has invested heavily in a national fiber-optic broadband network. This has brought high-speed fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) services to most urban and suburban areas, offering excellent connectivity for residents and businesses. In more remote and mountainous areas where laying fiber is difficult, a combination of ADSL and fixed wireless services are used to provide connectivity.

For visitors, staying connected in Oman is a simple and efficient process. Upon arrival at Muscat International Airport, travelers can easily purchase prepaid SIM cards from Omantel or Ooredoo kiosks. These tourist-oriented packages typically offer a good amount of data, local calls, and sometimes international minutes at a reasonable price, which is often more cost-effective than using international roaming. Public Wi-Fi is also widely available. It is a standard amenity in hotels, shopping malls, coffee shops, and many restaurants. Muscat International Airport also provides free Wi-Fi for passengers. This reliable and accessible communication infrastructure makes it easy for tourists to use navigation apps, stay in touch with family, and share their experiences of Oman’s stunning landscapes and rich culture.

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37) National Symbols

Symbol	Name/Description
National Flag	The flag of Oman consists of three horizontal stripes (white, green, and red) with a red vertical bar at the hoist. White represents peace, green the fertility of the land (particularly the Jebel Akhdar), and red the battles fought for independence. The national emblem is in the canton.
National Emblem	The emblem of Oman is the Khanjar, a traditional ceremonial dagger, superimposed upon two crossed swords. It is a symbol of the nation’s history, heritage, and the authority of the Al Said dynasty.
National Anthem	“Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani” (The Sultan’s Anthem) is the national anthem. It is a song of praise for the Sultan and the nation.
National Animal	The Arabian Oryx (Oryx leucoryx) is the national animal. It is a species of antelope that was saved from extinction and successfully reintroduced into the Omani wild, symbolizing the nation’s commitment to conservation.
National Bird	The Barbary Falcon (Falco pelegrinoides) is considered the national bird. Falconry has a long and noble history in the Arabian Peninsula, and the falcon symbolizes strength and courage.
Flora	Oman’s flora is adapted to its arid climate. The Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra), found in Dhofar, is historically and culturally the most important plant. Date palms are ubiquitous in oases, and the mountainous regions have juniper and wild olive trees.
Fauna	The fauna includes the critically endangered Arabian Leopard in the Dhofar mountains, the Arabian Oryx, gazelles, and the Arabian Tahr. The coastline is a vital nesting ground for Green, Loggerhead, and Hawksbill sea turtles. The surrounding waters are rich in marine life, including dolphins and whales.

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38) Tourism

The Sultanate of Oman offers a tourism experience that is a world away from the futuristic glitz of some of its Gulf neighbors, focusing instead on its profound history, authentic culture, and breathtaking natural beauty. It is a destination that appeals to the discerning traveler seeking adventure, heritage, and genuine Arabian hospitality. The country’s tourism strategy has been to develop a sustainable and high-quality industry that preserves its unique character. The capital city, Muscat, is a perfect introduction to the country. It is a beautiful, low-rise city that blends modern infrastructure with traditional Islamic architecture. Key attractions include the magnificent Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, with its enormous Persian carpet and Swarovski crystal chandelier, the historic Muttrah Souq, a labyrinthine market filled with the scent of frankincense and the glitter of silver, and the stately Al Alam Palace, the ceremonial palace of the Sultan.

Beyond the capital, Oman’s diverse landscapes offer an incredible array of adventures. The rugged Hajar Mountains are a paradise for hikers and adventurers, with stunning sights like Jebel Shams, the “Grand Canyon of Arabia,” and the green terraces of Jebel Akhdar, the “Green Mountain,” known for its orchards and rose gardens. The vast, undulating dunes of the Sharqiya Sands (Wahiba Sands) provide the ultimate desert experience, with opportunities for dune bashing, camel riding, and spending a night under the stars in a traditional Bedouin-style camp. The coastline offers pristine beaches, world-class scuba diving in the Daymaniyat Islands Nature Reserve, and the chance to see endangered sea turtles nesting at Ras al Jinz. In the south, the city of Salalah is transformed into a lush, green oasis during the summer Khareef (monsoon), a unique phenomenon that attracts visitors from across the Gulf. This incredible variety, from ancient forts like those in Nizwa and Bahla to the dramatic fjords of Musandam, makes Oman a destination of endless discovery.

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39) Visa and Entry Requirements

The visa and entry requirements for the Sultanate of Oman have been streamlined in recent years to facilitate tourism and business travel, with a modern e-visa system being the primary method for obtaining entry permission. The requirements vary based on the traveler’s nationality. Citizens of the other five Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, and Bahrain) do not require a visa to enter Oman and can travel using their national ID cards. For most other nationalities, obtaining a visa is a mandatory requirement, but the process has been made significantly more convenient. The Royal Oman Police now operates an official e-visa portal, which is the standard and recommended way for most visitors to apply for their visa in advance of their trip.

As part of its strategy to boost tourism, Oman has also introduced a visa-free entry scheme for citizens of over 100 countries for short stays. This list includes citizens of all European Union countries, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and many other nations in Asia and South America. The visa-free stay is typically for a period of up to 14 days and is subject to certain conditions, which include having a confirmed hotel booking, health insurance valid in Oman, and a return ticket. For stays longer than 14 days, citizens of these same countries must apply for an e-visa through the official online portal. The e-visa system allows applicants to choose from different types of visas, such as a single-entry 30-day visa or a multiple-entry one-year visa, depending on their travel needs.

For all travelers, it is a strict requirement to have a passport that is valid for at least six months from the date of entry into Oman. It is highly recommended that all visitors, even those eligible for visa-free entry, check the latest regulations on the official Royal Oman Police e-visa website before finalizing their travel plans, as policies can be updated. The e-visa application process is generally straightforward, requiring the applicant to upload a copy of their passport and a digital photograph and to make the payment online. The approved e-visa is then sent via email, and a copy should be printed and carried with the traveler’s passport. This efficient system has made accessing the wonders of Oman easier than ever for international travelers.

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40) Useful Resources

• Experience Oman (Official Tourism Portal)
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oman
• Royal Oman Police (Official E-Visa Portal)
• Oman Air (National Airline)
• Mwasalat (National Transport Company)
• Oman Observer (English Language Newspaper)

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