🇵🇦 Panama Travel Guide

21) Brief History

Panama’s history is a rich tapestry woven with threads of indigenous cultures, Spanish colonization, and its strategic importance as a global crossroads. Before the arrival of Europeans, the isthmus was inhabited by various indigenous groups for millennia. The first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama was Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501. A year later, Christopher Columbus, on his fourth voyage, explored the western coast of Panama. The Spanish established a permanent settlement, Santa María la Antigua del Darién, in 1510, which later became the first European settlement on the mainland of the Americas. In 1519, Pedro Arias Dávila founded Panama City on the Pacific coast, which quickly became a vital hub for Spanish exploration and conquest in the Americas. For over 300 years, Panama was an integral part of the Spanish Empire, serving as a crucial transit point for treasures from the Inca Empire en route to Spain. This wealth attracted pirates and privateers, including the infamous Henry Morgan, who sacked and burned Panama City in 1671.

The 19th century was a period of significant change for Panama. On November 28, 1821, Panama declared its independence from Spain and voluntarily joined the Republic of Gran Colombia, a confederation that included present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. However, the union was fraught with instability, and Gran Colombia dissolved in 1831. Panama remained a department of Colombia, but desires for autonomy persisted, leading to several unsuccessful separation attempts throughout the century. The California Gold Rush in the mid-19th century brought renewed international attention to the isthmus as a transit route. This led to the construction of the Panama Railroad, completed in 1855, which was the first transcontinental railroad and greatly facilitated travel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The late 19th century saw a failed French attempt to build a canal across the isthmus, a monumental undertaking that ultimately bankrupted the company.

The turn of the 20th century marked a pivotal moment in Panamanian history. With the backing of the United States, Panama seceded from Colombia on November 3, 1903. This move was strategically motivated by the United States’ interest in constructing and controlling a transoceanic canal. Shortly after its independence, Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with the United States, granting the U.S. the rights to build, operate, and control the Panama Canal and a surrounding zone. The canal, an engineering marvel, was completed in 1914 and profoundly shaped Panama’s economy and its relationship with the United States for the remainder of the century. Decades of negotiations and growing Panamanian nationalism led to the signing of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties in 1977, which set the stage for the transfer of the canal to Panamanian control. On December 31, 1999, Panama assumed full control of the Panama Canal, a moment of immense national pride and a significant milestone in the nation’s journey of self-determination.

22) Geography

Panama, strategically located on the isthmus connecting North and South America, is a country of remarkable geographical diversity. Bordered by Costa Rica to the west and Colombia to the east, it boasts extensive coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The country’s topography is characterized by a central spine of mountains and hills that forms the continental divide. The highest point in Panama is the Volcán Barú, an active stratovolcano reaching an elevation of 3,475 meters (11,401 feet). This mountainous interior gives way to coastal lowlands on both sides of the isthmus. The Caribbean coast is marked by a series of natural harbors and is home to the San Blas Archipelago, a stunning chain of over 365 islands and cays inhabited by the indigenous Guna people. The Pacific coast is longer and more irregular, featuring the large Azuero Peninsula and numerous bays and estuaries. The country’s narrowest point is a mere 80 kilometers (50 miles) wide, a geographical feature that has defined its destiny as a global transit hub.

Panama’s climate is tropical, with consistently high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The average annual temperature hovers around 27°C (81°F) in the coastal lowlands, while the highlands experience cooler temperatures. The country has two distinct seasons: a rainy season that typically lasts from May to December and a dry season from January to April. The Caribbean coast receives significantly more rainfall than the Pacific side due to the prevailing trade winds. This abundant rainfall feeds a network of over 500 rivers, many of which are short and flow from the central mountains to the coasts. The Chagres River is one of the most significant, as it is the primary source of water for the Panama Canal and a major source of hydroelectric power for the country.

This unique geography has endowed Panama with an extraordinary level of biodiversity. The country is home to a vast array of flora and fauna, representing a blend of species from both North and South America. Dense tropical rainforests cover a significant portion of the country, particularly in the Darién Province on the border with Colombia. The Darién Gap, a large, undeveloped swathe of swampland and forest, is one of the most biodiverse regions on the planet and acts as a natural barrier between Central and South America. Panama has established numerous national parks and protected areas to conserve its rich natural heritage. These protected areas encompass a wide range of ecosystems, from cloud forests in the highlands to mangrove swamps and coral reefs along the coasts, making Panama a premier destination for ecotourism and scientific research.

23) Politics and Government

Panama operates as a constitutional democracy with a presidential system of government. The political framework is established by the Constitution of 1972, which has been amended several times. The government is divided into three independent branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial. This separation of powers is designed to provide a system of checks and balances, ensuring that no single branch becomes overly dominant. The country has a multi-party system, and political power is typically contested between several major political parties. Since the end of the military dictatorship in 1989, Panama has held regular, free, and fair elections, demonstrating a commitment to democratic principles and a peaceful transfer of power. This political stability has been a key factor in the country’s economic growth and its ability to attract foreign investment, contributing to its reputation as a reliable partner in the region.

The executive branch is headed by the President of the Republic, who is both the head of state and head of government. The president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and is not eligible for immediate re-election. The president appoints a cabinet of ministers who are responsible for the various government ministries. The legislative branch is vested in the National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional), a unicameral body composed of 71 members. These deputies are elected from single-member and multi-member constituencies for five-year terms. The National Assembly is responsible for creating and amending laws, approving the national budget, and exercising oversight of the executive branch. The political landscape is characterized by a mix of traditional and more recently formed political parties, with ideologies spanning the political spectrum. Alliances and coalitions are common in the pursuit of legislative and presidential majorities.

The judicial branch is independent and is tasked with interpreting and applying the law. It is headed by the Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), which is composed of nine magistrates appointed for ten-year terms. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over constitutional and administrative cases and serves as the highest court of appeal. The judicial system also includes a series of lower courts and specialized tribunals. Ensuring the independence and efficiency of the judiciary remains an ongoing focus for the Panamanian government, with efforts aimed at strengthening the rule of law and combating corruption. The political culture in Panama is dynamic, with active participation from civil society and a free press that plays a crucial role in public discourse and holding the government accountable. This vibrant political environment, coupled with a stable democratic framework, provides a solid foundation for Panama’s continued development.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Panama is based on a civil law tradition, with its roots in Roman law and influenced by the Spanish and French legal codes. The foundation of the Panamanian legal framework is the Constitution of 1972, which establishes the fundamental rights of citizens and the structure of the government. The legal system is hierarchical, with the Constitution at the apex, followed by laws enacted by the National Assembly, and then by decrees and regulations issued by the executive branch. The judicial branch is responsible for the administration of justice and is headed by the Supreme Court of Justice. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, allowing it to declare laws and government actions unconstitutional. The Panamanian legal system has undergone significant reforms in recent years, particularly in the areas of criminal and commercial law, to modernize its legal framework and align it with international standards. These reforms aim to enhance legal certainty, improve the efficiency of the justice system, and promote a more favorable environment for business and investment.

The criminal justice system in Panama has seen substantial changes with the implementation of an accusatory penal system, moving away from the previous inquisitorial model. This new system, fully implemented nationwide, is designed to be more transparent, efficient, and to better protect the rights of both the accused and the victims. Key features of the accusatory system include oral and public trials, the presumption of innocence, and the separation of the functions of investigation, prosecution, and judgment. The Public Ministry (Ministerio Público) is responsible for investigating crimes and prosecuting alleged offenders. The judiciary, through its criminal courts, presides over trials and determines guilt or innocence. Law enforcement in Panama is primarily the responsibility of the National Police (Policía Nacional), a civilian force under the authority of the Ministry of Public Security. Other security forces include the National Air-Naval Service (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval) and the National Border Service (Servicio Nacional de Fronteras).

Like many countries in the region, Panama faces challenges related to crime and security. The government has prioritized efforts to combat drug trafficking, money laundering, and organized crime, given the country’s strategic location. These efforts involve close cooperation with international partners, particularly the United States. In terms of personal safety for residents and visitors, it is advisable to take standard precautions, especially in urban areas. While Panama is generally considered a safe country for tourists, petty crime such as theft can occur. It is recommended to be aware of your surroundings, avoid displaying valuable items, and use reputable transportation services. The Panamanian authorities are committed to ensuring the safety of both its citizens and visitors, and there is a visible police presence in tourist areas. For specific safety concerns, it is always best to consult official travel advisories and local sources of information.

25) Foreign Relations

Panama’s foreign policy is largely shaped by its strategic geographic location and its most valuable asset, the Panama Canal. As a country that connects two oceans and two continents, Panama has historically maintained a foreign policy focused on promoting global trade, neutrality, and friendly relations with all nations. The principle of “Pro Mundi Beneficio” (For the Benefit of the World), inscribed on the national coat of arms, encapsulates this outward-looking approach. A cornerstone of Panama’s foreign relations is the principle of non-intervention and the peaceful settlement of disputes. The country is an active member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States (OAS), and it participates in various regional and international forums to promote peace, security, and cooperation. The permanent neutrality of the Panama Canal, guaranteed by the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, is a central element of its foreign policy, ensuring that the waterway remains open and accessible to ships of all nations in times of both peace and war.

The relationship between Panama and the United States has been a defining feature of Panamanian foreign policy since its independence in 1903. The construction and administration of the Panama Canal by the United States created a deep and complex bond between the two nations. While there have been periods of tension and disagreement, particularly over sovereignty of the Canal Zone, the relationship has evolved into a strong and cooperative partnership. The United States is Panama’s most important trading partner, and the two countries collaborate closely on a wide range of issues, including counter-narcotics efforts, anti-money laundering initiatives, and regional security. The transfer of the Panama Canal to Panamanian control in 1999 marked a new era in the relationship, one based on mutual respect and shared interests. The United States continues to be a key partner in ensuring the security and efficiency of the canal and in promoting democratic values and economic development in the region.

Beyond its relationship with the United States, Panama actively cultivates diplomatic and economic ties with countries around the world. As a major maritime and logistics hub, Panama has a vested interest in maintaining strong relationships with the world’s leading economies and shipping nations. The country has established diplomatic relations with a wide range of countries in Latin America, Europe, and Asia. In recent years, Panama has strengthened its ties with China, which is the second-largest user of the Panama Canal. Panama also plays an active role in regional integration efforts in Central America, seeking to promote economic development and stability in the isthmus. As a country that thrives on global connectivity, Panama’s foreign policy will continue to be pragmatic and focused on creating opportunities for its people by fostering positive relationships with the international community.

26) Administrative Divisions

Panama is a unitary republic that is administratively divided into provinces (provincias) and indigenous territories known as comarcas indígenas. This administrative structure reflects the country’s diverse geography and its commitment to recognizing the autonomy of its indigenous populations. The provinces serve as the primary level of administrative division and are responsible for a range of governmental functions at the local level. Each province is headed by a governor who is appointed by the President of the Republic. The provinces are further subdivided into districts (distritos), which are in turn divided into corregimientos. This hierarchical structure allows for the administration of government services and the implementation of national policies at the local level. The number of provinces has evolved over time, with the most recent province, Panamá Oeste, being created in 2014 from the western part of the original Panama Province.

Currently, Panama has ten provinces: Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Coclé, Colón, Darién, Herrera, Los Santos, Panamá, Panamá Oeste, and Veraguas. Each province has its own unique character, geography, and economy. For example, Bocas del Toro, located on the Caribbean coast, is known for its stunning archipelago and tourism-driven economy. Chiriquí, in the western highlands, is a major agricultural producer and home to the country’s highest peak, Volcán Barú. Colón, on the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal, is a major commercial and port city, home to the Colón Free Trade Zone. Darién, the largest and most sparsely populated province, is a vast wilderness of rainforest and is home to a significant portion of the country’s indigenous population. The provinces of Herrera and Los Santos, on the Azuero Peninsula, are known for their rich cultural traditions and folklore. The provinces of Panamá and Panamá Oeste are the most populous, containing the capital, Panama City, and its surrounding metropolitan area.

In addition to the provinces, Panama has six indigenous comarcas, which are territories with a significant indigenous population that have been granted a degree of administrative autonomy. These comarcas are Emberá-Wounaan, Guna Yala, Ngäbe-Buglé, Madugandí, and Wargandí. The comarcas are governed by their own traditional authorities and have their own internal regulations, which are recognized by the Panamanian government. This system of comarcas is a testament to Panama’s commitment to multiculturalism and the protection of the rights and cultural heritage of its indigenous peoples. The comarcas play a vital role in preserving traditional languages, customs, and forms of governance. This dual system of administrative divisions, with both provinces and comarcas, allows for a more inclusive and representative governance structure that reflects the diverse social and cultural fabric of the nation.

27) Economy & Commodities

Panama’s economy is one of the most stable and prosperous in Latin America, characterized by a high-income, service-based model. Its strategic location and the Panama Canal are the cornerstones of its economic success. The canal, a marvel of modern engineering, serves as a vital artery for international maritime trade, and the revenue generated from canal tolls and related services constitutes a significant portion of the country’s GDP. The expansion of the canal, completed in 2016, has further enhanced its capacity and economic impact, allowing for the passage of larger “Neopanamax” ships. Beyond the canal, Panama has developed a sophisticated and well-integrated logistics and transportation hub, which includes modern ports on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, a trans-isthmian railroad, and Tocumen International Airport, a major air hub for the Americas. This robust infrastructure has attracted significant foreign investment and has positioned Panama as a key player in global commerce.

The services sector is the engine of the Panamanian economy, accounting for the vast majority of its GDP and employment. In addition to the canal and logistics, the financial services sector is a major contributor. Panama has a well-developed banking and insurance industry, which has historically attracted international capital. The government has made significant strides in strengthening financial regulations and transparency to combat money laundering and other illicit activities. The Colón Free Trade Zone (CFZ), located at the Atlantic entrance to the canal, is the largest free port in the Americas and the second largest in the world. The CFZ is a major center for international trade and re-export, where goods from around the world are imported, warehoused, and then re-exported to other countries in the region. Tourism is another important and growing sector of the economy, with visitors drawn to Panama’s rich biodiversity, beautiful beaches, and vibrant culture.

While the services sector dominates the economy, Panama also has a productive agricultural sector. The country’s fertile lands and favorable climate support the cultivation of a variety of crops, including bananas, coffee, sugar, and rice. The highlands of Chiriquí province are renowned for producing high-quality coffee, which is a significant export commodity. The livestock industry is also well-developed, with cattle ranching being a major activity in several provinces. In terms of natural resources, Panama has significant copper deposits, and a large-scale copper mine has recently begun operations, which is expected to provide a substantial boost to the country’s exports and economic growth. The fishing industry is also an important contributor to the economy, with both industrial and artisanal fishing operations along its extensive coastlines. The government is focused on promoting sustainable economic growth that is inclusive and benefits all segments of the population.

28) Science and Technology

Panama has made significant strides in advancing its science and technology sector, recognizing its crucial role in driving economic growth and sustainable development. The country’s commitment to fostering innovation is evident in its national strategic plan for science, technology, and innovation, which outlines a roadmap for strengthening research and development (R&D) capabilities. A key institution in this endeavor is the National Secretariat for Science, Technology, and Innovation (SENACYT), which is responsible for promoting scientific research, technological development, and innovation across all sectors of society. SENACYT provides funding for research projects, scholarships for students pursuing careers in STEM fields, and support for the creation of technology-based enterprises. The government’s focus on building a knowledge-based economy is also reflected in its efforts to improve the quality of science and math education at all levels, from primary school to university.

One of Panama’s most significant assets in the field of science is its extraordinary biodiversity. The country’s unique geographical position as a land bridge between two continents has resulted in an incredible richness of flora and fauna, making it a natural laboratory for biological research. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), a unit of the Smithsonian Institution based in Panama, is a world-renowned center for research on tropical ecosystems. For over a century, STRI has been conducting groundbreaking research on the ecology, evolution, and behavior of tropical organisms. The institute’s presence has not only contributed to a deeper understanding of the natural world but has also helped to train generations of Panamanian and international scientists. The City of Knowledge (Ciudad del Saber), a former U.S. military base that has been transformed into a hub for education, research, and innovation, also plays a key role in fostering collaboration between academia, the private sector, and government in the pursuit of scientific and technological advancement.

In addition to its strengths in biodiversity research, Panama is also making progress in other areas of science and technology. The country has a well-developed telecommunications infrastructure, with high levels of internet penetration and mobile phone usage. This connectivity has facilitated the growth of a nascent technology sector, with an increasing number of startups and tech companies establishing operations in the country. The government is actively promoting the development of the digital economy through initiatives aimed at supporting entrepreneurship, attracting foreign investment in the tech sector, and promoting the adoption of digital technologies by businesses. As Panama continues to invest in its human capital and research infrastructure, the science and technology sector is poised to play an increasingly important role in the country’s economic diversification and its transition to a more innovative and sustainable future.

29) Philosophy

Panamanian philosophy, while not as widely known as the philosophical traditions of larger Latin American nations, has a rich and complex history that reflects the country’s unique social and political trajectory. The development of philosophical thought in Panama has been deeply intertwined with its struggle for national identity, its relationship with Colombia and the United States, and the intellectual currents that have swept across the Americas. Early philosophical discourse in the 19th and early 20th centuries was largely influenced by European positivism, a philosophical system that emphasized scientific knowledge and progress. This was a period of nation-building, and Panamanian thinkers sought to apply positivist principles to the challenges of modernization and the creation of a stable and prosperous republic.

A key figure in early 20th-century Panamanian thought was Octavio Méndez Pereira, a prominent educator and writer who played a pivotal role in the founding of the University of Panama. Méndez Pereira’s work was deeply concerned with the formation of a national consciousness and the role of education in shaping the moral and intellectual character of the citizenry. His writings reflect a humanistic and pragmatic approach to philosophy, one that emphasized the importance of education in fostering civic virtue and promoting social progress. Another important intellectual movement that influenced Panamanian thought was the “Generación del 30,” a group of writers and thinkers who emerged in the 1930s and were critical of the country’s political and economic dependence on the United States. This generation of intellectuals sought to develop a more authentic and critical Panamanian identity, one that was rooted in the country’s own history and culture.

In the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st, Panamanian philosophy has continued to grapple with questions of identity, sovereignty, and social justice. The legacy of the U.S. presence in the Canal Zone and the long struggle for control of the canal have been central themes in the work of many Panamanian thinkers. The philosopher and historian Ricaurte Soler, for example, is known for his critical analysis of Panamanian history and his exploration of the complex relationship between national identity and foreign intervention. Contemporary Panamanian philosophy is a vibrant and diverse field, with thinkers exploring a wide range of topics, from political philosophy and ethics to aesthetics and the philosophy of education. As Panama continues to navigate the complexities of globalization and its own unique place in the world, its philosophical tradition will undoubtedly continue to evolve and offer valuable insights into the human condition.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Understanding and respecting cultural etiquette is key to having a positive and enriching experience in Panama. Panamanians are generally known for their warmth, friendliness, and hospitality, and they appreciate when visitors make an effort to observe their customs. Greetings are an important part of daily interactions. In formal settings, a handshake is the standard greeting. Among friends and acquaintances, it is common for women to exchange a light kiss on the cheek, and for a man to kiss a woman on the cheek. When entering a room or joining a group, it is polite to greet everyone with a general “buenas” or a more specific “buenos días” (good morning), “buenas tardes” (good afternoon), or “buenas noches” (good evening). Using polite titles such as “Señor” (Mr.), “Señora” (Mrs.), and “Señorita” (Miss) is a sign of respect, especially when addressing older individuals or in professional settings.

When it comes to social gatherings, punctuality is a bit more flexible in Panama than in many other cultures. While it is always a good idea to arrive on time for business meetings, it is not uncommon for guests to arrive 30 to 60 minutes late for a social event. This is often referred to as “Panama time.” If you are invited to someone’s home for a meal, it is customary to bring a small gift for the host, such as a bottle of wine, a dessert, or flowers. When giving flowers, it is best to avoid black or purple, as these colors are associated with funerals. During meals, it is polite to wait for the host to say “buen provecho” (enjoy your meal) before you start eating. It is also considered polite to keep your hands visible at all times, so rest your wrists on the table. Leaving a small amount of food on your plate at the end of the meal is a sign that you are satisfied and have had enough to eat.

In terms of communication style, Panamanians tend to be indirect and place a high value on maintaining harmony and avoiding confrontation. They may not always express their true feelings openly, especially if they think it might cause offense. It is important to be mindful of non-verbal cues and to read between the lines. Personal space is generally smaller than in many Western cultures, and it is common for people to stand closer to each other when talking. Touching each other’s arms or shoulders during a conversation is also a common and friendly gesture. Dress code is another important aspect of cultural etiquette. While the climate is tropical, Panamanians tend to dress neatly and conservatively, especially in professional and formal settings. Beachwear should be reserved for the beach, and it is considered inappropriate to walk around town in a swimsuit. By being mindful of these cultural nuances, you can show respect for your hosts and build positive relationships during your time in Panama.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are an integral part of Panamanian culture, with a variety of activities enjoyed by people of all ages. Baseball is often considered the national sport and holds a special place in the hearts of many Panamanians. The country has produced a number of world-class baseball players who have gone on to have successful careers in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States. The Panamanian Professional Baseball League (PROBEIS) is the top professional baseball league in the country, and its games are popular events that draw enthusiastic crowds. Boxing is another sport in which Panama has a rich and storied history. The country has produced numerous world champion boxers who have achieved international fame. The passion for boxing runs deep, and major fights are closely followed by the entire nation.

While baseball and boxing may be the most popular spectator sports, soccer (fútbol) is also widely played and followed. The Liga Panameña de Fútbol (LPF) is the top professional soccer league in the country, and the national team has a dedicated following. In recent years, the national team has achieved significant success, including qualifying for the FIFA World Cup for the first time in 2018, a moment of immense national pride. Other popular sports in Panama include basketball, volleyball, and softball, which are played in communities across the country. The country’s long coastlines also make it a popular destination for a variety of water sports, including surfing, fishing, and diving.

Panama’s stunning natural landscapes provide a perfect playground for a wide range of outdoor recreational activities. With its lush rainforests, towering mountains, and pristine beaches, the country offers endless opportunities for adventure. Hiking is a popular activity, with numerous trails that lead to hidden waterfalls, offer breathtaking views, and provide opportunities to observe the country’s incredible biodiversity. The country’s national parks and protected areas are ideal for birdwatching, as Panama is home to over 900 species of birds. The coastal areas are a haven for water sports enthusiasts. The Pacific coast offers excellent surfing conditions, while the Caribbean coast is known for its calm, clear waters, which are perfect for snorkeling and diving among the vibrant coral reefs. Sport fishing is also a major draw, with both the Pacific and Caribbean offering world-class fishing opportunities. Whether you are a thrill-seeker or simply looking to relax and enjoy nature, Panama has something to offer every type of outdoor enthusiast.

32) Environmental Concerns

Despite its rich biodiversity and commitment to conservation, Panama faces a number of environmental challenges that threaten its natural resources and ecosystems. Deforestation is one of the most significant environmental issues confronting the country. The expansion of agriculture, cattle ranching, and illegal logging are major drivers of deforestation, particularly in the Darién province and other remote areas. The loss of forest cover not only leads to a decline in biodiversity but also contributes to soil erosion, which can have a negative impact on water quality and agricultural productivity. The government has implemented various initiatives to combat deforestation, including reforestation programs and stricter enforcement of environmental laws, but the problem persists.

Another major environmental concern is the management of the Panama Canal watershed. The canal relies on a massive amount of fresh water from the Chagres River and its surrounding watershed to operate its locks. The health of this watershed is therefore crucial to the long-term viability of the canal and the Panamanian economy. Deforestation and unsustainable land use practices within the watershed can lead to increased sedimentation in the rivers and lakes, which can reduce water storage capacity and impact the quality of the water supply. The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) has implemented a comprehensive watershed management program that includes reforestation projects, environmental education programs, and economic incentives for landowners to adopt sustainable land use practices. These efforts are aimed at ensuring the long-term health and sustainability of this vital ecosystem.

In addition to deforestation and watershed management, Panama also faces challenges related to water pollution, waste management, and the impacts of climate change. Water pollution from agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and untreated sewage is a concern in some areas, affecting both freshwater and coastal ecosystems. In urban areas, the proper disposal of solid waste is a challenge, and the government is working to improve waste management infrastructure and promote recycling. As a country with long coastlines and a low-lying capital city, Panama is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise and an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The government is taking steps to adapt to these challenges by developing climate change adaptation strategies and promoting renewable energy to reduce its carbon footprint.

33) Marriage & Courtship

In Panama, family is the cornerstone of society, and marriage is a significant social institution. While modern influences have brought about changes in courtship and marriage practices, traditional values still hold considerable sway. The ideal family unit is the nuclear family, consisting of a married couple and their children. However, the extended family plays a crucial role in the lives of most Panamanians, and it is common for multiple generations to live in close proximity and to provide support to one another. Courtship in Panama is often a blend of traditional and modern practices. While dating is common, especially in urban areas, it is often done with the intention of finding a long-term partner. Family approval is still considered important by many, and it is not uncommon for a man to seek the blessing of his partner’s parents before proposing marriage.

Both civil and religious marriage ceremonies are recognized in Panama. Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion, and many couples choose to have a traditional church wedding. Divorce is legal in Panama, but it is not as common as in some other countries, partly due to the influence of the Catholic Church and the strong emphasis on family unity. In recent years, there has been a trend among younger generations to marry later in life, as they prioritize education and career development. Despite these changes, the institution of marriage remains a central part of Panamanian culture, and family continues to be the most important social unit.

34) Work Opportunities

Panama’s dynamic and service-oriented economy offers a range of work opportunities for both locals and expatriates. The country’s strategic location, its world-renowned canal, and its thriving logistics and financial sectors are major drivers of employment. The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) is a significant employer, offering a wide array of jobs in areas such as engineering, maritime operations, and administration. The logistics sector, which includes the country’s ports, the Colón Free Trade Zone, and numerous transportation and warehousing companies, is another major source of employment. As a regional financial hub, Panama’s banking and insurance industries also provide numerous opportunities for professionals with expertise in finance, accounting, and law. The construction industry is another important sector, with ongoing projects in both the public and private sectors.

For expatriates seeking to work in Panama, there are several avenues to explore. The country has a number of visa programs designed to attract foreign professionals and investors, including the Friendly Nations Visa, which offers a streamlined path to residency for citizens of certain countries. The City of Knowledge (Ciudad del Saber) is a hub for international organizations, NGOs, and technology companies, and it is a good place to look for opportunities for skilled professionals. The tourism sector is also a growing source of employment, particularly for those with skills in hospitality, marketing, and languages. While Spanish is the official language, English is widely spoken in business and tourism circles, which can be an advantage for English-speaking job seekers. However, learning Spanish will significantly enhance your employment prospects and your ability to integrate into Panamanian society.

The work culture in Panama is a blend of Latin American and international influences. Personal relationships are highly valued, and it is important to build trust and rapport with your colleagues and business partners. Punctuality is generally expected in business settings, although there can be a more relaxed attitude towards time in some situations. The dress code is typically formal for professional settings, with suits and ties being the norm for men and business attire for women. The typical work week is Monday to Friday, and many businesses close for a two-hour lunch break. While the job market can be competitive, Panama’s growing economy and its welcoming attitude towards foreign investment create a favorable environment for those seeking to build a career in this dynamic and strategically important country.

35) Education

Education in Panama is a fundamental right and is compulsory for all children between the ages of four and fifteen. The education system is structured into three main levels: pre-school, basic education, and higher education. Basic education is divided into three stages: primary (grades 1-6), pre-middle (grades 7-9), and middle (grades 10-12). The Ministry of Education (MEDUCA) is the government body responsible for overseeing the education system, setting the curriculum, and ensuring the quality of education provided in both public and private schools. While the public school system is free, a significant number of families, particularly in urban areas, opt to send their children to private schools, which often offer a bilingual education and a more rigorous academic program.

Higher education in Panama is offered by a mix of public and private universities. The University of Panama, founded in 1935, is the oldest and largest public university in the country, with campuses located throughout the provinces. It offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs in various fields of study. The Technological University of Panama is another major public university that specializes in engineering, science, and technology. In addition to the public universities, there are a number of private universities that offer a variety of academic programs, many of which are taught in English. The government has made efforts to improve the quality of higher education and to promote research and innovation in its universities.

Despite the progress that has been made in expanding access to education, Panama still faces challenges in ensuring the quality and equity of its education system. There are significant disparities in the quality of education between urban and rural areas, with schools in rural and indigenous communities often lacking the resources and qualified teachers found in urban centers. The government is committed to addressing these challenges by investing in teacher training, improving school infrastructure, and implementing educational reforms aimed at improving learning outcomes for all students. The City of Knowledge (Ciudad del Saber) also plays an important role in the education landscape, serving as a hub for international universities and research centers, and fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing.

36) Communication & Connectivity

Panama boasts a modern and well-developed communication and connectivity infrastructure, reflecting its status as a regional business and logistics hub. The country has a high level of internet penetration, with widespread access to broadband internet services in urban and most rural areas. A number of private companies offer competitive internet service packages, providing residents and businesses with a range of options to choose from. Fiber optic technology is becoming increasingly available, offering high-speed and reliable internet connections. Wi-Fi is readily available in hotels, restaurants, cafes, and other public places, particularly in Panama City and other major tourist destinations. This high level of connectivity has been a key factor in attracting international companies and digital nomads to the country.

The mobile phone market in Panama is also highly developed, with several major providers offering extensive coverage across the country. The mobile network is modern and reliable, with 4G LTE services widely available. The cost of mobile phone service is relatively affordable, and there are a variety of prepaid and postpaid plans to choose from. It is easy for visitors to purchase a local SIM card, which can be a more cost-effective option than using international roaming services. The widespread availability of mobile data has also contributed to the growth of the digital economy and has enabled Panamanians to stay connected and access information on the go.

The media landscape in Panama is diverse and vibrant, with a mix of public and private media outlets. There are a number of daily newspapers, television channels, and radio stations that provide a range of news, information, and entertainment. The press is generally free and is able to operate without significant government interference, playing an important role in public discourse and holding the government accountable. In addition to traditional media, there is a growing number of online news outlets and blogs that provide alternative sources of information and analysis. The combination of a modern telecommunications infrastructure and a free and diverse media landscape ensures that Panamanians and visitors alike have access to the information they need to stay informed and connected.

37) National Symbols

Panama’s national symbols are a powerful representation of the country’s history, values, and natural heritage. They evoke a sense of national pride and unity, and they are an important part of the country’s cultural identity. The most prominent national symbol is the flag of Panama. It consists of four quarters: a white quarter with a blue star, a red quarter, a white quarter with a red star, and a blue quarter. The colors are said to represent the two main political parties at the time of the country’s independence, the Liberals (red) and the Conservatives (blue), with the white symbolizing peace and harmony between them. The stars represent the purity and honesty that should guide the civic life of the country. The national coat of arms is another important symbol. It features an isthmus with a sun and a moon on either side, symbolizing the country’s position between two oceans and its role as a bridge between two continents. The motto “Pro Mundi Beneficio” (For the Benefit of the World) is inscribed on a banner above the shield, reflecting the country’s commitment to serving the global community through the Panama Canal.

The national anthem, “Himno Istmeño” (Isthmian Hymn), is a stirring and patriotic song that celebrates the country’s independence and its aspirations for a peaceful and prosperous future. The lyrics were written by Jerónimo de la Ossa, and the music was composed by Santos Jorge. The anthem is played at official events and is a source of great pride for Panamanians. The national flower is the Holy Ghost Orchid (Peristeria elata), a beautiful and rare orchid that is native to Panama. Its white petals and the dove-shaped structure in its center give it a striking resemblance to a dove in flight, which is why it is also known as the “Flower of the Holy Spirit.” The Holy Ghost Orchid is a protected species and is a symbol of the country’s rich biodiversity. The national bird is the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja), one of the largest and most powerful eagles in the world. This magnificent bird of prey is a symbol of strength and sovereignty and is found in the dense rainforests of Panama. The national tree is the Panama Tree (Sterculia apetala), a tall and majestic tree that is found throughout the country.

In addition to these official symbols, there are a number of other cultural symbols that are deeply ingrained in the Panamanian identity. The pollera, a traditional dress worn by women, is a beautiful and elaborate costume that is a symbol of Panamanian folklore and craftsmanship. The mola, a colorful textile art form made by the Guna indigenous people, is another important cultural symbol that is recognized and admired around the world. These national and cultural symbols, taken together, provide a rich and multifaceted representation of the Panamanian nation and its people.

Symbol	Name
National Flag	The flag is divided into four quarters, with alternating colors of white, red, and blue, and two stars.
National Coat of Arms	Features an isthmus and is topped with an eagle holding a banner with the motto “Pro Mundi Beneficio”.
National Anthem	“Himno Istmeño” (Isthmian Hymn)
National Flower	Holy Ghost Orchid (Peristeria elata)
National Bird	Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja)
National Tree	Panama Tree (Sterculia apetala)
Cultural Symbol	Pollera (traditional women’s dress)
Cultural Symbol	Mola (textile art of the Guna people)

38) Tourism

Tourism is a vital and rapidly growing sector of the Panamanian economy, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP and employment. Panama’s unique combination of natural beauty, rich culture, and modern infrastructure makes it an increasingly popular destination for travelers from around the world. The country’s tourism offerings are diverse, catering to a wide range of interests, from business and leisure travelers to ecotourists and adventure seekers. Panama City, the country’s vibrant capital, is a major draw for tourists. It boasts a stunning skyline of modern skyscrapers, a historic old town (Casco Viejo) that has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site, and, of course, the world-famous Panama Canal. Visitors can watch massive ships pass through the Miraflores Locks, learn about the history of the canal at the visitor center, and enjoy panoramic views of the city and the Pacific Ocean.

Beyond the capital, Panama offers a wealth of natural attractions. The country is a paradise for nature lovers, with a vast network of national parks and protected areas that are home to an incredible diversity of flora and fauna. The highlands of Chiriquí province are a popular destination for ecotourism, with opportunities for hiking, birdwatching, and visiting coffee plantations. The beaches of Panama are another major draw, with beautiful coastlines on both the Caribbean and Pacific. The San Blas Islands, an archipelago of over 365 islands and cays on the Caribbean coast, are renowned for their pristine white-sand beaches, crystal-clear waters, and the unique culture of the indigenous Guna people who inhabit them. The Bocas del Toro archipelago, also on the Caribbean coast, is another popular destination for beach lovers and surfers. On the Pacific coast, the Pearl Islands offer a more secluded and luxurious beach experience. The country’s commitment to sustainable tourism is reflected in its efforts to protect its natural and cultural heritage, ensuring that future generations can continue to enjoy the wonders of Panama.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Panama has a relatively open and straightforward visa policy, making it an accessible destination for tourists from many countries. Citizens of most countries in North America, South America, and Europe, as well as many other nations, can enter Panama without a visa for a period of up to 180 days. This generous stay allows ample time for tourists to explore the country’s diverse attractions. However, it is essential for all visitors to have a passport that is valid for at least three months beyond their intended date of departure from Panama. It is also a requirement to have a return or onward ticket as proof that you plan to leave the country at the end of your stay. While a tourist visa is not required for many nationalities, it is crucial to check the specific requirements for your country of citizenship before you travel.

Upon arrival in Panama, all visitors must complete an immigration and customs declaration form. While paper forms are still accepted, the Panamanian authorities encourage travelers to complete the digital form online before their trip to expedite the entry process. Immigration officials may also ask for proof of economic solvency, which is typically a minimum of $500 USD in cash or its equivalent in the form of a credit card statement or bank reference. This requirement is in place to ensure that visitors have sufficient funds to support themselves during their stay. It is important to carry your passport with you at all times during your stay in Panama, as the police can request to see your identification. Having a copy of your passport and entry stamp is also a good idea in case your original documents are lost or stolen.

For those who do require a visa to enter Panama, there are two main types: stamped visas and authorized visas. A stamped visa must be obtained from a Panamanian consulate or embassy in your country of origin before you travel. An authorized visa requires pre-approval from the National Migration Service in Panama. The specific requirements for each type of visa can vary, so it is essential to contact the nearest Panamanian consulate for detailed information. Panama also has a special provision for individuals who hold a valid visa or permanent residency from certain countries, such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. These individuals may be eligible for a visa exemption, allowing them to enter Panama for up to 30 days. However, it is always best to verify the latest regulations with the Panamanian authorities before making your travel plans.

40) Useful Resources

• Official Tourism Website of Panama
• Official Website of the Government of Panama
• Embassy of Panama in the United States
• U.S. Embassy in Panama

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