Travel Guide to Paraguay

21) Brief History

The history of Paraguay is a dramatic and often tragic story of resilience, isolation, and a unique cultural fusion, earning it the nickname the ‘Heart of South America.’ Before the arrival of Europeans, the land was inhabited by various indigenous groups, most prominently the semi-nomadic Guaraní people. The first European to arrive was the Spanish explorer Juan de Salazar y Espinosa, who founded the city of Asunción on the feast day of the Assumption in 1537. Asunción quickly became the center of the Spanish colonial province of Paraguay. A defining feature of Paraguay’s colonial period was the establishment of ‘reducciones’ (reductions) by Jesuit missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were self-sufficient, utopian-like communities where the Jesuits educated the Guaraní people, protected them from the slave trade, and created a remarkable fusion of European and indigenous culture. This unique social experiment came to an end in 1767 when the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish Empire, leaving a lasting legacy of architectural ruins and a deep-rooted Guaraní influence that persists to this day.

Paraguay achieved its independence from Spain relatively peacefully in 1811. The post-independence period was dominated by a series of strong, authoritarian rulers. The first of these was José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, known as ‘El Supremo,’ who ruled as a dictator from 1814 until his death in 1840. He enforced a strict policy of isolationism, cutting Paraguay off from the outside world to protect its sovereignty from its larger neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. This period of isolation fostered a strong sense of national identity and self-sufficiency. His successor, Carlos Antonio López, began a process of modernization and cautious opening to the world. However, this period of progress was shattered by the rule of his son, Francisco Solano López. His aggressive foreign policy led to the catastrophic War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870), in which Paraguay fought against an alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The war was devastating for Paraguay, resulting in the loss of a huge portion of its territory and, most tragically, the death of a majority of its male population.

The 20th century brought further challenges, including the Chaco War (1932-1935) against Bolivia, which Paraguay won, securing its control over the vast and arid Chaco region. The post-war period was marked by political instability, culminating in a military coup in 1954 that brought General Alfredo Stroessner to power. Stroessner’s authoritarian rule lasted for 35 years, making it one of the longest dictatorships in Latin American history. His regime was characterized by political repression, human rights abuses, and widespread corruption, but also by a degree of economic stability and infrastructure development. In 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in another military coup led by his close associate, General Andrés Rodríguez. This event paved the way for a transition to democracy. Since then, Paraguay has been working to consolidate its democratic institutions, to address the legacy of its past, and to build a more prosperous and equitable future for its people.

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22) Geography

The geography of Paraguay, a landlocked nation nestled in the center of South America, is dramatically defined by the river that shares its name. The Paraguay River flows from north to south, effectively splitting the country into two distinct and contrasting geographical regions: the eastern Paraneña region and the western Chaco region. This fundamental division has shaped the country’s climate, ecosystems, population distribution, and economic activities. The country is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Its landlocked status has been a significant factor in its history and development, making its two great rivers, the Paraguay and the Paraná (which forms its southeastern border), vital lifelines for transportation and trade, providing access to the Atlantic Ocean via the Río de la Plata estuary.

The eastern region, known as the Paraneña, is where the vast majority of Paraguay’s population lives. This region is characterized by rolling hills, fertile plains, and a humid subtropical climate. It is home to the capital city, Asunción, and most of the country’s major towns and agricultural lands. The Paraneña region was once covered by the lush and biodiverse Atlantic Forest, but much of this has been cleared for agriculture and cattle ranching. The soils are rich, supporting the cultivation of key crops like soy, corn, and sugarcane. This region receives ample rainfall and is crisscrossed by numerous rivers and streams that flow into the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. The eastern border with Brazil is marked by the massive Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River, one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in the world, which is a testament to the immense power of the region’s waterways.

In stark contrast to the east, the western region, known as the Chaco or the Gran Chaco, is a vast, arid, and sparsely populated plain that covers about 60% of the country’s land area but is home to less than 2% of its population. The Chaco is a semi-arid wilderness of scrubland, savanna, and thorny forests. It is one of the hottest and driest regions in South America, with a climate that can be extreme, swinging from scorching heat to occasional cool spells. The landscape is flat and featureless in many areas, with a unique and resilient ecosystem adapted to the harsh conditions. It is home to a remarkable array of wildlife, including jaguars, pumas, tapirs, and numerous species of birds and reptiles. The Chaco is also home to several indigenous groups, including the Mennonite communities who have successfully established agricultural colonies in this challenging environment. This vast and mysterious region is often referred to as Paraguay’s ‘Wild West’ and represents one of South America’s last great wilderness frontiers.

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23) Politics and Government

The Republic of Paraguay operates as a constitutional presidential republic, with a democratic framework established by its 1992 constitution. This constitution was drafted following the overthrow of the long-standing Stroessner dictatorship and was designed to create a system with a clear separation of powers and robust checks and balances to prevent a return to authoritarian rule. The government is divided into three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The political system is a multiparty democracy, although it has historically been dominated by the Colorado Party (Asociación Nacional Republicana – Partido Colorado), one of the oldest and most powerful political parties in Latin America. The transition to democracy has been a long and ongoing process, with challenges related to corruption, institutional weakness, and political polarization, but the constitutional framework has remained resilient. Paraguay is a unitary state, meaning that political power is centralized in the national government, although the constitution does provide for a degree of administrative decentralization through a system of departments and municipalities.

The executive power is vested in the President, who is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is directly elected by popular vote for a single five-year term and is not eligible for re-election. This single-term limit is a key feature of the constitution, designed to prevent the concentration of power in a single individual. The President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is responsible for the administration of the country, the conduct of foreign policy, and the appointment of the cabinet of ministers. The Vice President is elected on the same ticket as the President and serves as their successor in case of absence, impeachment, or death. The executive branch has significant power, but it is subject to oversight by the legislative and judicial branches.

The legislative power is vested in a bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional), which is composed of a 45-member Senate (Cámara de Senadores) and an 80-member Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados). Both senators and deputies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms through a proportional representation system. The Congress is responsible for creating and amending laws, approving the national budget, ratifying international treaties, and exercising oversight over the executive branch. It has the power to impeach the President and other high-ranking officials. The judicial branch is headed by a nine-member Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia). The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal and has the power of judicial review, allowing it to declare laws unconstitutional. The judiciary is constitutionally established as an independent branch of government, although its practical independence has been a subject of ongoing reform and debate. The system also includes a Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General, which is responsible for prosecuting criminal cases.

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24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Paraguay is based on the civil law tradition, with its primary influences coming from the French Napoleonic Code and Roman law. This means that the law is largely codified, with comprehensive legal codes governing various areas of law, such as the Civil Code, the Commercial Code, and the Penal Code. The 1992 constitution is the supreme law of the land, and all other laws must be in conformity with it. The constitution establishes an independent judiciary and guarantees a range of fundamental rights and freedoms, including the right to due process, the presumption of innocence, and the right to a defense. The legal framework has undergone significant reforms since the end of the Stroessner dictatorship in 1989, with the aim of strengthening the rule of law, promoting human rights, and aligning the country’s legal system with international standards.

The judicial system is structured in a hierarchical manner. At the apex is the nine-member Supreme Court of Justice, which is the final court of appeal and also has the responsibility of overseeing the entire judicial administration. Below the Supreme Court are the Courts of Appeal, which review the decisions of the lower courts. The first instance courts include civil, commercial, and criminal judges who handle the majority of cases at the local level. There are also specialized courts, such as labor courts and juvenile courts. The Public Ministry, led by the Attorney General, is an autonomous body responsible for representing the public interest and for prosecuting criminal offenses. The system also includes a Council of Magistrates, which is responsible for the selection and appointment of judges, a measure designed to promote judicial independence and to reduce political influence in the appointment process. Despite these constitutional safeguards, the judiciary has faced persistent challenges with corruption, inefficiency, and political interference, which have undermined public confidence in the justice system.

In the realm of criminal justice, Paraguay faces a number of significant challenges. The country is a major transit route for illegal drugs, which has contributed to the growth of organized crime and has fueled corruption within the security forces and the justice system. The law enforcement system is primarily the responsibility of the National Police of Paraguay. The police force has been the subject of numerous reform efforts aimed at improving its professionalism and its respect for human rights, but it continues to face challenges with corruption and a lack of resources. The prison system is another area of major concern, suffering from severe overcrowding, poor conditions, and frequent riots. The criminal justice system as a whole is often slow and inefficient, with a high percentage of the prison population being held in pre-trial detention. The government, with the support of international partners, is working to address these deep-seated issues and to build a more effective and transparent justice system that can uphold the rule of law for all its citizens.

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25) Foreign Relations

Paraguay’s foreign relations are profoundly influenced by its landlocked position in the heart of South America and its history of navigating complex relationships with its powerful neighbors, Brazil and Argentina. As a smaller nation bordered by two regional giants, a central tenet of Paraguayan foreign policy has been to maintain a careful balance in its relationships and to seek a diversity of international partnerships to avoid over-reliance on any single country. A cornerstone of its foreign policy is its active participation in regional integration efforts. Paraguay is a founding member of Mercosur (the Southern Common Market), a trade bloc that also includes Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Mercosur is Paraguay’s most important trading partner, and its membership provides crucial access to regional markets. However, the relationship within the bloc can be complex, and Paraguay has at times found itself at odds with its larger partners over trade policies and political issues. The country’s access to the Atlantic Ocean via the Paraguay-Paraná river system is a vital national interest, and agreements with Argentina and Brazil governing the navigation of these waterways are of paramount importance.

Beyond its immediate region, Paraguay has cultivated a unique and long-standing diplomatic relationship with Taiwan (the Republic of China). It is one of the few countries in the world, and the only one in South America, that maintains full diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of the People’s Republic of China. This relationship is a significant aspect of its foreign policy and has resulted in substantial development aid and investment from Taiwan. The relationship with the United States is also important, particularly in the areas of security cooperation, trade, and the promotion of democracy. The U.S. has provided assistance to Paraguay in its efforts to combat drug trafficking, organized crime, and corruption. Paraguay also maintains strong ties with a number of European countries, particularly Spain, its former colonial ruler, and Germany, which is home to a significant population of German-speaking Mennonites in the Paraguayan Chaco.

As a landlocked developing country, Paraguay is an active participant in multilateral forums such as the United Nations and the Organization of American States (OAS). In these forums, it advocates for the specific interests of landlocked nations, emphasizing the need for international cooperation to overcome the geographical disadvantages they face. The country’s foreign policy is generally guided by principles of non-intervention, the peaceful settlement of disputes, and respect for international law. It has contributed to international peacekeeping missions and has sought to play a constructive role in regional affairs. In essence, Paraguay’s foreign policy is a pragmatic and multifaceted strategy aimed at maximizing its economic opportunities, safeguarding its sovereignty, and promoting its national interests in a complex and ever-changing global landscape.

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26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Republic of Paraguay is that of a unitary state, meaning that the central government holds the primary political power. However, for the purposes of governance and administration, the country is divided into a system of departments and one capital district. This framework is established by the 1992 constitution, which provides for a degree of political, administrative, and financial decentralization. The country is divided into 17 departments (departamentos) and the capital district of Asunción, which serves as the seat of the national government and has its own independent administrative status. These departments are the primary level of sub-national administration and vary significantly in terms of their geographical size, population, and economic development. The most populous departments are located in the eastern Paraneña region, which is where the majority of the country’s population and economic activity are concentrated.

The 17 departments are: Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Boquerón, Caaguazú, Caazapá, Canindeyú, Central, Concepción, Cordillera, Guairá, Itapúa, Misiones, Ñeembucú, Paraguarí, Presidente Hayes, and San Pedro. The Central Department is the most populous, as it surrounds the capital city of Asunción. The departments of the Chaco region in the west—Alto Paraguay, Boquerón, and Presidente Hayes—are vast in area but are very sparsely populated. Each department is governed by a popularly elected governor and a departmental board (Junta Departamental). The governor is the executive head of the departmental government and is responsible for administering the department and for coordinating with the national government. The departmental board is the legislative body at the departmental level and is responsible for overseeing the work of the governor and for passing local ordinances.

Below the departmental level, the country is further subdivided into municipalities (municipios) or districts. These are the basic units of local government and are responsible for a range of services at the community level. Each municipality is governed by a popularly elected mayor (intendente) and a municipal board (Junta Municipal). They have their own budgets and are responsible for urban planning, waste collection, the maintenance of local roads and parks, and other community services. The system of departmental and municipal government is intended to promote greater citizen participation in public affairs and to make the government more responsive to local needs. However, the process of decentralization has been a gradual one, and local governments often face challenges with limited financial resources and a lack of technical capacity. The administrative divisions of Paraguay are therefore a key element in the ongoing effort to build a more democratic and efficient state.

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27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of Paraguay is a market-based economy that is characterized by a large and dynamic agricultural sector, a significant informal sector, and a growing reliance on trade and services. Historically one of the less developed economies in South America, Paraguay has experienced periods of strong economic growth in the 21st century, driven by favorable weather conditions, high global commodity prices, and sound macroeconomic policies. The country is one of the world’s leading exporters of soybeans and has a large and modern cattle ranching industry, making it a major global producer of beef. Agriculture is the backbone of the Paraguayan economy, not only in terms of its contribution to GDP and export earnings but also as a major source of employment, particularly in rural areas. The country’s fertile eastern region is the heart of its agricultural production, with vast tracts of land dedicated to the cultivation of soy, corn, wheat, sugarcane, and other crops.

One of Paraguay’s most significant and unique economic assets is its immense hydroelectric power potential. The country shares two of the world’s largest hydroelectric dams with its neighbors: the Itaipu Dam with Brazil on the Paraná River and the Yacyretá Dam with Argentina, also on the Paraná. Paraguay consumes only a small fraction of the energy produced by these dams, and the export of surplus electricity to Brazil and Argentina is a major source of foreign exchange and government revenue. This makes Paraguay one of the world’s cleanest energy producers. The services sector has also been growing in importance, particularly in areas such as retail, transportation, and finance. The city of Ciudad del Este, on the border with Brazil and Argentina, is a major commercial center and a hub for regional trade, although a significant portion of this activity takes place in the informal sector.

Despite its strengths, the Paraguayan economy faces a number of persistent challenges. These include a high level of poverty and inequality, particularly in rural areas, and a large informal economy that limits the government’s tax base and leaves many workers without social protection. The economy is also vulnerable to external shocks, such as fluctuations in global commodity prices and changes in the economic performance of its main trading partners, Brazil and Argentina. Corruption and institutional weakness are also significant obstacles to long-term development. The country’s main commodities for export are soybeans and soy products, electricity, beef, corn, and wheat. It is a net importer of goods, with its main imports being machinery, petroleum products, and consumer goods. The government is focused on policies aimed at diversifying the economy, improving the business climate, investing in infrastructure and education, and reducing poverty to create a more sustainable and inclusive model of economic growth.

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28) Science and Technology

The development of science and technology in Paraguay is at a relatively early stage but is recognized by the government and the private sector as being increasingly important for the country’s long-term economic competitiveness and social progress. For many years, investment in research and development (R&D) was low, and the country’s scientific and technological capacity was limited. However, in recent years, there has been a growing effort to build a more robust ecosystem for science, technology, and innovation. A key institution in this endeavor is the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT), which was established to promote and coordinate scientific and technological research in the country. CONACYT provides funding for research projects, scholarships for graduate students, and support for the development of the country’s scientific infrastructure. It plays a crucial role in fostering a culture of research and in connecting Paraguayan scientists with the international scientific community.

Given the importance of agriculture to the Paraguayan economy, much of the country’s scientific and technological efforts are focused on this sector. The Paraguayan Institute of Agricultural Technology (IPTA) is a key institution that conducts research on improving crop varieties, developing more sustainable farming practices, and controlling pests and diseases. The application of technology in agriculture, or ‘agritech,’ is seen as a way to increase productivity, to improve the resilience of the sector to climate change, and to add value to the country’s agricultural products. Another area of significant technological strength is in the field of hydroelectric power generation. The operation and maintenance of the massive Itaipu and Yacyretá dams have required the development of a high level of technical and engineering expertise within the country.

Despite this progress, the science and technology sector in Paraguay still faces a number of significant challenges. These include a persistent lack of funding for R&D, a shortage of highly skilled scientists and researchers, and a weak link between the academic world and the productive sector. The ‘brain drain’ of talented professionals to other countries is also a major concern. The information and communications technology (ICT) sector is growing, with an increase in internet penetration and the development of a nascent software and digital services industry. However, the digital divide between urban and rural areas remains a significant challenge. The government is working to address these issues by investing in education, promoting public-private partnerships in research, and creating a more favorable environment for innovation and entrepreneurship. Building a stronger foundation in science and technology is seen as essential for Paraguay to diversify its economy and to compete in the global knowledge-based economy of the 21st century.

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29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape of Paraguay is a unique and fascinating fusion of two major intellectual traditions: the indigenous worldview of the Guaraní people and the European philosophical currents introduced during the colonial and post-colonial periods. This blend, or ‘jopara’ as it is known in the Guaraní language, creates a distinct Paraguayan way of thinking that is both pragmatic and deeply spiritual. The Guaraní philosophy is profoundly connected to the natural world. It is a worldview that does not see a sharp separation between humans and nature but rather a deep, interconnected web of life. The concept of ‘tekoha,’ which can be translated as ‘the place where we are what we are,’ is central to this philosophy. It refers not just to a physical territory but to a socio-cultural space where the community lives in harmony with its environment, following the ‘ñande reko,’ or the ‘our way of being.’ This is a philosophy that values community, reciprocity, and a deep respect for the land and its resources.

The arrival of the Spanish and, most notably, the Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century introduced a new and powerful philosophical system. The Jesuits brought with them the traditions of European scholastic philosophy and Christian theology. In their famous ‘reducciones,’ they sought to blend these European ideas with the Guaraní way of life. This resulted in a unique cultural and philosophical synthesis, where Christian concepts were often expressed and understood through the lens of Guaraní cosmology. The legacy of this period can still be seen in the deep-seated religiosity of the Paraguayan people and in the way that Christian and indigenous beliefs have often intertwined.

In the modern era, Paraguayan philosophy has been shaped by the country’s turbulent history of war, dictatorship, and the struggle for democracy. Thinkers and writers have grappled with questions of national identity, justice, and the meaning of freedom in the Paraguayan context. The long period of isolation under the dictator Francia and the devastating War of the Triple Alliance fostered a strong sense of national exceptionalism and a philosophy of resilience and survival. In the 20th century, the Stroessner dictatorship suppressed open philosophical and political debate, but in the post-dictatorship era, there has been a renewed interest in exploring the country’s intellectual traditions and in developing a philosophical discourse that can address the challenges of a modern, democratic society. The contemporary philosophical scene in Paraguay continues to be a vibrant dialogue between its indigenous roots, its European heritage, and the pressing social and political questions of our time.

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30) Cultural Etiquette

Understanding and respecting the cultural etiquette of Paraguay is key to enjoying the warm and welcoming nature of its people. Paraguayan culture is a unique blend of Spanish and Guaraní traditions, and it places a high value on politeness, personal relationships, and a relaxed pace of life. Greetings are an important and expected social ritual. A firm handshake, accompanied by direct eye contact and a warm smile, is the standard greeting for both men and women. It is common to also give a single kiss on the cheek, particularly between women or between a man and a woman in social settings. When addressing someone, it is polite to use their title, such as ‘Señor’ (Mr.) or ‘Señora’ (Mrs.), followed by their last name. Using the formal ‘usted’ form of ‘you’ is also a sign of respect, especially when speaking to an elder or someone you do not know well. It is considered impolite to not greet everyone in a room when you enter.

One of the most iconic and important social rituals in Paraguay revolves around the drinking of ‘tereré,’ a cold herbal tea made with yerba mate. Tereré is more than just a drink; it is a symbol of friendship and hospitality. It is almost always shared from a single gourd (‘guampa’) and a metal straw (‘bombilla’). If you are invited to join a tereré circle, it is a significant gesture of inclusion. The server will prepare the gourd and pass it to each person in the circle. You should drink the entire contents of the gourd before passing it back to the server. Saying ‘gracias’ (thank you) signals that you have had enough and do not wish to be served another round. Hospitality is a cornerstone of Paraguayan culture, and if you are invited to a home for a meal, it is a great honor. It is customary to bring a small gift for the host, such as pastries, wine, or flowers. Punctuality is not strictly observed in social situations; arriving 15 to 30 minutes late for a party or a dinner invitation is generally acceptable and even expected.

Communication style in Paraguay is generally indirect and relationship-oriented. People value personal connections and will often engage in friendly conversation before getting down to business. It is important to be patient and to not appear rushed. Maintaining a pleasant and harmonious atmosphere is important, so direct confrontation or criticism should be avoided. Family is the most important social unit in Paraguay, and it is common for people to ask about your family. Showing an interest in their family is a good way to build rapport. When it comes to dress, Paraguayans are generally conscious of their appearance. For business meetings, a conservative suit is appropriate. In social settings, smart casual attire is the norm. By being mindful of these cultural nuances, visitors can show respect for the Paraguayan people and their traditions, which will be greatly appreciated and will lead to a more authentic and rewarding experience in the ‘Heart of South America.’

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31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are a central and passionate part of life in Paraguay, with one sport, in particular, capturing the heart of the nation above all others: football (soccer). Football is more than just a game in Paraguay; it is a deeply ingrained part of the national culture and a source of immense pride and social cohesion. From the bustling streets of Asunción to the smallest rural villages, the sport is played and followed with incredible enthusiasm. The Paraguayan national team, known as ‘La Albirroja,’ has a proud history, having competed in multiple FIFA World Cups and having won the Copa América twice. The country’s top professional league, the Primera División, is highly competitive and features a fierce rivalry between its most successful clubs, Olimpia and Cerro Porteño. The ‘Superclásico’ between these two Asunción-based giants is the most anticipated sporting event in the country, capable of bringing the entire nation to a standstill.

While football reigns supreme, other sports also have a dedicated following. Rally racing is surprisingly popular, with the Transchaco Rally being one of the most famous and grueling motorsport events in South America. This annual race takes drivers through the treacherous and unforgiving terrain of the Paraguayan Chaco, testing the limits of both man and machine. It is a major event that attracts large crowds and international attention. Basketball, volleyball, and handball are also popular, particularly in schools and sports clubs. Given the country’s many rivers, fishing is a major recreational activity. The Paraná and Paraguay rivers are home to a variety of large and sought-after game fish, such as the dorado and the surubí, making Paraguay a popular destination for sport fishing enthusiasts.

In addition to organized sports, Paraguayans enjoy a variety of recreational activities that are often centered around family and friends. The sharing of ‘tereré,’ the traditional cold herbal tea, is a daily social ritual that is a form of recreation in itself, providing an opportunity for people to relax, to socialize, and to connect with each other. On weekends, it is common for families to gather for an ‘asado’ (barbecue), which is a major social event. The country’s national parks and nature reserves offer opportunities for hiking, bird watching, and exploring the unique ecosystems of the Chaco and the Atlantic Forest. The combination of a passionate sporting culture and a love for social and outdoor recreation makes for a vibrant and active lifestyle in the ‘Heart of South America.’

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32) Environmental Concerns

Paraguay, a country of rich biodiversity and distinct ecosystems, faces a number of serious and pressing environmental challenges that threaten its natural heritage and its long-term sustainable development. The most significant of these is deforestation. The country has one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world, particularly in its western Chaco region. The primary driver of this deforestation is the expansion of the agricultural frontier, specifically the clearing of vast tracts of land for cattle ranching and, to a lesser extent, the cultivation of soybeans. The Gran Chaco, one of South America’s last great wildernesses, is a unique and fragile ecosystem, and its rapid conversion to pastureland is leading to a massive loss of biodiversity, including the habitat of iconic species such as the jaguar and the giant anteater. In the eastern part of the country, the once vast and biodiverse Atlantic Forest has already been largely destroyed, with only small fragments remaining.

Water pollution is another major environmental concern in Paraguay. The rivers and streams, particularly in the more densely populated eastern region, are often contaminated by agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers. The expansion of the livestock industry has also led to an increase in water pollution from animal waste. In the urban areas, the lack of adequate wastewater treatment facilities means that untreated sewage is often discharged directly into the rivers, posing a risk to public health and to aquatic ecosystems. The country’s reliance on its rivers for drinking water, transportation, and fishing makes the issue of water pollution a particularly critical one. There are also concerns about the potential environmental impacts of the large hydroelectric dams on the Paraná River, which have altered the river’s flow and have affected fish migration patterns.

Climate change is expected to exacerbate many of these environmental challenges. The country is likely to experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts. This could have a significant impact on the agricultural sector, which is the backbone of the economy, and could also increase the risk of forest fires in the Chaco. The government of Paraguay has developed a number of environmental laws and policies and has created a system of national parks and protected areas to conserve its biodiversity. However, the enforcement of these laws is often weak, and the institutions responsible for environmental management lack sufficient resources. Addressing these environmental concerns will require a concerted effort to promote sustainable land use practices, to invest in clean water and sanitation, and to strengthen environmental governance, ensuring that Paraguay’s economic development does not come at the cost of its precious natural environment.

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33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage and courtship in Paraguay are a reflection of the country’s unique cultural blend, combining traditional Hispanic values with the enduring influence of Guaraní customs. Family is the cornerstone of Paraguayan society, and as such, the journey to marriage is rarely just a matter for the two individuals involved. While modern dating practices are common in urban areas, the approval and blessing of the family remain a crucial and highly valued part of the process. Courtship is often a formal and respectful affair. When a relationship becomes serious, it is customary for the man to formally ask the woman’s parents for her hand in marriage. This act demonstrates respect for the family and signifies the seriousness of his intentions. The engagement period is a time for the two families to get to know each other and to plan the upcoming wedding, which is a major social and community event.

The wedding itself is a joyous and festive occasion, rich in tradition. Most Paraguayans are Roman Catholic, so a church ceremony is a central part of the celebration. The ceremony is followed by a large reception, where friends and family gather for a night of feasting, music, and dancing. Traditional Paraguayan music, such as the polca and the guarania, is an essential part of the celebration. A unique feature of Paraguayan weddings is the emphasis on godparents, or ‘padrinos,’ who play a significant role in the ceremony and in the future life of the couple, acting as mentors and guides. The wedding feast typically includes an abundance of delicious Paraguayan food, most notably a large ‘asado’ (barbecue). The celebration is a vibrant expression of the importance of family, faith, and community in Paraguayan culture, marking not just the union of a couple but the joyful coming together of two families.

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34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Paraguay is largely defined by its agriculture-based economy, a substantial informal sector, and a growing services industry. The country’s labor market presents a mixed picture of traditional employment and emerging opportunities, influenced by both domestic policies and regional economic trends. The agricultural sector remains the largest employer, particularly in rural areas. A significant portion of the workforce is engaged in farming, cattle ranching, and forestry. The growth of large-scale, mechanized agriculture, particularly in the production of soybeans and beef for export, has created jobs in this sector, although it has also displaced some small-scale farmers. The construction industry has also been a significant source of employment, driven by public infrastructure projects and private real estate development.

The services sector is the largest contributor to Paraguay’s GDP and offers a growing range of employment opportunities, particularly in the urban centers of Asunción and Ciudad del Este. This includes jobs in retail, transportation, finance, and telecommunications. The commerce in border cities, especially Ciudad del Este, is a major driver of employment, although a large part of this activity takes place in the informal economy. The informal sector as a whole is a huge part of the Paraguayan labor market, providing a livelihood for a large percentage of the workforce. While it offers a degree of flexibility and entrepreneurship, it also means that many workers lack job security, social protection, and access to credit.

For foreigners seeking work in Paraguay, opportunities are most often found in specific fields where there is a shortage of local expertise. These can include positions in agricultural management and technology, international business and trade, and in the education sector, particularly for teaching English. A number of multinational companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also have a presence in the country and may have employment opportunities for expatriates. Knowledge of Spanish is essential for most jobs, and knowledge of Guaraní can be a significant advantage, particularly for those working in rural areas. The government has been working to improve the business climate and to attract more foreign investment, which could lead to the creation of more and better jobs in the formal sector. However, challenges such as a high rate of underemployment and the need for greater investment in skills development remain key issues for the future of the Paraguayan labor market.

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35) Education

The education system in Paraguay has made significant strides in recent decades, particularly in terms of increasing access to basic education, but it continues to face challenges related to quality, equity, and efficiency. The system is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Sciences and is structured into several levels: early childhood education, basic education (which is compulsory and covers nine years), secondary education, and higher education. The government provides free and compulsory education for all children from the ages of 6 to 14. A unique feature of the Paraguayan education system is its bilingual nature. The constitution recognizes both Spanish and Guaraní as official languages, and the education system aims to be bilingual, with instruction in both languages. However, the effective implementation of this bilingual policy has been a challenge, and the quality of education can vary significantly between urban and rural areas and between public and private schools. The literacy rate in Paraguay is high for the region, but there are concerns about the functional literacy of the population and the need to improve learning outcomes at all levels of the system.

Secondary education, which is not compulsory, is divided into a three-year cycle and offers different tracks, including a general academic track that prepares students for university and a technical/vocational track that prepares them for the workforce. The higher education sector is composed of a number of public and private universities and institutes. The National University of Asunción is the largest and oldest public university in the country. The number of private universities has grown rapidly in recent years, offering a wider range of programs and increasing access to higher education. However, the quality of higher education is a major concern, and there is a need for greater regulation and quality assurance.

Despite the progress that has been made, the education system in Paraguay faces a number of persistent challenges. These include a shortage of qualified teachers, particularly in rural and indigenous communities; inadequate infrastructure and learning materials; and a high dropout rate, especially at the secondary level. The system is also characterized by significant inequalities, with children from poor and rural families having much lower levels of educational attainment than their urban and wealthier counterparts. The government, with the support of international partners, is working to address these challenges through a variety of reforms aimed at improving teacher training, modernizing the curriculum, investing in infrastructure, and making the education system more inclusive and equitable. Education is seen as a vital tool for reducing poverty, promoting economic development, and building a more democratic and just society in Paraguay.

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36) Communication & Connectivity

Communication and connectivity in Paraguay have undergone a significant transformation over the past two decades, driven by the liberalization of the telecommunications market and the rapid adoption of mobile technology. The country has moved from a state-controlled system with limited access to a more competitive market with a high rate of mobile phone penetration. Mobile phones are now ubiquitous throughout the country and have become the primary means of communication for a large portion of the population, bridging the gap between urban and rural areas. A number of mobile network operators compete for customers, which has led to an increase in coverage and a decrease in the cost of services. The expansion of 3G and 4G networks has also brought mobile internet to many parts of the country, creating new opportunities for communication, information sharing, and e-commerce.

While mobile connectivity has boomed, access to fixed-line broadband internet has been slower to develop, particularly outside of the main urban centers of Asunción and Ciudad del Este. The cost of fixed-line internet can still be high for many households, and the quality of the service can be unreliable. However, the government and the private sector are investing in the expansion of fiber optic infrastructure, which is gradually improving the availability and quality of high-speed internet. Despite this progress, a significant ‘digital divide’ remains between urban and rural areas and between different socio-economic groups. The government is working to address this issue through a number of initiatives aimed at promoting digital literacy and expanding internet access to underserved communities.

The media landscape in Paraguay is relatively diverse, with a mix of public and private media outlets. The print media is dominated by a few major daily newspapers based in Asunción. The radio is a particularly important medium, with a large number of stations broadcasting across the country in both Spanish and Guaraní, making it a key source of news and entertainment, especially in rural areas. The television market is also competitive, with several private channels and a state-owned broadcaster. The media in Paraguay has a tradition of lively political debate and has often played a watchdog role in the country’s democratic process. However, the media sector has also faced challenges related to media concentration, political influence, and threats against journalists. The rise of online news portals and social media is also changing the way people access and consume information, creating a more dynamic but also more fragmented media environment.

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37) National Symbols

The national symbols of Paraguay are a unique and powerful representation of the country’s history, its spirit of independence, and its rich cultural heritage. The most distinctive of these symbols is the national flag, which is one of the few in the world to have a different design on its obverse (front) and reverse (back) sides. The flag is a tricolor of red, white, and blue horizontal stripes, which were inspired by the French Tricolore and symbolize courage, unity, and liberty. On the obverse side, in the center of the white stripe, is the national coat of arms. This features a yellow, five-pointed star, known as the ‘Star of May,’ which represents the date of the country’s independence, May 14, 1811. The star is surrounded by a palm branch and an olive branch, symbolizing peace and honor, which are in turn enclosed by a red ribbon bearing the words ‘República del Paraguay’ (Republic of Paraguay).

The reverse side of the flag features the Seal of the Treasury. This seal depicts a golden lion sitting in front of a staff topped with a Phrygian cap, a classic symbol of liberty. The lion represents the bravery of the Paraguayan people. Above the lion is the national motto, ‘Paz y Justicia’ (Peace and Justice). This dual-sided flag is a constant reminder of the country’s commitment to both its national sovereignty and its founding principles of peace and justice. The national anthem, ‘Paraguayos, República o Muerte’ (Paraguayans, Republic or Death!), is another powerful symbol of the country’s fierce and independent spirit. The music was composed by Francisco José Debali, and the lyrics, which celebrate the country’s struggle for freedom, are attributed to Francisco Acuña de Figueroa, who also wrote the national anthem of Uruguay.

The flora and fauna of Paraguay are also an important part of its national identity. The national tree is the Lapacho (Handroanthus impetiginosus), which produces a stunning display of pink, purple, or yellow flowers during the winter months, transforming the landscape with its vibrant colors. The national flower is the Mburucuyá, or passion flower, a beautiful and intricate flower that is native to the region. The national bird is the Bare-throated Bellbird (Pájaro Campana), which is known for its incredibly loud and metallic call that can be heard from a great distance. These natural symbols are a celebration of the country’s rich biodiversity and its beautiful and varied landscapes, from the lush forests of the east to the wild and untamed Chaco.

National & Cultural Symbols of Paraguay

Symbol Type	Symbol Name / Example
National Flag	Red, white, and blue tricolor with a different coat of arms on each side
Coat of Arms (Obverse)	Star of May with palm and olive branches
Seal of the Treasury (Reverse)	Lion with a Phrygian cap and the motto ‘Paz y Justicia’
National Anthem	Paraguayos, República o Muerte!
National Tree (Flora)	Lapacho (Tajy)
National Flower (Flora)	Mburucuyá (Passion Flower)
National Bird (Fauna)	Bare-throated Bellbird (Pájaro Campana)
Cultural Symbol	Tereré (cold yerba mate drink)
Traditional Craft	Ñandutí (spiderweb lace)
Significant Fauna	Jaguar, Giant Anteater

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38) Tourism

Paraguay, often referred to as the ‘Heart of South America,’ is a destination that offers adventurous and curious travelers a truly authentic and off-the-beaten-path experience. The country’s tourism sector is relatively underdeveloped compared to its neighbors, which is precisely what makes it so appealing for those looking to escape the crowds and to discover a land of rich history, unique culture, and stunning natural beauty. The capital city, Asunción, is a laid-back and charming city that combines colonial architecture with modern development. Visitors can explore the historic city center, with its beautiful government buildings, its lively plazas, and the Panteón Nacional de los Héroes, a national shrine that honors the country’s heroes. The city’s riverfront, known as the ‘Costanera,’ is a popular place for walking, cycling, and enjoying the sunset over the Paraguay River.

One of the most compelling attractions in Paraguay is the legacy of the Jesuit missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue. These stunning ruins, which are a UNESCO World Heritage site, are a testament to the unique social and religious experiment that took place in the 17th and 18th centuries. For nature lovers, Paraguay offers a wealth of diverse landscapes to explore. The vast and wild Chaco region is a paradise for wildlife watching, with the opportunity to see a variety of rare and exotic animals. The Pantanal, the world’s largest tropical wetland, extends into the northern part of the Paraguayan Chaco and is a haven for birdwatchers. The country is also home to a number of national parks and nature reserves that protect the remnants of the Atlantic Forest. The massive Itaipu Dam, on the border with Brazil, is an engineering marvel that offers fascinating tours. With its warm and welcoming people, its unique Guaraní culture, and its un-spoilt natural attractions, Paraguay is a destination that is waiting to be discovered.

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39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for Paraguay is a relatively straightforward process for many international travelers, as the country has a fairly open visa policy, particularly for citizens of neighboring countries and major tourist-sending nations. Paraguay is a member of Mercosur, the South American trade bloc, which means that citizens of other full member states (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay) and associate members (such as Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) can enter Paraguay without a visa, using only their national ID cards for stays of up to 90 days. This facilitates easy travel within the region. In addition to this, citizens of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and a number of other countries in Latin America and around the world can also enter Paraguay without a visa for tourism or business purposes for stays of up to 90 days. It is essential for all travelers to have a passport that is valid for at least six months from the date of entry into Paraguay.

For nationals of countries that are not on the visa-exempt list, including citizens of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, a visa must be obtained before traveling to Paraguay. However, the process has been simplified for many of these nationalities through the introduction of a visa on arrival system. This allows eligible travelers to obtain their visa upon arrival at Asunción’s Silvio Pettirossi International Airport. The fee for the visa on arrival must be paid in U.S. dollars, and it is important for travelers to have the exact amount in cash. The visa on arrival is typically a multiple-entry visa and is valid for a number of years. For those who are not eligible for a visa on arrival or who are entering the country through a land border, a visa must be obtained in advance from a Paraguayan embassy or consulate. The application process usually requires the submission of a completed application form, a valid passport, a passport-style photograph, and other supporting documents, such as proof of accommodation and financial solvency.

It is always crucial for travelers to verify the most up-to-date visa requirements for their specific nationality before making any travel plans, as visa policies can change. Upon arrival in Paraguay, all visitors must complete an immigration form. They may also be asked by immigration officials to provide proof of sufficient funds to cover their stay and proof of onward or return travel, such as a plane ticket. While not always strictly enforced, it is wise to have these documents on hand. There are no specific vaccination requirements for entry into Paraguay, but it is recommended to be up-to-date on routine vaccinations and to consult with a healthcare professional about recommended vaccinations for the region, such as for yellow fever, typhoid, and hepatitis A. By ensuring that you have the correct travel documents and by being aware of the entry requirements, you can look forward to a smooth and enjoyable trip to the fascinating ‘Heart of South America.’

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40) Useful Resources

For travelers planning a trip to Paraguay, a number of useful resources are available online to help you prepare for your journey. It is always advisable to check the latest travel advisories from your country’s government before making any travel plans. These advisories provide up-to-date information on safety and security, local laws, and other important travel-related matters.

• U.S. Department of State – Paraguay Travel Advisory
• UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office – Paraguay Travel Advice
• Government of Canada – Paraguay Travel Advice
• Australian Government – Smartraveller Paraguay

The official tourism portal of Paraguay is the best source for information on attractions, destinations, and travel planning.

• Secretaría Nacional de Turismo (SENATUR) – Paraguay’s National Tourism Secretariat

For information on visa requirements, it is best to consult the official website of the Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the nearest Paraguayan embassy or consulate.

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Paraguay

For health information and travel health recommendations, the following resources are invaluable:

• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Paraguay
• World Health Organization (WHO) – Paraguay

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