Travel Guide to Romania
Table of Contents 
1) Destination Overview
Welcome to Romania, a land of captivating contrasts and timeless beauty nestled in the heart of Eastern Europe. This is a country where medieval towns with cobblestone streets exist alongside vibrant, modern cities, and where the dramatic, craggy peaks of the Carpathian Mountains give way to the serene, wildlife-rich wetlands of the Danube Delta. Romania is a destination that defies simple categorization, offering a rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural wonders that promises an unforgettable journey for every type of traveler. From the haunting legends of Transylvania to the stunning painted monasteries of Bucovina, Romania is a treasure trove of authentic experiences waiting to be discovered.
The historical landscape of Romania is as complex and layered as its geography. Its roots stretch back to the ancient Dacian tribes, whose legacy was forever intertwined with that of the Roman Empire after its conquest in the 2nd century AD. This Latin heritage is a source of great national pride and is most evident in the Romanian language, a unique Romance language in a sea of Slavic neighbors. Over the centuries, Romania has been shaped by its position at the crossroads of empires, with influences from the Ottomans, the Austro-Hungarians, and the Saxons, all leaving their mark on the country’s architecture, cuisine, and culture. This rich history is not confined to museums; it is alive in the fortified churches of Transylvania, the grand boulevards of Bucharest, and the enduring folk traditions of rural villages.
Perhaps the most famous and alluring region is Transylvania, a land of myth and legend that is so much more than the tales of Dracula. This enchanting region is a fairytale landscape of rolling hills, dense forests, and perfectly preserved medieval towns like Sighișoara, Brașov, and Sibiu. Here, you can wander through colorful, fortified citadels, visit magnificent castles like the dramatic Bran Castle and the opulent Peleș Castle, and experience a way of life that feels connected to a bygone era. The region is a haven for those who love history, architecture, and the romance of exploring ancient, storied lands.
Beyond Transylvania, Romania’s natural beauty is equally compelling. The Carpathian Mountains, which arc through the center of the country, offer endless opportunities for hiking, wildlife watching (including one of Europe’s largest populations of brown bears), and driving on spectacular alpine roads like the Transfăgărășan. In the southeast, the Black Sea coast provides a classic summer holiday experience, while the Danube Delta, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, is a paradise for bird watchers and nature lovers. Combined with the warmth and hospitality of the Romanian people, a rich and hearty cuisine, and an affordability that is increasingly rare in Europe, Romania stands out as a destination of incredible depth, authenticity, and adventure.
Back to Top2) Best Time to Visit and Why
Choosing the best time to visit Romania is key to unlocking the diverse experiences this captivating country has to offer, as its temperate-continental climate provides four distinct and beautiful seasons. For the most pleasant weather and the widest range of activities, the shoulder seasons of spring (late April to June) and autumn (September to early October) are widely considered the ideal times to travel. During these periods, the temperatures are comfortably mild, making it perfect for exploring the vibrant cities, wandering through medieval towns, and hiking in the majestic Carpathian Mountains. The landscape is also at its most visually stunning, offering a feast for the senses.
Spring is a magical time in Romania. The country shakes off the cold of winter, and the countryside bursts into life with a vibrant carpet of green grass and colorful wildflowers. The orchards are in full bloom, and the weather is generally sunny and fresh, creating a picturesque backdrop for photography and outdoor exploration. This is an excellent time for hiking at lower and mid-altitudes before the summer heat sets in. Cities like Bucharest, Sibiu, and Cluj-Napoca are alive with outdoor cafes and a palpable sense of renewal, and the main tourist sites are not yet crowded, allowing for a more relaxed and intimate experience.
Autumn is equally enchanting and is arguably the best season of all for a visit. The intense heat of summer gives way to crisp, clear days with comfortable temperatures, perfect for sightseeing. The forests of the Carpathian Mountains are set ablaze with spectacular autumn foliage, with shades of gold, orange, and crimson creating breathtaking landscapes, particularly on scenic drives like the Transfăgărășan or Transalpina roads (which are usually open until late October). This is also the harvest season in the rural areas, a time of great activity and tradition, offering a glimpse into the authentic, agricultural soul of the country. Like spring, the crowds of summer have thinned out, leading to a more peaceful journey.
Summer (July and August) is the peak tourist season, offering long, hot, and sunny days. This is the best time for those looking to enjoy the Black Sea coast, with its sandy beaches and lively resorts. It’s also a time of major music festivals, such as Untold and Electric Castle, which attract huge international crowds. However, the heat can be intense, especially in the south and in the cities, which might be uncomfortable for extensive sightseeing. Winter (December to February) transforms Romania into a snowy wonderland. It’s the perfect season for skiing in mountain resorts like Poiana Brașov, exploring the magical Christmas markets in Sibiu and Brașov, and enjoying the cozy, festive atmosphere. While cold, it offers a completely different and charming perspective of the country.
Back to Top3) Top Destinations and Best Hotel
Romania is a country filled with captivating destinations, where each region offers a unique blend of history, culture, and natural splendor. The journey for many begins in the dynamic capital, Bucharest. Once known as the “Little Paris of the East,” the city is a fascinating mix of grand, Belle Époque architecture, imposing communist-era buildings, and a beautifully restored, vibrant Old Town (Centrul Vechi). Key attractions include the colossal Palace of the Parliament, the second-largest administrative building in the world, the elegant Romanian Athenaeum, and the charming, cobbled streets of the Old Town, which are packed with restaurants, bars, and cafes. Bucharest serves as a fantastic introduction to the country’s complex history and modern energy.
The heart and soul of Romania for many travelers lies in the fabled region of Transylvania. This is a land of fairytale landscapes, fortified churches, and perfectly preserved medieval towns. Brașov, set against the backdrop of the Carpathian Mountains, is a perfect base for exploring the region, with its magnificent Black Church and bustling council square. Just a short journey away is the legendary Bran Castle, famously (though loosely) associated with the Dracula myth. The jewel of Transylvania is arguably Sighișoara, a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the last inhabited medieval citadels in Europe. Its colorful houses, clock tower, and cobblestone streets make it a truly magical destination. Another must-visit is Sibiu, a city with a rich Saxon heritage, known for its beautiful squares and the iconic “houses with eyes.”
For those seeking unique cultural treasures and a more off-the-beaten-path experience, the region of Bucovina in northeastern Romania is essential. This area is world-renowned for its Painted Monasteries, a collection of Orthodox monasteries whose exterior walls are adorned with intricate and brilliantly colored frescoes from the 15th and 16th centuries. These masterpieces of Byzantine art, such as the monasteries of Voroneț (often called the “Sistine Chapel of the East”), Moldovița, and Sucevița, are UNESCO World Heritage sites and offer a profound glimpse into the region’s deep religious and artistic heritage. The surrounding landscape of rolling hills and traditional villages adds to the charm of this spiritual journey.
Romania’s natural wonders are just as compelling as its cities and historical sites. The Carpathian Mountains offer some of Europe’s most spectacular and wild landscapes. Driving the Transfăgărășan Highway, a winding mountain road that snakes its way through the peaks, is an unforgettable experience. The Danube Delta, at the confluence of the Danube River and the Black Sea, is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a paradise for birdwatchers and nature lovers, with its labyrinth of channels, lakes, and marshes teeming with wildlife. From luxurious city hotels to charming rural guesthouses, Romania offers a wide range of accommodation to serve as your base for exploration.
| Top Hotels in Romania | Direct Booking Link |
|---|---|
| The Marmorosch Bucharest, Autograph Collection | Book on Booking.com |
| Teleferic Grand Hotel (Poiana Brașov) | Book on Booking.com |
| Hilton Sibiu | Book on Booking.com |
4) Language & Culture
The culture of Romania is a unique and fascinating synthesis of its distinct Latin heritage and its geographical position at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. This rich cultural identity is most profoundly expressed in its language, traditions, and the arts. The official language, Romanian, is a source of great national pride. It is a Romance language, descended from the Vulgar Latin spoken by the Roman colonists who conquered the ancient kingdom of Dacia. This makes Romania a “Latin island in a Slavic sea,” a unique linguistic identity that has been fiercely preserved through centuries of foreign influence from Slavic, Greek, Turkish, and Hungarian neighbors.
Religion plays a central and formative role in Romanian culture. The vast majority of the population adheres to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and the church is one of the most trusted and respected institutions in the country. This deep-seated faith is visible everywhere, from the magnificent cathedrals in the cities to the humble wooden churches of Maramureș and the world-famous Painted Monasteries of Bucovina. Religious holidays, particularly Easter and Christmas, are the most important celebrations of the year, marked by special church services, family gatherings, and a host of unique traditions and culinary customs. This spiritual dimension permeates the rhythm of daily life and the national psyche.
Folklore and folk traditions remain a vibrant and living part of Romanian culture, especially in rural areas. The country has a rich tradition of folk music, dance, and oral storytelling, with each region boasting its own unique costumes, songs, and customs. Traditional crafts, such as pottery, woodcarving (especially the intricately carved gates of Maramureș), weaving, and the delicate art of painting eggs for Easter, are still practiced and celebrated. These traditions provide a powerful link to the past and are a source of immense cultural pride and identity. The mythical and supernatural, including tales of ‘strigoi’ (vampires or troubled spirits) and other legendary creatures, also hold a prominent place in Romanian folklore, adding a layer of mystery and enchantment to the culture.
The Romanian people are known for their exceptional hospitality and warmth. It is a culture where guests are treated with great honor and generosity. An invitation to a Romanian home will invariably involve being offered a wealth of delicious food and a glass of ‘țuică’ or ‘palincă’, the potent local plum brandy. This welcoming spirit, combined with a resilient and creative character forged through a tumultuous history, makes interacting with the Romanian people one of the most rewarding aspects of visiting the country. Their culture is a complex and beautiful blend of ancient traditions, deep faith, and a modern, forward-looking European outlook.
Back to Top5) Festivals & Events
Romania’s calendar is alive with a dynamic array of festivals and events that brilliantly showcase the nation’s diverse culture, from massive modern music festivals to ancient folk traditions. In recent years, Romania has emerged as a major destination for music lovers, hosting some of Europe’s largest and most acclaimed electronic music festivals. The most famous of these is Untold, held in the heart of Transylvania in the city of Cluj-Napoca. This award-winning festival attracts hundreds of thousands of attendees and features a star-studded lineup of the world’s top DJs and pop acts, transforming the city into a massive, four-day party. Close behind is Electric Castle, a unique festival that takes place on the stunning grounds of Bánffy Castle near Cluj-Napoca, blending music, art, and technology in a spectacular historical setting.
For those interested in history and tradition, Romania’s medieval festivals are a journey back in time. The most famous is the Sighișoara Medieval Festival, held in the breathtaking, inhabited citadel of Sighișoara. The festival brings the town’s history to life with knights in shining armor, troubadours, craft fairs, and historical reenactments. Similarly, Sibiu hosts a world-renowned International Theatre Festival, one of the most important performing arts festivals in the world, which fills the city’s beautiful squares and theaters with innovative performances from across the globe. These events celebrate Romania’s rich European heritage and offer a more cultural alternative to the large music festivals.
Traditional folk and religious festivals provide the most authentic glimpse into the Romanian soul. These events are deeply rooted in the agricultural calendar and the Orthodox faith. The “Junii Brașovului” festival, held on the first Sunday after Orthodox Easter in Brașov, is a spectacular horseback parade of colorfully costumed young men, a tradition with pre-Christian roots. In the rural region of Maramureș, festivals like the “Hora la Prislop” are a vibrant celebration of traditional music, dance, and costumes, bringing together communities from three different regions. These folk festivals are a fantastic way to experience the living traditions that have been passed down through generations.
Religious pilgrimages are also a major part of the cultural landscape. The pilgrimage to the Iași Metropolitan Cathedral for the feast of Saint Parascheva in October draws hundreds of thousands of believers from all over the country in one of the largest religious events in Eastern Europe. Christmas markets have also become a popular and magical tradition, with the markets in Sibiu and Brașov being particularly famous for their festive atmosphere, mulled wine, and local crafts. Whether you are seeking the high energy of a modern music festival or the deep-rooted traditions of a rural village, timing your visit to coincide with one of Romania’s many festivals will undoubtedly be a highlight of your trip.
Back to Top6) Local Cuisine
Romanian cuisine is a hearty, flavorful, and deeply satisfying reflection of the country’s agricultural bounty and its complex history. It is a rustic and comforting cuisine, with dishes that have been passed down through generations. The culinary landscape is a rich fusion of influences, drawing from its Balkan neighbors, as well as from the historical presence of the Ottomans, Germans (Saxons), and Hungarians. This has resulted in a diverse and delicious array of dishes, characterized by the use of pork, soured creams, and a love for both savory and pickled vegetables. Exploring Romanian food is an essential part of any visit and offers a delicious journey into the heart of its culture.
The undisputed national dish of Romania is ‘sarmale’, and no trip is complete without trying it. These are cabbage or vine leaves meticulously stuffed with a savory mixture of minced pork (or a mix of pork and beef), rice, onions, and herbs. The parcels are then slow-cooked, often for hours, in a tomato-based sauce until they are incredibly tender and flavorful. Sarmale are traditionally served with ‘mămăligă’, another cornerstone of Romanian cuisine. Mămăligă is a creamy cornmeal porridge, similar to Italian polenta, that serves as a versatile accompaniment to many dishes. It is often served with a dollop of sour cream (‘smântână’) and salty cheese (‘brânză’).
Soups, known as ‘ciorbă’, are an essential part of a traditional Romanian meal. These soups are characteristically soured, using ingredients like fermented wheat bran (‘borș’), lemon juice, or sauerkraut juice. This gives them a distinctive, tangy, and refreshing taste. One of the most popular is ‘ciorbă de burtă’ (tripe soup), a creamy and garlicky delicacy that is considered by many to be a hangover cure. Other common varieties include ‘ciorbă de perișoare’ (meatball soup) and ‘ciorbă de fasole cu afumătură’ (bean soup with smoked meat). These hearty soups are often a meal in themselves.
For a true taste of Romanian street food and grilled delicacies, you must try ‘mici’ or ‘mititei’. These are small, caseless sausages made from a mixture of minced meats (usually beef, lamb, and pork) and spices like garlic and black pepper. They are grilled until juicy and are typically served with mustard and fresh bread. When it comes to desserts, ‘papanași’ are a must-try. These are a type of fried or boiled doughnut made with soft cheese, smothered in sour cream and a tart fruit preserve, usually blueberry or cherry. To drink, a shot of ‘țuică’ (a potent plum brandy) is the traditional welcome drink, and the country also produces a variety of excellent, and increasingly acclaimed, local wines.
Back to Top7) Transportation
Navigating the diverse landscapes of Romania offers a variety of transportation options, each providing a different experience of the country, from modern and efficient to slow and scenic. For traveling between major cities and regions, the train network, operated by the state-owned CFR Călători, is a popular and often picturesque choice. The network is extensive, connecting all major cities and many smaller towns. While the trains may not always be the fastest option, they offer a relaxing way to see the beautiful Romanian countryside, especially on routes that cross the Carpathian Mountains. It’s advisable to book tickets for InterRegio (IR) trains, which are faster and more comfortable than the local Regio (R) trains. Tickets can be purchased online in advance or at the station.
An extensive network of long-distance buses, known as ‘maxitaxis’ or ‘autocare’, provides another comprehensive and often faster alternative to the train for intercity travel. Numerous private companies operate these services, and you can find buses connecting almost every town in the country. The central bus station, or ‘autogara’, is usually located near the train station in most cities. Bus travel is generally very affordable, though the comfort level can vary between companies. For popular routes, it’s a good idea to book your ticket in advance, especially during peak travel times, to secure a seat.
For those seeking the ultimate freedom and flexibility to explore Romania’s hidden gems, renting a car is the best option. Having your own vehicle allows you to visit remote villages, stop at scenic viewpoints at your leisure, and tackle famous mountain roads like the Transfăgărășan and the Transalpina. Major international car rental agencies have offices at the main airports and in city centers. It is important to note that driving in Romania can be challenging. Outside of the main highways, road conditions can be variable, and the driving style can be aggressive. However, for confident drivers, a road trip through Romania is an incredibly rewarding adventure.
Within the major cities, public transportation is generally efficient and very affordable. Bucharest has a fast and easy-to-use metro system, which is the best way to get around the sprawling capital. Other large cities like Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, and Iași have extensive networks of trams, trolleybuses, and buses. Tickets are cheap and can usually be purchased from street-side kiosks or machines. Ride-sharing apps like Uber and Bolt are also widely available and popular in the major cities, offering a convenient and transparently priced alternative to traditional taxis, where it is always advisable to ensure the meter is used or to agree on a fare beforehand.
Back to Top8) Weather & Climate
Romania’s climate is temperate-continental, characterized by four distinct and well-defined seasons. This climatic diversity is one of the country’s great attractions, offering a different experience to visitors depending on the time of year. The weather is largely influenced by the country’s position in southeastern Europe and the significant presence of the Carpathian Mountains, which act as a barrier to oceanic influences and create significant regional variations in temperature and precipitation. Understanding these seasonal patterns is key to planning a successful trip and packing the appropriate clothing for your activities.
Summers, from June to August, are generally warm to hot and sunny. In the southern lowlands and the capital, Bucharest, temperatures frequently exceed 30°C (86°F) and can sometimes reach up to 35-40°C (95-104°F) during heatwaves. The Black Sea coast enjoys slightly cooler temperatures moderated by sea breezes, making it a popular summer holiday destination. In the mountains, the temperatures are much more pleasant and cooler, making it an ideal time for high-altitude hiking. Summer is also the season with the highest chance of thunderstorms, which can be sudden and intense, especially in the afternoons.
Autumn, from September to November, brings a welcome relief from the summer heat. September and October are particularly beautiful months, with mild, sunny days and crisp, cool evenings. The forests across the country, especially in the Carpathian Mountains, are transformed into a spectacular canvas of red, orange, and gold, making it a perfect time for scenic drives and photography. By November, the weather turns significantly colder, with cloudy skies and more frequent rain, and the first snowfalls can occur in the mountains, signaling the approach of winter.
Winter, from December to February, is cold and often snowy across the entire country. In the cities and lowlands, temperatures frequently drop below freezing, and snowfall is common. In the Carpathian Mountains, the snow cover is heavy and persistent, creating excellent conditions for skiing and other winter sports in resorts like Poiana Brașov and Sinaia. Spring, from March to May, is a season of transition. March can still be very cold, but by April and May, the weather becomes progressively warmer and sunnier. The countryside bursts into life with blooming flowers and lush green landscapes, making it a beautiful and optimistic time to visit, though it can also be prone to rain showers.
| Season | Bucharest (Lowlands) |
|---|---|
| Winter (Dec-Feb) | -5°C to 5°C |
| Spring (Mar-May) | 10°C to 22°C |
| Summer (Jun-Aug) | 25°C to 35°C |
| Autumn (Sep-Nov) | 10°C to 24°C |
9) Airports, International and Domestic Flight
Air travel is the most convenient way to reach Romania from international destinations, with a network of airports connecting the country to major hubs across Europe and the Middle East. The primary gateway to the nation is Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) in Otopeni, located just north of the capital, Bucharest. OTP handles the vast majority of international flights and is served by a wide range of airlines, including legacy carriers like Lufthansa, Air France-KLM, and Turkish Airlines, as well as a strong and growing presence from low-cost carriers such as Wizz Air and Ryanair. This robust network makes Bucharest easily accessible from almost any major city in Europe with a direct or one-stop flight.
In addition to Bucharest, several other regional airports in Romania have grown significantly in recent years, offering valuable alternative entry points to the country. Avram Iancu International Airport Cluj (CLJ) in Cluj-Napoca is the second-busiest airport and the main gateway to the historic region of Transylvania. It has excellent connections to many European cities, particularly through Wizz Air, which uses it as a major base. Iași International Airport (IAS) in the northeast provides access to the Bucovina region and its painted monasteries, while Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport (TSR) serves the western part of the country. Flying into one of these regional airports can often be more convenient and time-saving if your itinerary is focused on a specific region outside of the capital.
Once inside Romania, domestic flights can be a useful, albeit less common, way to cover the large distances between regions, especially for travelers short on time. The national carrier, TAROM, operates the main domestic routes, connecting Bucharest to major cities like Cluj-Napoca, Iași, Timișoara, and Oradea. While the train and bus networks are extensive, a domestic flight can turn a long 8-10 hour overland journey into a quick one-hour flight. This can be particularly advantageous for itineraries that involve visiting opposite ends of the country, such as combining a trip to Bucharest with the Maramureș region in the far north.
It is important for travelers to consider the logistics when booking flights. The low-cost carriers often provide the cheapest fares but can have strict baggage allowances and may fly at less convenient times. When booking domestic flights, it’s worth comparing the cost and travel time against the train. While the flight itself is short, you must also factor in the time and cost of getting to and from the airports and going through security. For many journeys within Romania, especially in Transylvania where distances between cities are shorter, train or car travel remains the more practical and scenic option.
Back to Top10) Back Up Plan and Flight Route
While flying directly into Romania is increasingly easy, having a well-thought-out backup plan is a hallmark of a savvy traveler. Disruptions such as flight cancellations, strikes, or unfavorable pricing can occur, and knowing your alternatives can save you time, money, and stress. Given Romania’s location in Southeastern Europe, a primary backup plan involves utilizing the excellent overland connections from major international airport hubs in neighboring countries. This strategy can often open up more flight options and can sometimes even be more cost-effective.
The most popular and practical alternative gateway is Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport (BUD) in Hungary. Budapest is a major hub for both legacy and low-cost airlines, with extensive connections across Europe and beyond. From Budapest, there are excellent and frequent train and bus services to major Romanian cities in the west and in Transylvania, such as Oradea, Cluj-Napoca, and Timișoara. The journey by train is comfortable and scenic, offering a wonderful introduction to the region. This route is particularly useful if your primary destination is Transylvania, as it can be more direct than flying into Bucharest and then traveling back west.
Another excellent alternative hub is Vienna International Airport (VIE) in Austria. Vienna is a major Star Alliance hub and offers a vast network of global flights. From Vienna, you can take a comfortable overnight train to Bucharest or other Romanian cities, which can be a time-saving and relaxing way to travel while also saving on a night’s accommodation. For those exploring the south of Romania, flying into Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport (BEG) in Serbia or Sofia Airport (SOF) in Bulgaria are also viable options, with bus connections available to cross the border into Romania.
When creating your backup plan, it is essential to consider the necessary travel documents. If your alternative route involves transiting through a country outside the Schengen Area (if applicable to your nationality), you may need an additional visa. Always purchase comprehensive travel insurance that covers trip interruptions and the cost of alternative travel arrangements. Having this safety net, combined with the knowledge of alternative routes, gives you the flexibility to adapt to any unforeseen circumstances and ensures that your Romanian adventure can proceed smoothly, no matter how you get there.
| Primary Destination Region | Alternative Hub & Onward Plan |
|---|---|
| Transylvania (Cluj, Brașov) | Fly to Budapest, Hungary (BUD). Take a direct train or bus to Cluj-Napoca or Oradea. |
| Bucharest / Southern Romania | Fly to Vienna, Austria (VIE). Take an overnight train directly to Bucharest. |
11) Safety & Health
Romania is generally a safe and welcoming country for tourists, with a low rate of violent crime. Visitors can feel comfortable exploring its cities and countryside, and the vast majority of trips are trouble-free. However, as with any travel destination, it is important for visitors to be aware of their surroundings and to take common-sense precautions to protect themselves and their belongings. The most common issues that tourists might encounter are petty crime and scams, particularly in crowded areas of major cities like Bucharest.
Pickpocketing can be a problem on crowded public transport, in busy train stations, and in popular tourist areas like Bucharest’s Old Town. It is advisable to be vigilant in these places, to keep your valuables secure and out of sight, and to be wary of distractions. Using a money belt or a secure bag is a good idea. Taxis can also be a source of scams; it is crucial to only use reputable taxi companies, to ensure the driver uses the meter, or to agree on a fare before starting the journey. The use of ride-sharing apps like Uber and Bolt in major cities is a highly recommended, safer, and more transparent alternative.
When it comes to health, the standards of medical care in Romania are good, especially in private clinics in the major cities, which often have English-speaking staff. The public healthcare system can be more variable. It is absolutely essential to have comprehensive travel insurance that covers medical expenses and emergency repatriation. There are no mandatory vaccinations required for entry into Romania, but it is always advisable to be up to date on routine vaccinations. The tap water is generally safe to drink in the cities, but many people, including locals, prefer to drink bottled water, which is inexpensive and widely available.
One specific safety concern for those venturing into the mountains is the presence of brown bears. Romania has one of the largest populations of brown bears in Europe. While encounters are rare, it is important to be “bear aware” when hiking. Make noise on the trail, never leave food scraps behind, and know what to do in the unlikely event of an encounter. Additionally, be cautious of stray dogs, which can be common in some areas. They are usually not aggressive, but it is best not to approach them. By being prepared and taking these sensible precautions, you can enjoy a safe and healthy journey through the beautiful and diverse landscapes of Romania.
Back to Top12) Currency, Commodities & Costs
The official currency of Romania is the Romanian Leu (plural: Lei), with the currency code RON. It is important for visitors to note that while Romania is a member of the European Union, it has not yet adopted the Euro. Therefore, you will need to use the local currency for most of your transactions. Attempting to pay with Euros may be possible in some tourist-heavy areas, but the exchange rate will likely be unfavorable, and it is not standard practice. The best way to obtain Romanian Lei is by using an ATM upon arrival or by exchanging money at a bank or a reputable exchange office (‘casa de schimb’).
ATMs are ubiquitous in all cities and towns and are the most convenient way to get cash. They accept all major international Visa and Mastercard networks. It is advisable to inform your home bank of your travel plans to avoid your card being blocked. When exchanging cash, avoid doing so at the airport, as the rates are typically less favorable. Look for exchange offices in the city center that do not charge a commission (‘comision 0%’) and display clear buy and sell rates. Credit and debit cards are widely accepted in larger hotels, restaurants, and supermarkets in the cities, but it is essential to carry cash for smaller purchases, local markets, and for travel in rural areas.
In terms of cost, Romania is one of the most affordable travel destinations in the European Union, offering excellent value for money. The cost of accommodation, food, and transportation is significantly lower than in Western or even Central Europe. This affordability allows travelers to experience a rich and diverse country without breaking the bank. A budget-conscious backpacker can comfortably get by on a very modest daily budget, while even those seeking mid-range comfort will find that their money goes a long way. This excellent value is one of the key attractions for visitors to Romania.
A delicious and filling meal at a local restaurant or a three-course ‘menu of the day’ (‘meniul zilei’) can often be found for just a few dollars. Public transportation within cities is incredibly cheap, and even long-distance train and bus journeys are very reasonably priced. The entrance fees for most castles, museums, and attractions are also quite low compared to similar sites in other European countries. This affordability means you can enjoy all that Romania has to offer, from indulging in its hearty cuisine to exploring its magnificent castles, without constant financial worry.
| Commodity / Service | Approximate Cost (RON) |
|---|---|
| Cappuccino | 10 – 15 RON |
| Local Beer (0.5 liter) | 8 – 12 RON |
| Meal at an inexpensive restaurant | 30 – 50 RON |
| Three-course meal for two (mid-range restaurant) | 150 – 250 RON |
| Bucharest Metro ticket | 3 RON |
| A loaf of bread | 4 – 6 RON |
13) Housing Rental Cost
For those planning an extended stay in Romania, whether as an expatriate, a student, or a digital nomad, the housing rental market offers some of the best value in the European Union. The cost of renting an apartment or house is significantly lower than in most Western European countries, allowing for a high standard of living on a more modest budget. The most developed and dynamic rental markets are found in the major cities, particularly the capital, Bucharest, and the thriving university and IT hub of Cluj-Napoca. These cities offer a wide range of properties, from communist-era apartment blocks to modern, newly built condominiums.
In Bucharest, the rental prices vary considerably depending on the neighborhood. The most desirable and expensive areas are in the north of the city, such as Primăverii and Herăstrău, and in the central districts around Piața Victoriei and Piața Unirii. In these prime locations, a modern, furnished one-bedroom apartment can command a respectable monthly rent, though still far less than in a major Western capital. For more affordable options, looking in well-connected residential neighborhoods just outside the city center, such as Tineretului or Drumul Taberei, can yield excellent value. The city’s efficient metro system makes commuting from these areas easy.
Cluj-Napoca, as a major university city and a booming tech hub, has a very active rental market, with prices that are approaching those of Bucharest. The demand is high, especially at the beginning of the academic year. Other large cities like Timișoara and Iași offer similar housing options but at a slightly lower price point. In these cities, you can find a mix of older, characterful apartments in historic buildings and modern apartments in new residential complexes. It is common for landlords to ask for a security deposit equivalent to one month’s rent, and rental contracts are typically for a minimum of one year.
Finding a rental property can be done through online real estate portals, which are the most common method, or by using a local real estate agent. While an agent will charge a commission (usually equivalent to 50% of one month’s rent from the tenant), they can be very helpful in navigating the market, especially if you do not speak Romanian. When renting, it is important to have a formal, bilingual contract and to clarify what is included in the monthly rent. Utilities, known as ‘întreținere’, are typically paid separately and can vary significantly depending on the season, with heating costs being a major factor in the winter.
| Property Type & Location | Approximate Monthly Rent (EUR) |
|---|---|
| 1-Bedroom Apartment (Bucharest – City Center) | €400 – €600 |
| 2-Bedroom Apartment (Bucharest – City Center) | €600 – €900 |
| 1-Bedroom Apartment (Cluj-Napoca) | €350 – €500 |
| 3-Bedroom House (Suburbs of a major city) | €800 – €1,500+ |
14) Cost of Living
The cost of living in Romania is one of its most attractive features for expatriates, digital nomads, and long-term residents, standing out as one of the most affordable within the European Union. This low cost of living allows for a comfortable lifestyle and a high degree of financial freedom that is difficult to achieve in many other parts of Europe. While salaries may be lower than in Western countries, the purchasing power is strong due to the low prices of goods, services, and daily expenses. This affordability extends across the board, from housing and utilities to food and entertainment.
Beyond the cost of rent, which is a major but manageable expense, other monthly outgoings are very reasonable. The monthly utility bill, known as ‘întreținere’, which typically includes heating, water, and building administration fees, can fluctuate significantly between summer and winter due to heating costs, but it remains affordable. High-speed internet in Romania is renowned for being both incredibly fast and very cheap, a major bonus for anyone working remotely. Mobile phone plans also offer excellent value, with generous data packages available for a low monthly fee.
Daily expenses, such as groceries and dining out, are another area where significant savings can be made. Shopping at local ‘piețe’ (markets) for fresh, seasonal produce is a cultural experience and the most economical way to buy groceries. Supermarkets are well-stocked and also offer competitive prices. Eating out is a very accessible pleasure, with the ‘meniul zilei’ (menu of the day) offered by most restaurants at lunchtime providing a three-course meal for an exceptionally low price. Even dining at a good mid-range restaurant in the evening is very affordable, allowing residents to enjoy a vibrant social life.
For families, the cost of education is a key consideration. The public school system is free, but many expatriates and higher-income Romanians opt for the private school system. There are numerous private and international schools, particularly in Bucharest, that offer a high standard of education based on various international curricula. While the fees for these schools are a significant investment, they are often considerably lower than for comparable schools in Western Europe. The combination of low living costs, affordable private services, and a rich cultural life makes Romania a highly attractive and practical choice for a long-term stay in Europe.
| Expense Category | Approximate Monthly Cost (EUR) |
|---|---|
| Basic Utilities (‘Întreținere’ for 85m² Apt) | €80 – €150 (higher in winter) |
| High-Speed Internet | €8 – €12 |
| Fitness Club Membership (1 Adult) | €30 – €50 |
| Private International School (per child, per year) | €7,000 – €20,000+ |
15) Shopping & Souvenirs
Shopping in Romania offers a wonderful opportunity to discover unique, handcrafted items that are steeped in centuries of tradition and artistry. While major cities have modern shopping malls with international brands, the real joy for a traveler lies in seeking out authentic Romanian souvenirs that reflect the country’s rich folk culture. These items are not just trinkets but are often beautiful works of art that make for meaningful and lasting mementos of your journey. The best places to find these treasures are at local craft fairs, in the souvenir shops of medieval towns like Sibiu and Sighișoara, and at specialized museums like the Peasant Museum in Bucharest.
One of the most iconic and beautiful Romanian souvenirs is the traditional blouse, known as the ‘ie’. This garment is a masterpiece of folk art, featuring intricate, hand-stitched embroidery with symbolic motifs that vary from region to region. A genuine, handmade ‘ie’ is a timeless and elegant piece of clothing that represents a deep connection to Romanian heritage. Alongside the ‘ie’, you can find other beautiful textiles, such as handwoven wool carpets and tablecloths with traditional patterns. These items showcase the incredible skill and patience of Romanian artisans.
Romania is also famous for its vibrant and intricate pottery. The most renowned centers for pottery are Horezu, whose unique style is recognized as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Corund. The pottery is characterized by its traditional motifs, such as the rooster, the tree of life, and spiral patterns, and its vivid colors. From decorative plates and mugs to large pots and jugs, these ceramic items are both beautiful and functional. Another remarkable craft is the art of painting eggs, particularly for Easter. These are not simply dyed but are decorated with incredibly fine, detailed patterns using wax and paint, transforming a simple egg into a miniature work of art.
For a taste of Romania to take home, there are many delicious options. A jar of high-quality, local honey is a popular choice, with a wide variety of flavors available, from acacia to linden. Traditional fruit preserves, known as ‘dulceață’, are another delicacy, with popular flavors including sour cherry, green walnut, and rose petal. You can also find a range of local cheeses and cured meats. For a spirited souvenir, a bottle of ‘țuică’ or ‘palincă’ (plum brandy) is the quintessential Romanian drink, while the country’s increasingly acclaimed wines, particularly those made from the local Fetească Neagră grape, make for an excellent and sophisticated gift.
Back to Top16) Nightlife & Entertainment
The nightlife and entertainment scene in Romania is vibrant, diverse, and surprisingly energetic, especially in its major cities. The country has shaken off its somber past to embrace a lively after-dark culture that caters to all tastes, from underground electronic music clubs to sophisticated rooftop bars and cozy, bohemian cafes. The undisputed epicenter of Romanian nightlife is the capital, Bucharest. The city’s Old Town (Centrul Vechi) is a sprawling, labyrinthine district packed with an incredible density of bars, pubs, restaurants, and clubs. On any given night, but especially on weekends, its cobbled streets are thronged with people, creating an electric and convivial atmosphere.
In Bucharest’s Old Town, you can find everything from traditional pubs serving local beers to chic cocktail bars and themed shot bars. As the evening progresses, the area’s many clubs come to life, playing a mix of international pop, electronic music, and local hits. For a more alternative or upscale scene, you can venture beyond the Old Town to the northern part of the city, around the Herăstrău Park area, where you will find exclusive clubs and elegant lakeside lounges that are popular with a more affluent crowd during the summer months. The city’s nightlife is dynamic and constantly evolving, with new venues opening all the time.
Cluj-Napoca, a major university city in the heart of Transylvania, boasts a nightlife scene that rivals that of Bucharest in terms of energy and creativity. Fueled by its large student population, the city has a thriving underground music scene, numerous alternative bars, and a host of quirky, characterful pubs, known as ‘ruin bars’, which are often set in the courtyards of historic buildings. The city’s reputation as a hub for electronic music is cemented by the massive Untold and Electric Castle festivals, which draw international crowds every summer. Timișoara, another major student city in the west, also has a vibrant and artistic nightlife culture.
During the summer, the entertainment scene migrates to the Black Sea coast. Resorts like Mamaia and, more recently, Vama Veche become hotspots for beach parties and nightlife. Mamaia is known for its glamorous beach clubs and all-night parties featuring famous DJs, attracting a stylish and party-loving crowd. Vama Veche, on the other hand, has a more bohemian, counter-cultural vibe, with a laid-back atmosphere, rock music bars, and impromptu parties on the beach. Beyond the party scene, Romania also has a rich cultural life, with classical music concerts at the Romanian Athenaeum in Bucharest, and numerous theaters and opera houses offering high-quality performances at very affordable prices.
Back to Top17) Insider Travel Tips
To truly unlock the heart of Romania and experience it beyond the standard tourist itinerary, a few insider tips can transform your journey. While the famous castles and cities are must-sees, make an effort to explore the Romanian countryside, as this is where the soul of the country truly resides. Consider staying in a traditional rural guesthouse, known as a ‘pensiune’. This offers an unparalleled opportunity to experience authentic Romanian hospitality, enjoy delicious, home-cooked meals made with fresh local ingredients, and gain insight into a way of life that has remained unchanged for centuries. The regions of Maramureș and Bucovina are particularly famous for their excellent network of ‘pensiuni’.
Don’t underestimate the train system. While some trains can be slow, they are a fantastic and affordable way to see the country’s stunning landscapes. The journey through the Carpathian Mountains, for example, is far more spectacular by train than by bus. For the best experience, book tickets on the faster InterRegio (IR) trains. Also, embrace the local markets, or ‘piețe’. This is where Romanians do their daily shopping, and a visit is a vibrant, sensory experience. You can find the freshest seasonal produce, local cheeses, honey, and cured meats, all at a fraction of the supermarket price. It’s the perfect place to pick up supplies for a picnic or to simply observe local life.
Venture beyond Transylvania. While Transylvania is beautiful, other regions of Romania offer equally compelling and less-crowded experiences. Explore the rolling hills and vineyards of the Dealu Mare wine region, often called the “Tuscany of Romania.” Discover the unique historical region of Dobrogea, with its ancient Greek and Roman ruins and its proximity to the incredible Danube Delta. Or head to the far north to Maramureș, a region famous for its spectacular wooden churches, intricately carved gates, and enduring folk traditions. These lesser-known regions offer a more off-the-beaten-path and deeply authentic adventure.
Finally, a few practical tips can make your journey smoother. Learn a few basic words in Romanian; the effort will be greatly appreciated. Always carry some cash, as credit cards are not universally accepted, especially in rural areas and at local markets. Be aware that many museums are closed on Mondays. And when dealing with taxis, always insist on using the meter or use a ride-sharing app like Uber or Bolt to avoid being overcharged. By stepping off the main tourist track and engaging with the country on its own terms, you will be rewarded with a rich and unforgettable travel experience.
Back to Top18) Etiquette & Customs
To navigate Romanian society with grace and respect, it’s helpful to have an understanding of the local etiquette and customs, which are a blend of traditional values and modern European sensibilities. Romanians are generally warm, hospitable, and expressive people, but they also appreciate politeness and good manners. When meeting someone for the first time, a firm handshake is the standard greeting for both men and women, while making direct eye contact. It is common to use formal titles and surnames until you are invited to use first names, especially when addressing older people or in a business context.
If you are lucky enough to be invited into a Romanian home, consider it a genuine gesture of friendship and hospitality. It is a strong custom to bring a small gift for your hosts. A bottle of wine, a box of chocolates, or a bouquet of flowers for the hostess are all excellent choices. When giving flowers, always give an odd number of stems, as even numbers are reserved for funerals. It is also customary to remove your shoes upon entering a home. Your host will likely offer you a pair of slippers (‘papuci de casă’) to wear.
Dining etiquette is important. Wait for your host to invite you to the table and to say “Poftă bună!” (Enjoy your meal!) before you begin eating. It is polite to keep your hands on the table, but not your elbows. You will be offered generous portions of food and drink, and it is considered polite to accept and to try everything. To refuse food or a drink, especially the initial offering of ‘țuică’ (plum brandy), can be seen as impolite. Even if you don’t drink alcohol, it’s best to accept the glass and take a symbolic sip or at least raise it for a toast. The traditional toast is “Noroc!” (Good luck!).
When visiting churches and monasteries, it is essential to dress modestly. Men should wear long trousers, and women should wear skirts or dresses that cover their knees and ensure their shoulders are covered. In some monasteries, women may also be required to cover their hair with a scarf. In general, Romanians appreciate a neat and tidy appearance, and dressing smartly when going out in the evening is common. By being mindful of these customs, you show respect for the Romanian way oflife, which will be reciprocated with genuine warmth and hospitality.
Back to Top19) Basic Language Tips
While many Romanians, especially the younger generation in major cities, speak excellent English, learning a few basic phrases in the Romanian language will dramatically enhance your travel experience. The effort to speak the local language is a sign of respect and genuine interest that will be met with warmth, encouragement, and often a very enthusiastic response. Romanian is a Romance language, so if you have any knowledge of French, Spanish, or Italian, you will recognize many words and find the pronunciation relatively straightforward. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes; the locals will appreciate your effort immensely.
Start with the essential greetings. “Bună ziua” (BOO-nuh ZEE-wah) is the universal polite greeting for “Good day” and can be used from morning until evening. For “Good morning,” you can say “Bună dimineața” (BOO-nuh dee-mee-NYA-tsa), and for “Good evening,” “Bună seara” (BOO-nuh SYA-ra). A more informal “Hello” is simply “Salut” (sa-LOOT), which is very common among younger people. When leaving, the formal way to say “Goodbye” is “La revedere” (la re-ve-DE-re), while a casual “Bye” is “Pa” (pa).
Politeness is highly valued, and knowing your manners is key. “Vă rog” (vuh ROHG) means “Please,” and it is used frequently. “Mulțumesc” (mool-tsoo-MESK) is the essential word for “Thank you.” If you want to be more emphatic, you can say “Mulțumesc frumos” (mool-tsoo-MESK froo-MOS) for “Thank you very much.” The correct response to “Thank you” is “Cu plăcere” (koo pluh-CHAIR-eh), meaning “With pleasure.” To get someone’s attention or to apologize, you can say “Scuzați-mă” (skoo-ZAHTS-muh) for “Excuse me.”
A few practical phrases will help you in daily situations. “Da” (da) is “Yes,” and “Nu” (noo) is “No.” To ask “How much does it cost?”, you say “Cât costă?” (kut COS-tuh). When you are at a restaurant and want the bill, you can ask for “Nota, vă rog” (NO-tah, vuh ROHG). And of course, the most important word for any celebration is the toast, “Noroc!” (no-ROK), which means “Good luck!” or “Cheers!”. Keeping a translation app on your phone is always a good idea, but memorizing these simple phrases will open doors and hearts, leading to a much richer and more authentic Romanian adventure.
| English Phrase | Romanian Translation (Phonetic) |
|---|---|
| Hello (Good day) | Bună ziua (BOO-nuh ZEE-wah) |
| Goodbye | La revedere (la re-ve-DE-re) |
| Please | Vă rog (vuh ROHG) |
| Thank you | Mulțumesc (mool-tsoo-MESK) |
| You’re welcome | Cu plăcere (koo pluh-CHAIR-eh) |
| Yes | Da (da) |
| No | Nu (noo) |
| Excuse me / Sorry | Scuzați-mă (skoo-ZAHTS-muh) |
| My name is… | Mă numesc… (muh noo-MESK…) |
| How are you? | Ce faci? (cheh FACH) (informal) |
| I am fine. | Sunt bine. (soont BEE-neh) |
| I don’t understand. | Nu înțeleg. (noo in-tse-LEG) |
| Do you speak English? | Vorbiți engleza? (vor-BEETS eng-LE-za) |
| How much is it? | Cât costă? (kut COS-tuh) |
| The bill, please. | Nota, vă rog. (NO-tah, vuh ROHG) |
| Water | Apă (A-puh) |
| Beer | Bere (BE-reh) |
| Cheers! | Noroc! (no-ROK) |
| Enjoy your meal! | Poftă bună! (POF-tuh BOO-nuh) |
| Where is the bathroom? | Unde este baia? (OON-deh YES-teh BAI-ya) |
20) Useful Resources
To plan a successful and enriching trip to Romania, taking advantage of the various online resources is essential. The official tourism website for the country, romania.travel, is an excellent starting point. It offers a wealth of inspiration and practical information on the main destinations, cultural attractions, and natural parks. The site features suggested itineraries, a calendar of events, and essential travel tips, providing a solid foundation for planning your journey. This official portal is a reliable source for high-quality information designed for international visitors.
For transportation within the country, the website of the national railway company, CFR Călători (cfrcalatori.ro), is indispensable for checking train schedules and booking tickets online. For bus travel, the website autogari.ro is a comprehensive aggregator that allows you to search for bus routes, schedules, and operators across the entire country. When it comes to booking accommodation, international platforms like Booking.com and Airbnb have extensive listings throughout Romania, from city apartments and hotels to rural guesthouses (‘pensiuni’). Reading recent reviews from other travelers on these sites is a crucial step in choosing the right place to stay.
To delve deeper into specific interests and get on-the-ground advice, travel blogs and online forums are invaluable. Many travel bloggers have written extensively about their experiences in Romania, offering detailed itineraries, reviews, and hidden gems that you might not find in official guides. TripAdvisor’s Romania forum is another excellent resource where you can ask specific questions to a community of experienced travelers and locals. For those interested in hiking, the website of the Romanian Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (fralpinism.ro) and various hiking blogs can provide information on trails and mountain safety.
Finally, for essential practicalities, always check your home country’s government travel advisory website for the latest information on entry requirements, visa regulations, and any safety or health advisories for Romania. For navigation within cities and for road trips, apps like Google Maps and Waze are essential tools. By combining these official, commercial, and community-based resources, you can plan your trip with confidence, ensuring you are well-prepared for a seamless and deeply rewarding adventure in the beautiful and surprising land of Romania.
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