Saudi Arabia Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of Saudi Arabia is a compelling narrative of transformation, from ancient trade routes and the birth of Islam to its modern role as a global energy powerhouse. The Arabian Peninsula, the cradle of the kingdom, has been inhabited for millennia, serving as a vital crossroads for trade between the East and West. Ancient civilizations, such as the Dilmun, thrived here, leaving behind archaeological treasures that hint at a rich and complex past. However, the peninsula’s most significant historical contribution was the birth of Islam in the 7th century in the city of Mecca. The Prophet Muhammad’s revelations and the subsequent unification of the Arabian tribes under the banner of Islam created a powerful force that would shape world history for centuries to come. The region, particularly the Hejaz with the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, became the spiritual heart of a new global civilization, drawing pilgrims and scholars from across the vast Islamic empire. For centuries, while the political centers of the Islamic world shifted to Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo, and Istanbul, the Arabian Peninsula retained its profound religious importance.

The modern state of Saudi Arabia owes its existence to the alliance forged in the mid-18th century between a local ruler, Muhammad bin Saud, and a religious reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This pact, combining political ambition with a puritanical interpretation of Islam, led to the establishment of the First Saudi State, which expanded rapidly across the peninsula. Though this state was eventually destroyed by Ottoman forces, the seeds of a unified nation had been sown. The 19th century saw the rise and fall of a Second Saudi State, but it was the visionary leadership of Abdulaziz Al Saud, known internationally as Ibn Saud, that would ultimately lead to lasting unification. In 1902, in a daring raid, he recaptured his family’s ancestral home of Riyadh from the rival Al Rashid dynasty. Over the next three decades, through a series of strategic alliances and military campaigns, he consolidated his control over the vast territories of Najd, Al-Hasa, Asir, and Hejaz. On September 23, 1932, he officially announced the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, uniting the diverse regions under his rule and establishing the monarchy that governs to this day.

The discovery of vast petroleum reserves in 1938 was a pivotal moment that irrevocably altered the kingdom’s destiny. The subsequent oil boom brought unprecedented wealth, transforming a largely nomadic, subsistence-level society into a modern, highly developed nation. This newfound revenue funded the construction of world-class infrastructure, including cities, highways, airports, hospitals, and universities. It enabled the government to provide extensive social welfare programs for its citizens, raising the standard of living dramatically. This economic power also translated into significant geopolitical influence, making Saudi Arabia a key player on the world stage, a founding member of OPEC, and a crucial ally for global powers. Today, under the ambitious Vision 2030, the kingdom is embarking on another historic transformation, aiming to diversify its economy, open up its society, and cultivate new sectors like tourism and technology, all while carefully preserving its unique cultural heritage and its sacred role as the custodian of Islam’s holiest sites. This ongoing journey reflects a nation constantly balancing its deep-rooted traditions with a forward-looking aspiration for a sustainable and prosperous future.

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22) Geography

Saudi Arabia’s geography is as vast and varied as its history, dominating the majority of the Arabian Peninsula. Spanning over two million square kilometers, it is the largest country in the Middle East and is defined by its dramatic landscapes, from the iconic sand dunes of the Empty Quarter to the rugged mountains of the Asir region. The kingdom is strategically positioned with an extensive coastline along the Red Sea to the west and a shorter, yet economically vital, coast on the Persian Gulf to the east. It shares borders with Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen, placing it at the heart of a geopolitically significant region. The country’s terrain is largely characterized by a large, arid plateau that rises from the eastern coast and slopes gently towards the west. This central plateau, known as the Najd, has been the historical heartland of the Saudi state and is home to the capital city, Riyadh. The climate across most of the country is extremely hot and dry, with scorching summer temperatures and minimal rainfall, making water a precious and carefully managed resource.

The most famous geographical feature of Saudi Arabia is its immense deserts. In the southeast, the Rub’ al-Khali, or “Empty Quarter,” is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, a breathtaking expanse of golden dunes that has challenged travelers for centuries. This sea of sand is a place of stark beauty and extreme conditions, largely uninhabited but rich in oil and natural gas reserves. To the north lies the An-Nafud desert, known for its distinctive red-hued sands and dramatic crescent-shaped dunes. Connecting these two great deserts is the Ad-Dahna, a narrow arc of sand that serves as a geographical bridge. In contrast to these arid landscapes, the western part of the kingdom features the Sarawat mountain range, which runs parallel to the Red Sea coast. This range includes the Hejaz mountains in the north and the Asir mountains in the south, which are home to the country’s highest peak, Mount Sawda. These highlands experience a more temperate climate with greater rainfall, allowing for agriculture and supporting unique ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna, including juniper forests and troops of baboons.

The kingdom’s coastlines offer another dimension to its geography. The Red Sea coast, stretching for over 1,800 kilometers, is a paradise for divers and nature lovers, boasting pristine coral reefs, diverse marine life, and a string of idyllic islands. Ambitious tourism projects like the Red Sea Project and NEOM are capitalizing on this natural beauty, aiming to create sustainable luxury destinations. The Persian Gulf coast, while shorter, is the hub of Saudi Arabia’s oil industry. It is home to the world’s largest offshore oil field, and its coastal plains are dotted with major industrial cities and ports that are crucial for the global energy supply. The Eastern Province also contains some of the world’s largest oases, such as the Al-Ahsa Oasis, a UNESCO World Heritage site, which has supported agriculture and human settlement for millennia. This rich tapestry of deserts, mountains, and coastlines makes Saudi Arabia a land of striking contrasts and immense geographical significance, shaping its economy, culture, and its vision for the future.

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23) Politics and Government

The political structure of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, where the King serves as both the head of state and head of government. The country’s governance is deeply intertwined with the principles of Islam, specifically the conservative Wahhabi school of Sunni Islam. This relationship forms the ideological bedrock of the state. The Basic Law of Government, enacted by royal decree in 1992, functions as the kingdom’s constitution. It formally declares that the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah (the practices and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad) are the ultimate law of the land. This foundational document outlines the structure of the government, the responsibilities of the state, and the rights of its citizens, affirming the kingdom’s identity as a sovereign Arab Islamic nation. Succession to the throne is hereditary, traditionally passing among the sons and grandsons of the nation’s founder, King Abdulaziz Al Saud. In 2017, this was amended to a direct father-to-son lineage, solidifying the line of succession for the future. Political power is highly centralized within the royal family, the House of Saud, with key ministerial portfolios and provincial governorships typically held by senior princes.

The King’s authority is comprehensive, covering legislative, executive, and judicial branches. He appoints and presides over the Council of Ministers, which is the principal executive body responsible for formulating and implementing national policy across all sectors, from finance and defense to education and health. Royal decrees are the primary source of legislation, shaping the laws that govern the nation. While there are no national elections for a legislature and political parties are banned, the system incorporates traditional forms of consultation. The *majlis*, a public audience, allows any citizen to petition the King or other senior officials directly, providing a unique channel for addressing grievances and making requests. Furthermore, the Consultative Council, or Majlis al-Shura, is an advisory body composed of 150 members appointed by the King. Its role is to debate new laws and advise on policy, though it lacks the power to pass legislation independently. In a landmark reform, women were appointed to the Council in 2013 and gained the right to vote and stand in municipal elections in 2015, signaling a gradual move towards greater public participation.

In recent years, the kingdom’s political and governmental landscape has been dramatically reshaped by the ambitious Vision 2030 reform plan, championed by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. This strategic blueprint aims to modernize the country, reduce its economic dependence on oil, and transform its society. The vision has been the catalyst for sweeping changes, including significant economic reforms, the promotion of a more moderate form of Islam, and a notable expansion of social freedoms, particularly for women, who can now drive, attend public events, and have greater access to the workforce. These reforms have centralized power further under the Crown Prince, who has taken a hands-on approach to driving the transformation agenda. While the fundamental structure of the absolute monarchy remains, the government’s focus has shifted towards efficiency, transparency, and achieving the strategic objectives of Vision 2030, marking a pivotal new chapter in the political history of Saudi Arabia.

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24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal framework of Saudi Arabia is uniquely based on Sharia, or Islamic law, which is derived from the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad). Unlike many countries that operate under civil or common law systems, Saudi Arabia does not have a comprehensive, codified penal code. Instead, its law is interpreted and applied by judges who are trained in Islamic jurisprudence. The predominant school of thought is the Hanbali school, particularly the conservative interpretation associated with Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This religious foundation means that the law governs all aspects of life, from personal and family matters to commercial transactions and criminal justice. The judiciary is, in principle, an independent body overseen by the Supreme Judicial Council, which is composed of senior religious scholars. Judges, known as *qadis*, have significant discretion in their rulings, interpreting the sacred texts to deliver verdicts. In addition to Sharia, the legal system also incorporates a body of regulations issued through royal decrees, which address modern issues not explicitly covered in classical Islamic texts, such as traffic laws, intellectual property, and corporate governance.

The criminal justice system in Saudi Arabia categorizes offenses into three main types, each with a different basis for punishment. The first, *Hudud*, refers to crimes with punishments explicitly fixed in the Qur’an or Sunnah. These are considered crimes against God and include offenses such as theft, highway robbery, adultery, slander, and apostasy. The punishments are severe and can range from public flogging and amputation to the death penalty, and are applied only when there is irrefutable evidence or a confession. The second category is *Qisas*, or “retaliation in kind,” which applies to crimes of murder and assault. Under this principle, the victim or their family has the right to demand a punishment equivalent to the crime (e.g., “an eye for an eye”) or, alternatively, to forgive the perpetrator and accept a form of compensation known as *diyah*, or blood money. This system gives the victim’s family a central role in the judicial outcome. The third category, *Ta’zir*, covers all other crimes where the punishment is not specified in the sacred texts. For these offenses, the judge has wide discretion to determine a suitable penalty based on the severity of the crime and the public interest. Punishments can include fines, imprisonment, or corporal punishment.

The legal process in the kingdom begins with an investigation conducted by the police and the Public Prosecution office. Defendants have the right to legal representation, and recent reforms have aimed to strengthen due process and the rights of the accused. However, the system has faced international scrutiny regarding issues such as the length of pre-trial detention, the treatment of detainees, and the extensive use of capital punishment. Saudi Arabia has one of the highest execution rates in the world, with capital punishment applicable to a range of crimes including murder, drug trafficking, terrorism, and rape. The government defends these practices as being mandated by Islamic law and necessary for maintaining public order and security. The system also includes specialized tribunals to handle specific legal areas, such as the Board of Grievances, which functions as an administrative court for claims against the government, and commercial courts for business disputes. As the country modernizes under Vision 2030, its legal system is also evolving, seeking to balance its traditional foundations with the demands of a globalized economy and a changing society.

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25) Foreign Relations

Saudi Arabia’s foreign relations are shaped by its unique and powerful position in the global order. As the custodian of Islam’s two holiest sites, Mecca and Medina, the kingdom holds immense religious and cultural influence across the Muslim world. This role is a cornerstone of its diplomacy, positioning it as a natural leader within organizations like the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Economically, its status as the world’s largest oil exporter and the dominant force within OPEC gives it enormous leverage in global energy markets and a key seat at the table in international economic forums like the G20. Geographically, its location in the heart of the Middle East, a region of frequent conflict and strategic importance, necessitates a foreign policy that is both cautious and assertive, aimed at safeguarding its own security and promoting regional stability. For decades, a central pillar of this policy was a strategic alliance with the United States, based on a “security for oil” paradigm. This partnership has been crucial for regional security architecture and counterterrorism efforts, though it has also experienced periods of strain over issues such as human rights and differing approaches to regional conflicts.

A defining feature of Saudi Arabia’s foreign policy has been its long-standing regional rivalry with Iran. The two powers have vied for influence across the Middle East, supporting opposing sides in conflicts in Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and most notably, Yemen, where Saudi Arabia has led a military coalition against the Iran-aligned Houthi movement since 2015. This rivalry is often framed in sectarian terms, pitting the Sunni leadership of Saudi Arabia against the Shia theocracy of Iran. However, in a major diplomatic shift in 2023, the two countries agreed to restore diplomatic ties in a deal brokered by China. This development signaled a potential de-escalation of regional tensions and highlighted Saudi Arabia’s increasingly pragmatic and multi-aligned foreign policy approach, which now actively cultivates strong relationships with other global powers like China and Russia, particularly in the economic sphere. The kingdom has also played a key role in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), an alliance of six Gulf monarchies, using it as a vehicle for promoting collective security and economic integration, although the bloc has faced internal rifts, such as the dispute with Qatar that was resolved in 2021.

Under the transformative Vision 2030 agenda, Saudi Arabia is increasingly leveraging “soft power” and economic diplomacy to achieve its foreign policy goals. The kingdom is investing billions in sports, entertainment, and tourism to reshape its international image and attract foreign investment and visitors. This new outward-looking approach is part of a broader strategy to become a global investment powerhouse and a logistics hub connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. The Public Investment Fund (PIF), the kingdom’s sovereign wealth fund, has become a major player in international finance, making high-profile investments across the globe. Saudi Arabia has also taken on a greater role as a regional mediator, hosting peace talks for the conflict in Sudan and consistently advocating for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict based on the Arab Peace Initiative. This dynamic and evolving foreign policy reflects a nation in transition, seeking to secure its interests and elevate its global standing in a rapidly changing world.

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26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is organized to ensure effective governance and balanced development across its vast territory. The country is divided into thirteen distinct provinces, known in Arabic as *manatiq* (singular: *mintaqah*). These provinces represent the highest tier of sub-national government and are a cornerstone of the kingdom’s administrative framework. Each province is led by an Emir, or governor, who is appointed by the King and holds ministerial rank. Typically, these powerful positions are held by senior members of the Al Saud royal family, ensuring a direct line of authority and communication with the central government in Riyadh. The Emir is responsible for maintaining public order, overseeing regional development projects, and supervising the implementation of national policies within his jurisdiction. He reports directly to the Minister of the Interior, who plays a crucial role in coordinating provincial affairs and internal security. The current system of provincial administration was formally codified in the Law of the Provinces, issued in 1992, which was designed to enhance administrative efficiency and promote equitable development across all regions of the kingdom.

The thirteen provinces are: Al-Bahah, Al-Hudud ash-Shamaliyah (the Northern Borders), Al-Jawf, Al-Madinah (Medina), Al-Qassim, Ar-Riyadh (Riyadh), Ash-Sharqiyah (the Eastern Province), ‘Asir, Ha’il, Jizan, Makkah (Mecca), Najran, and Tabuk. These divisions are not arbitrary; they are based on a complex interplay of geographical, historical, demographic, and security factors. For example, the Makkah and Madinah provinces are defined by the presence of Islam’s two holiest cities, while the Eastern Province’s significance is derived from its immense hydrocarbon reserves. The Riyadh Province, home to the capital city, is the political and administrative heart of the nation. Each province has its own capital city, which serves as the hub for regional government and public services. This decentralized structure allows for more responsive governance that can be tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of each region, from the mountainous terrain of ‘Asir to the coastal plains of the Eastern Province.

To facilitate local governance, each of the thirteen provinces is further subdivided into a number of governorates (*muhafazat*), which form the second tier of administration. There are 118 governorates in total across the kingdom. These governorates are classified into two categories, ‘A’ and ‘B’, based on factors such as population size, level of urbanization, and overall importance. Each governorate is administered by a governor (*muhafiz*) who is responsible for managing local affairs and reporting to the provincial Emir. The governorates are then broken down into even smaller administrative units known as centers (*marakiz*). This hierarchical structure creates a clear chain of command that extends from the King down to the local level, ensuring the effective delivery of government services to all citizens. In addition to this formal structure, powerful Royal Commissions have been established to oversee mega-projects of national significance, such as the Royal Commission for Riyadh City and the Royal Commission for Al-Ula, operating with a degree of autonomy to drive rapid development in key strategic areas.

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27) Economy & Commodities

Saudi Arabia’s economy is a global powerhouse, distinguished by its status as the largest economy in the Middle East and its membership in the prestigious G20 group of major economies. The nation’s economic structure has been historically dominated by its colossal oil and gas sector. Since the discovery of commercial quantities of oil in 1938, the kingdom has become the world’s most influential player in the global energy market. It possesses the second-largest proven petroleum reserves and is the world’s leading exporter of crude oil. This single commodity has been the engine of Saudi Arabia’s modern development, generating immense wealth that has funded the rapid transformation of the nation’s infrastructure, education system, and healthcare services. The state-owned enterprise, Saudi Aramco, is the world’s largest integrated oil and gas company and the primary source of government revenue. The kingdom’s dominant position within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) gives it significant influence over global oil prices and production levels, a tool it uses to help stabilize the market and achieve its strategic economic objectives.

However, the inherent volatility of global oil prices and the global shift towards renewable energy have highlighted the risks of over-reliance on a single commodity. In response, the Saudi government has launched Vision 2030, a transformative and ambitious national strategy designed to fundamentally restructure the economy. The core objective of this vision is to diversify the economy away from oil, cultivate a vibrant private sector, and create sustainable employment for its young and growing population. This has unleashed a wave of economic reforms aimed at improving the business climate, attracting foreign direct investment, and privatizing state-owned assets. The Public Investment Fund (PIF), the kingdom’s sovereign wealth fund, has been repurposed as the primary vehicle for this diversification, making massive investments in a portfolio of new industries both domestically and internationally. Key sectors targeted for growth include tourism, entertainment, mining, manufacturing, logistics, and technology.

Beyond its famous oil reserves, Saudi Arabia is rich in a variety of other valuable commodities. The kingdom has significant deposits of natural gas, which are being increasingly utilized for domestic power generation and industrial feedstock. Furthermore, the Arabian Shield, a geological formation in the western part of the country, is rich in mineral resources, including gold, phosphate, bauxite (the ore for aluminum), and copper. The government is heavily promoting the mining sector as a “third pillar” of the economy, alongside oil and petrochemicals, to exploit an estimated $1.3 trillion in mineral wealth. The development of these non-oil commodities is crucial to the success of Vision 2030. Simultaneously, the country is investing heavily in becoming a global logistics hub, leveraging its strategic location between three continents. The Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR), pegged to the U.S. dollar, provides monetary stability, while reforms like the introduction of a Value-Added Tax (VAT) are broadening the government’s non-oil revenue base, paving the way for a more resilient and diversified economic future.

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28) Science and Technology

Saudi Arabia is making a monumental push in science and technology, viewing it as a critical engine for achieving the ambitious goals outlined in its Vision 2030 strategic plan. The kingdom is rapidly transitioning from a resource-based to a knowledge-based economy, and this requires a robust ecosystem for research, innovation, and technological development. The government is channeling massive investments into this sector, understanding that future global competitiveness will depend on scientific prowess and technological adoption. A primary focus is on cultivating human capital. This involves a comprehensive overhaul of the education system to emphasize STEM (Science, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics) disciplines, fostering a new generation of Saudi scientists, engineers, and tech entrepreneurs. World-class universities have been established as beacons of this new focus. King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), an international, graduate-level research university, stands as a prime example, attracting top scientific talent from around the globe to conduct cutting-edge research in fields critical to the kingdom’s future, such as water desalination, solar energy, artificial intelligence, and environmental science.

To translate academic research into tangible economic benefits, Saudi Arabia is building a comprehensive national Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) ecosystem. The RDI Authority was established to provide strategic direction and funding, ensuring that research efforts are aligned with national priorities like health, sustainability, energy, and the digital economy. Key institutions like King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) in Riyadh act as national laboratories and bridge the gap between scientific discovery and industrial application. KACST supports a wide array of research initiatives, from satellite technology and genomics to advanced materials and nanotechnology. The government is also actively encouraging the private sector to increase its R&D spending through various incentives and is working to attract major international technology companies to set up R&D centers within the kingdom. This strategy aims to create a virtuous cycle of innovation, where local research talent can collaborate with global leaders, fostering a dynamic environment for technological breakthroughs and commercialization.

The practical application of this focus on science and technology is visible in several key areas. Given its arid climate, Saudi Arabia has become a world leader in water desalination technology, constantly innovating to make the process more energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable. In the energy sector, while still a hydrocarbon giant, the kingdom is aggressively pursuing renewable energy sources, launching large-scale solar and wind power projects to diversify its domestic energy mix. The digital transformation is perhaps the most visible aspect of this push. The government is heavily investing in digital infrastructure, leading to one of the highest 5G penetrations in the world. This connectivity is the backbone for developing smart cities, most notably NEOM, a futuristic megaproject being built from the ground up as a living laboratory for new technologies in mobility, urban living, and sustainability. The embrace of artificial intelligence, IoT, and data science is reshaping industries from finance to healthcare, positioning Saudi Arabia not just as a consumer of technology, but as an emerging creator and innovator on the global stage.

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29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape in Saudi Arabia is inextricably linked to its deep Islamic heritage, which provides the foundational framework for intellectual, ethical, and societal discourse. The dominant stream of thought is derived from the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence, as interpreted by the 18th-century religious scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This school of thought, often referred to as Salafism or Wahhabism, advocates for a return to what it considers the pristine and unadulterated form of Islam as practiced by the earliest generations of Muslims (*al-Salaf al-Salih*). The core philosophical principle is an uncompromising emphasis on *Tawhid*, the absolute oneness and sovereignty of God. This principle permeates all aspects of life, asserting that all laws, social norms, and personal conduct must be derived directly from the primary sources of Islam: the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah (the authenticated traditions of the Prophet Muhammad). Consequently, traditional Islamic theology (*kalam*) and jurisprudence (*fiqh*) have long been the primary arenas for philosophical inquiry, focusing on understanding God’s will and codifying it into a comprehensive system of law and ethics that governs society.

This traditional framework has historically placed less emphasis on the speculative and rationalist traditions of classical Islamic philosophy, such as the Peripatetic school of Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina (Avicenna), which sought to harmonize Greek philosophy with Islamic theology. The Wahhabi reform movement was, in part, a reaction against what it viewed as foreign intellectual “innovations” (*bid’ah*) that had corrupted the pure message of Islam. Therefore, for much of its modern history, philosophical debate in the kingdom was largely confined within the parameters set by the senior religious establishment, the *ulama*. Their intellectual authority was central to the legitimacy of the state, and their focus was on preserving religious orthodoxy and providing guidance on contemporary issues through the lens of established Islamic legal principles. The concept of *ijtihad* (independent legal reasoning) exists, but its practice has traditionally been restricted to highly qualified scholars working within the established jurisprudential framework.

However, the sweeping social and economic reforms under Vision 2030 are creating new spaces for intellectual and philosophical exploration. Increased access to global education, the proliferation of digital media, and a state-led push for modernization and critical thinking are fostering a more dynamic intellectual environment. A new generation of Saudi thinkers, writers, and academics is engaging with a broader range of philosophical questions. Debates are emerging on topics such as identity, the relationship between tradition and modernity, the role of religion in the public sphere of a rapidly changing nation, and the ethics of new technologies like artificial intelligence. While these discussions are still evolving and often navigate sensitive cultural and religious territory, they signify a potential renaissance in Saudi philosophical thought. The government’s promotion of a more “moderate” interpretation of Islam and its focus on creating a vibrant, open society are encouraging a re-examination of long-held ideas, suggesting a future where diverse philosophical currents may coexist with the kingdom’s enduring Islamic foundation.

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30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural landscape of Saudi Arabia requires an appreciation for its deep-seated values, which are rooted in Islamic tradition and Arab heritage. Politeness, respect, and modesty are the cornerstones of social interaction. The concept of hospitality, or *hafawa*, is paramount and is considered a sacred duty. Visitors will often find themselves welcomed with genuine warmth and generosity. Greetings are an important ritual. The standard Arabic greeting, “As-salamu alaykum” (Peace be upon you), is used universally, with the proper response being “Wa alaykum as-salam” (And upon you be peace). When men greet each other, a handshake with the right hand is common, often accompanied by placing the left hand on the other’s shoulder as a sign of warmth. It is crucial to remember that public interaction between unrelated men and women is traditionally limited. Therefore, men should not initiate a handshake with a Saudi woman; they should wait for her to extend her hand first. If she does not, a polite nod and a smile are appropriate. Public displays of affection are considered inappropriate and should be avoided.

If you are fortunate enough to be invited into a Saudi home, consider it a great honor. Punctuality is appreciated, though a relaxed sense of time often prevails in social settings. It is customary to bring a small gift for your hosts, such as high-quality sweets, pastries, or a thoughtful item from your home country, but avoid giving alcohol, as it is strictly forbidden in the kingdom. Upon entering a home, you should always remove your shoes. You will likely be seated in a *majlis*, or reception room, and offered Arabic coffee (*qahwa*) and dates. It is polite to accept at least one small cup of coffee, which is served in a small, handleless cup. To signal that you have had enough, gently shake the cup from side to side when the server offers a refill. When dining, always use your right hand to eat, pass dishes, and handle objects, as the left hand is traditionally considered unclean. It is a sign of respect to accept the food and drink offered and to compliment the host on the meal.

Dress code is a particularly important aspect of cultural etiquette and a visible sign of respect for local customs. The guiding principle is modesty for both men and women. Men should avoid wearing shorts in public and should opt for long trousers and shirts. While traditional Saudi men wear a *thobe* (a long white robe) and *ghutra* (head covering), this is not expected of foreign visitors. For women, the rules have become more relaxed in recent years, especially in major cities like Riyadh and Jeddah. While the black, flowing cloak known as the *abaya* is no longer legally mandatory for foreign women, dressing conservatively is still highly recommended to avoid causing offense and unwanted attention. This means wearing loose-fitting clothing that covers the shoulders, arms, and legs. Carrying a scarf is also a good idea, as you may be required to cover your hair when entering mosques or other religious sites. During the holy month of Ramadan, it is especially important to be sensitive to those who are fasting; eating, drinking, and smoking in public during daylight hours is strictly prohibited and illegal. By observing these customs, visitors demonstrate respect and are more likely to have a rich and welcoming cultural experience.

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31) Sports and Recreation

The sports and recreation scene in Saudi Arabia has undergone a meteoric transformation, rocketing from a relatively quiet domestic interest into a multi-billion-dollar industry with global ambitions. This explosive growth is a core component of the kingdom’s Vision 2030, a national strategy that views sports as a powerful vehicle for improving public health, diversifying the economy, and enhancing the country’s international image. The government, through entities like the Ministry of Sport and the Public Investment Fund (PIF), is investing unprecedented sums to achieve these goals. This investment is visible in the construction of world-class stadiums and arenas, the development of grassroots sports programs, and the high-profile acquisition of international sporting events. The aim is twofold: to inspire a culture of active living among the Saudi population and to position the kingdom as a premier destination for global sports tourism. This strategy has already brought some of the world’s biggest sporting brands and events to Saudi soil, fundamentally changing the nation’s recreational landscape.

Football (soccer) remains the undisputed king of sports in Saudi Arabia, commanding a massive and passionate following. The domestic Saudi Pro League has been catapulted into the international spotlight following a PIF-led initiative to attract some of the world’s most famous players, such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar, with lucrative contracts. This has dramatically raised the league’s profile, viewership, and competitiveness. The national team, known as the “Green Falcons,” is a perennial powerhouse in Asian football and a source of great national pride. Beyond football, motorsports have become a major focus. The kingdom now hosts a prestigious Formula 1 Grand Prix in Jeddah, the grueling Dakar Rally, and the electric-powered Formula E series, leveraging its dramatic landscapes and modern infrastructure to create spectacular racing events. Combat sports have also found a major new home in Saudi Arabia, with Riyadh and Jeddah hosting blockbuster heavyweight boxing title fights and major events for entertainment powerhouses like WWE and UFC, drawing huge international audiences.

Parallel to this elite-level spectacle, there is a strong and growing emphasis on mass participation and recreation. The “Quality of Life Program,” another pillar of Vision 2030, is dedicated to increasing recreational opportunities for all citizens and residents. This has led to the development of public parks, coastal promenades, cycling tracks, and community sports facilities across the country. The Saudi Sports for All Federation actively promotes physical activity through public campaigns, fitness challenges, and community events. A particularly significant development has been the dramatic increase in women’s participation in sports. The lifting of social restrictions has opened the floodgates for female athletes, leading to the formation of a women’s national football team and official leagues for sports like basketball, volleyball, and tennis. This focus on inclusivity and providing accessible recreational activities is aimed at creating a healthier, more active, and more engaged society, ensuring that the benefits of the sports revolution are felt by everyone in the kingdom.

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32) Environmental Concerns

As a nation characterized by an arid desert climate and powered by a hydrocarbon-based economy, Saudi Arabia faces a formidable set of environmental challenges. Water scarcity stands as the most critical and existential threat. The kingdom is one of the world’s most water-stressed countries, with extremely low annual rainfall and no permanent rivers or lakes. For decades, it has relied heavily on the extraction of finite groundwater from non-renewable aquifers to support its rapidly growing population and ambitious agricultural projects. This unsustainable rate of extraction has led to a dramatic depletion of these precious underground reserves. To bridge the gap, Saudi Arabia has become the world’s largest producer of desalinated water. While this technology is a lifeline, the desalination process is incredibly energy-intensive, primarily fueled by fossil fuels, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the discharge of highly saline brine back into the sea poses a significant threat to fragile marine ecosystems like the coral reefs of the Red Sea.

The country’s rapid industrialization and urbanization have also exerted immense pressure on the natural environment. Air quality is a major concern, particularly in industrial hubs and major cities. Emissions from industrial facilities, power plants, and a high volume of vehicle traffic, combined with frequent dust and sandstorms, contribute to high levels of particulate matter in the air, which can have serious public health implications. Land degradation and desertification are ongoing challenges, exacerbated by factors such as overgrazing and urban sprawl, which threaten the kingdom’s limited arable land and natural habitats. Waste management is another pressing issue, as economic growth and changing consumption patterns have led to a significant increase in municipal and industrial waste. Protecting the kingdom’s unique biodiversity, including the delicate ecosystems of the Red Sea and the terrestrial habitats of species like the Arabian leopard and oryx, is a critical priority.

In response to these profound challenges, Saudi Arabia has placed environmental sustainability at the heart of its Vision 2030 reform plan. The government has launched ambitious national strategies that represent a paradigm shift in its approach to the environment. The Saudi Green Initiative (SGI) and the Middle East Green Initiative (MGI) are flagship programs aimed at tackling climate change on a massive scale. The SGI includes goals to reduce carbon emissions by 278 million tons per annum by 2030, generate 50% of the kingdom’s energy from renewables by the same year, and plant billions of trees across the nation to combat desertification. These initiatives are backed by substantial investment in solar and wind power projects, carbon capture technologies, and comprehensive water conservation and waste management programs. The establishment of vast protected areas and a focus on ecotourism are further helping to conserve natural habitats. This concerted effort signals a strong commitment from the Saudi leadership to build a more sustainable future and balance its economic ambitions with environmental stewardship.

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33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage in Saudi Arabia is a foundational social institution, deeply influenced by Islamic principles and long-standing Arab cultural traditions. It is viewed not merely as a union between two individuals but as a pivotal alliance between two families. Consequently, the process of finding a spouse and the subsequent courtship are typically family-centric affairs. Arranged marriages remain a common practice, where families play a proactive role in identifying and suggesting suitable partners for their children. The criteria for a good match often extend beyond personal chemistry to include factors such as shared religious values, family reputation, tribal affiliation, and socioeconomic status. This approach is seen as a way to ensure stability and compatibility within the marriage. However, the nature of arranged marriages is evolving. It is increasingly common for the prospective bride and groom to have the final say, and the “arrangement” is often more of an introduction, after which the couple can get to know each other within a supervised context. This modern adaptation seeks to blend the wisdom of family experience with the importance of individual consent and happiness.

The courtship period itself is traditionally conservative and modest, reflecting the cultural emphasis on gender segregation. Unchaperoned dating in the Western sense is not practiced. Instead, the couple may communicate via phone or chaperoned meetings, often in the presence of family members, to determine their compatibility. The engagement, known as the *milkah*, is a significant step where the marriage contract (*Aqd Nikah*) is signed, making the union official in the eyes of the law and religion. This often takes place well before the public wedding celebration. The wedding festivities themselves are typically grand and joyous occasions. They often involve separate celebrations for men and women, filled with traditional music, dancing, and elaborate feasts. The *walima*, a large banquet hosted by the groom’s family after the consummation of the marriage, serves as a public announcement of the union. While these traditions remain strong, the social reforms under Vision 2030 are subtly influencing practices, with some couples opting for more integrated celebrations or smaller, more intimate ceremonies that reflect their personal preferences while still honoring the core cultural and religious values that define marriage in the kingdom.

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34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in Saudi Arabia is undergoing its most significant transformation in history, driven by the ambitious economic diversification agenda of Vision 2030. For decades, the labor market was dominated by two main pillars: the public sector, which was the primary employer of Saudi nationals, and the oil and gas industry. While these sectors remain important, the kingdom is now aggressively fostering a dynamic private sector to become the main engine of job creation for its young and rapidly growing population. This strategic shift is unlocking a wealth of new opportunities across a broad spectrum of industries that were previously underdeveloped. Sectors such as tourism and hospitality, entertainment, logistics, manufacturing, finance, and technology are now at the forefront of the government’s development plans, creating a high demand for a diverse range of skills and professions. The government is investing billions in giga-projects like NEOM, the Red Sea Project, and Qiddiya, which are essentially creating new economic ecosystems and generating tens of thousands of jobs in construction, project management, hospitality, and tech.

A key policy shaping the job market is “Saudization” (*Nitaqat*), a national program designed to increase the participation of Saudi citizens in the private sector workforce. The government has implemented quotas requiring companies in various sectors to hire a certain percentage of Saudi nationals. This policy has been strengthened in recent years, with certain professions being completely restricted to Saudi citizens. This has created a more competitive environment for expatriate workers but has also significantly boosted employment rates among Saudis, particularly for women, whose participation in the workforce has more than doubled since 2016. The government is also heavily investing in upskilling its citizens through vocational training programs and educational reforms to ensure they have the necessary skills to thrive in the newly emerging sectors. Furthermore, there is a strong push to promote entrepreneurship, with numerous government initiatives providing funding, mentorship, and support for startups and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), encouraging a culture of innovation and self-employment.

Despite the strong push for Saudization, Saudi Arabia remains a major destination for expatriate workers, especially those with specialized skills and expertise that are in high demand. The sheer scale and ambition of the Vision 2030 projects necessitate a global talent pool. Consequently, there are significant opportunities for highly skilled professionals in fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, financial services, digital marketing, and luxury tourism management. The kingdom has introduced new visa schemes, like the Premium Residency program (often called the “Saudi Green Card”), to attract and retain high-net-worth individuals, entrepreneurs, and top-tier talent. The social reforms accompanying the economic transformation, such as the opening of cinemas and entertainment venues and the relaxation of social norms, are also making the kingdom a more attractive lifestyle destination for foreign professionals and their families. The Saudi job market is therefore a dynamic and dual-focused environment, simultaneously working to empower its national workforce while continuing to attract the best global talent to drive its historic transformation.

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35) Education

The education system in Saudi Arabia has been a cornerstone of its national development and is currently undergoing a profound evolution as part of the Vision 2030 reform plan. The government has long recognized education as a fundamental right and provides free access to all citizens from kindergarten through to the university level. This commitment is reflected in the national budget, where the education sector consistently receives one of the largest allocations. The Ministry of Education oversees the vast public education system, which is structured into several stages: early childhood education (kindergarten), six years of primary school, three years of intermediate school, and three years of secondary school. The curriculum traditionally emphasizes Islamic studies and the Arabic language, which form the cultural and religious core of the nation’s identity. Alongside these subjects, there is a comprehensive offering of modern disciplines, including mathematics, sciences, history, and foreign languages, with English being particularly important.

In line with Vision 2030’s goal of building a vibrant society and a thriving, knowledge-based economy, the education system is being modernized to better prepare students for the demands of the 21st-century job market. This involves a shift away from rote memorization towards fostering critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and creativity. There is a significant focus on integrating technology into the classroom, developing digital literacy, and expanding STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. Curricula are being updated to align with the needs of emerging economic sectors like tourism, technology, and entertainment. The government is also working to improve the quality of teaching through enhanced training and professional development programs for educators. Alongside the public system, there is a large and growing private education sector, which includes numerous international schools offering various curricula (such as British, American, and the International Baccalaureate) to both Saudi and expatriate students.

Higher education in the kingdom has experienced explosive growth over the past few decades. Saudi Arabia is home to a large number of public universities, which offer free tuition to Saudi citizens, as well as a growing number of private universities and colleges. These institutions provide a wide array of undergraduate and postgraduate programs across all major fields of study. The government has also invested heavily in sending its brightest students abroad through prestigious scholarship programs, most notably the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Scholarship Program, enabling tens of thousands of Saudis to study at top universities around the world. At the pinnacle of the system are world-class research institutions like King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and King Saud University, which are driving innovation and contributing to the global body of scientific knowledge. This multi-pronged investment in education, from early childhood to advanced research, is fundamental to Saudi Arabia’s long-term vision of creating a skilled, productive, and globally competitive citizenry.

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36) Communication & Connectivity

Saudi Arabia has one of the most advanced and robust communication and connectivity infrastructures in the Middle East, a result of massive and sustained investment by both the government and the private sector. Recognizing that world-class connectivity is the essential backbone for a modern, digital economy, the kingdom has made the development of its telecommunications sector a top national priority under the Vision 2030 plan. The sector is regulated by the Communications, Space & Technology Commission (CST), which has successfully fostered a competitive market environment. Three major players—Saudi Telecom Company (stc), Mobily, and Zain—dominate the market, offering a comprehensive suite of services including mobile, fixed-line, and high-speed broadband internet. This competition has driven innovation, improved service quality, and helped to make services more affordable for consumers and businesses alike. The kingdom has achieved remarkable progress in digital inclusion, ensuring that a vast majority of the population has access to reliable communication services.

Mobile connectivity is a standout feature of the Saudi telecommunications landscape. The country boasts one of the highest mobile penetration rates in the world, with a large percentage of the population owning smartphones and actively using mobile data. Saudi Arabia has been a global leader in the rollout of 5G technology. Major cities and a growing number of towns and rural areas are now covered by the ultra-fast 5G network, enabling a new generation of applications and services, from high-definition streaming and online gaming to the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart city solutions. This advanced mobile infrastructure is a critical enabler for the digital transformation sweeping across all sectors of the economy, from finance and retail to healthcare and education. The government itself has leveraged this connectivity to create a sophisticated e-government ecosystem. Platforms like “Absher” and “Tawakkalna” allow citizens and residents to access hundreds of government services digitally, dramatically improving efficiency and convenience.

Alongside mobile advancements, the expansion of fixed broadband, particularly fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), has been a key focus. The government’s National Transformation Program set ambitious targets to extend high-speed fiber optic networks to millions of homes across the country, bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas. This has provided a massive boost to the digital economy, facilitating remote work, e-learning, and the growth of e-commerce. The kingdom is also investing heavily in its international connectivity, with numerous submarine cables landing on its shores, enhancing its position as a digital hub connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa. Furthermore, significant investments are being made in data centers and cloud computing infrastructure to attract major technology companies and support the data-intensive needs of emerging industries like artificial intelligence. This comprehensive approach to communication and connectivity is fundamental to Saudi Arabia’s ambition to become a leading digital nation.

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37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are a powerful representation of its core identity, deeply interwoven with its Islamic faith, rich Arab heritage, and unique history. The most prominent and sacred symbol is the national flag. Its deep green background is a color traditionally associated with Islam, symbolizing peace, fertility, and the faith itself. Emblazoned across the center in elegant white Thuluth script is the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith: “Lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāh, muhammadun rasūlu-llāh,” which translates to “There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” Because these words are considered holy, the flag is never lowered to half-mast, even in times of mourning. Beneath the sacred text rests a horizontal sword, also in white. The sword symbolizes justice and strength, and it commemorates the unification of the kingdom by its founder, King Abdulaziz Al Saud. To ensure the Shahada is always read correctly from right to left, the flag has an identical design on both its obverse and reverse sides.

The national emblem of Saudi Arabia is another powerful symbol that reflects the nation’s foundations. Adopted in 1950, it features two crossed swords surmounted by a palm tree. The two swords represent the two historic regions of Hejaz and Najd, which were united under King Abdulaziz to form the modern kingdom. They stand for strength, justice, and the unwavering commitment to defending the nation and its faith. The palm tree, positioned centrally above the swords, symbolizes prosperity, vitality, and the agricultural wealth of the nation. Dates, the fruit of the palm tree, have been a staple food and a symbol of hospitality in the Arabian Peninsula for millennia. The combination of the swords and the palm tree illustrates the concept that prosperity (the palm) can only flourish when it is protected by justice and strength (the swords). The national anthem, “Aash Al Maleek” (Long Live the King), is a patriotic ode that praises God, calls for the long life of the monarch, and expresses devotion to the nation and its flag.

Beyond these official emblems, several elements of flora and fauna are potent cultural symbols. The Arabian camel, known as the “ship of the desert,” is a powerful symbol of endurance, patience, and the traditional Bedouin way of life that shaped the nation’s character. Similarly, the Arabian horse is revered as a symbol of beauty, chivalry, and courage, with a lineage that is treasured both within the kingdom and internationally. The falcon, used in the ancient sport of falconry, represents skill, nobility, and a deep connection to the desert environment. In the plant kingdom, the date palm is the quintessential national tree, providing sustenance and shade and featuring prominently in the national emblem. These symbols, both official and cultural, provide a window into the soul of Saudi Arabia, reflecting a nation proud of its faith, history, and natural heritage.

Category	Symbol
National Flag	Green flag with the Shahada (Islamic creed) and a sword.
National Emblem	A palm tree above two crossed swords.
National Anthem	“Aash Al Maleek” (Long Live the King)
National Animal (Fauna)	Arabian Camel, Arabian Horse, Arabian Leopard (critically endangered)
National Bird (Fauna)	Falcon (Saker Falcon)
National Tree (Flora)	Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
National Flower (Flora)	Arfaj (Rhanterium epapposum) – known for its yellow desert blooms
National Dish	Kabsa (spiced meat and rice dish)

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38) Tourism

Saudi Arabia’s tourism sector is at the heart of a revolutionary transformation, rapidly emerging from relative obscurity to become one of the most dynamic and ambitious tourism development stories in the world. For decades, the kingdom was primarily known as a destination for religious pilgrimage, welcoming millions of Muslims annually to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina for the Hajj and Umrah. This form of tourism remains a deeply important and well-managed pillar of the sector. However, the launch of the ambitious Vision 2030 plan marked a historic pivot, identifying leisure, cultural, and business tourism as key engines for economic diversification. In a landmark move in 2019, Saudi Arabia introduced a tourist e-visa system, opening its doors to international leisure travelers from dozens of countries for the first time. This single act signaled the kingdom’s serious intent to become a major player on the global tourism stage and unlocked the potential for visitors to discover a land of extraordinary natural beauty, rich history, and vibrant culture that had long been inaccessible to many.

The scale of investment in the tourism sector is staggering. The government and the Public Investment Fund are pouring hundreds of billions of dollars into a portfolio of giga-projects designed to create world-class destinations. Along the pristine Red Sea coast, projects like The Red Sea and Amaala are developing luxury resorts with a strong focus on sustainability and ecotourism, offering access to untouched islands and vibrant coral reefs. In the northwest, the Al-Ula project is transforming an ancient oasis, home to the UNESCO World Heritage site of Hegra (the Nabatean sister city to Jordan’s Petra), into a global hub for heritage, arts, and culture. Perhaps the most ambitious project is NEOM, a futuristic mega-city being built from scratch that promises to be a showcase of sustainable living and cutting-edge technology. Alongside these new developments, the kingdom is carefully preserving and promoting its numerous other heritage sites, developing its adventure tourism offerings in the Asir mountains, and cultivating a year-round calendar of international sporting and entertainment events to attract a diverse range of visitors. This multi-faceted strategy aims to make Saudi Arabia an unmissable destination, offering unique and authentic experiences that blend modernity with deep-rooted tradition.

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39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Understanding the visa and entry requirements for Saudi Arabia is the first crucial step for any prospective traveler, and fortunately, the process has been significantly simplified in recent years. The most transformative development has been the introduction of the tourist e-visa. Launched in 2019, this system allows citizens from approximately 50 countries across Europe, North America, and Asia to apply for a visa online quickly and efficiently. The tourist e-visa is a multiple-entry visa valid for one year, permitting a total stay of up to 90 days for tourism-related activities. The application is completed through the official “Visit Saudi” online portal and typically requires a valid passport with at least six months of validity beyond the intended entry date, a digital photograph, and payment of the visa fee, which includes mandatory health insurance for the duration of the stay. The approval process is generally very fast, often taking just a few minutes, with the approved visa being sent electronically to the applicant’s email.

For nationalities not eligible for the e-visa, or for those eligible who prefer a different method, a visa-on-arrival service is also available at Saudi airports, though it is often recommended to secure the e-visa in advance to ensure a smooth entry process. It is important to note that the tourist visa is strictly for tourism purposes; it does not permit visitors to work or perform the Hajj pilgrimage, which requires a separate, dedicated visa. Travelers visiting for other reasons, such as business, work, or visiting family, must apply for the appropriate visa category through a Saudi embassy or consulate in their country of residence. This process is more detailed and typically requires a letter of invitation from a Saudi sponsor, along with other supporting documentation relevant to the purpose of the visit. Citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the UAE) enjoy freedom of movement and do not require a visa to enter Saudi Arabia.

Upon arrival, all visitors must present their passport and a valid visa to the immigration authorities. It is also wise to carry a copy of your travel itinerary and accommodation details. While social norms are relaxing, it is crucial for all visitors to be aware of and respect the local laws and customs of Saudi Arabia. This includes dressing modestly in public places. The importation of alcohol, pork products, narcotics, and any materials deemed pornographic or contrary to Islamic values is strictly prohibited and carries severe penalties. Before traveling, it is always advisable to check the latest travel advisories issued by your home country’s government and to review the most current visa information on the official Visit Saudi website, as regulations can change. By ensuring all documentation is in order and being mindful of cultural sensitivities, travelers can look forward to a welcoming and hassle-free experience in the kingdom.

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40) Useful Resources

• Visit Saudi – The Official Tourism Website of Saudi Arabia
• Saudi Arabia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Visa Information)
• Saudia – The National Flag Carrier of Saudi Arabia
• Arab News – Leading English-language Daily Newspaper
• Saudi Gazette – Popular English-language News Source
• Saudi Press Agency (SPA) – Official State News Agency

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