Solomon Islands Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The history of the Solomon Islands is a rich and complex tapestry woven from ancient Austronesian migrations, fleeting European encounters, the cataclysmic events of World War II, and a challenging path to nationhood. The islands were first settled around 30,000 years ago by Papuan-speaking peoples. A later wave of migration by Austronesian-speaking peoples, the ancestors of most modern Solomon Islanders, arrived around 4000 BC, bringing with them sophisticated seafaring skills and agricultural practices. This led to the development of a vibrant and diverse Melanesian culture, characterized by intricate kinship systems, the practice of headhunting in some regions, and a deep spiritual connection to the land and sea. For millennia, these societies flourished in relative isolation, developing unique languages, customs, and artistic traditions across the sprawling archipelago, from the creation of shell money to the carving of magnificent war canoes.

The first documented European contact occurred in 1568, when the Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira sighted the islands. Believing he had found the source of King Solomon’s legendary wealth, he named them the “Islas Salomón.” Mendaña’s expedition was marked by misunderstanding and conflict with the islanders, and a later attempt to establish a colony failed. For the next two centuries, the islands were largely left alone until the arrival of whalers, traders, and missionaries in the 19th century. This period was often exploitative, most notably through the practice of “blackbirding,” where islanders were coerced or kidnapped to work on plantations in Queensland and Fiji. In response to this instability and to counter growing German influence in the region, Great Britain declared a protectorate over the southern Solomon Islands in 1893, which was gradually extended to encompass the entire archipelago, forming the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.

The 20th century brought profound changes, none more impactful than World War II. In 1942, Japanese forces invaded the islands, leading to one of the most pivotal and brutal conflicts of the Pacific War: the Guadalcanal Campaign. The six-month battle, fought on land, at sea, and in the air, was a crucial turning point for the Allied forces and left an indelible mark on the islands. The immense scale of the conflict, and the interactions with Allied soldiers, exposed islanders to the outside world as never before and sowed the seeds of a nascent national consciousness. After the war, a gradual process of political development led to self-governance and finally, on July 7, 1978, the Solomon Islands gained full independence from Britain. The post-independence era has been challenging, marked by political instability and ethnic tensions between the people of Guadalcanal and Malaita, which culminated in a period of civil unrest known as “The Tensions.” This led to the intervention of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) from 2003 to 2017, which successfully restored law and order and helped rebuild the nation’s institutions, paving the way for a more stable future.

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22) Geography

The Solomon Islands is a vast, sprawling archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea and northeast of Australia. It forms part of the region of Melanesia and consists of a double chain of nearly one thousand islands, atolls, and cays stretching over 1,500 kilometers (930 miles). The total land area is approximately 28,400 square kilometers, but its exclusive economic zone covers a massive 1.6 million square kilometers of ocean, highlighting the nation’s profound connection to the sea. The geography of the Solomon Islands is incredibly diverse, ranging from large, mountainous volcanic islands cloaked in dense tropical rainforest to low-lying coral atolls that barely rise above the waves. The six largest and most populous islands are Guadalcanal, Malaita, Santa Isabel, San Cristobal (Makira), Choiseul, and New Georgia, which together account for the vast majority of the country’s landmass and population.

The larger islands are volcanic in origin and geologically young and active, as the archipelago sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of intense seismic and volcanic activity. This results in a rugged and dramatic topography, with steep mountain ranges forming the spine of the main islands. Mount Popomanaseu on Guadalcanal is the nation’s highest peak, reaching an elevation of 2,335 meters (7,661 feet). These mountains are covered in pristine, multi-layered rainforests that are home to an incredible biodiversity, including many endemic species of flora and fauna, particularly birds and insects. The high rainfall, a result of the tropical climate, feeds numerous short, fast-flowing rivers that carve their way through the steep valleys to the coast. The combination of volcanic soil and heavy rain makes the islands fertile, supporting both subsistence agriculture and larger plantations.

Surrounding the mountainous interiors are some of the world’s most spectacular and biodiverse marine ecosystems. The Solomon Islands are located in the “Coral Triangle,” an area recognized as the global center of marine biodiversity. The coastline is a complex mosaic of mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and vast coral reef systems. These reefs are exceptionally healthy and teem with an astonishing variety of corals and fish. The country is also famous for its lagoons, the most notable being Marovo Lagoon in the New Georgia Islands, the largest double-barrier-enclosed lagoon on Earth. This intricate network of islands and reefs creates a paradise for diving, snorkeling, and marine exploration. The climate is equatorial, characterized by high heat and humidity year-round, with a distinct rainy season from November to April and a cooler, drier season from May to October. This tropical geography defines every aspect of life in the Solomon Islands, from its culture and economy to the unique challenges and opportunities it faces.

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23) Politics and Government

The Solomon Islands operates as a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, following the Westminster system of government. As a Commonwealth realm, the head of state is King Charles III, who is represented in the country by a Governor-General. The Governor-General is a citizen of the Solomon Islands, nominated by the Parliament and appointed by the King. The role of the Governor-General is largely ceremonial; they act on the advice of the government and are responsible for appointing the Prime Minister, summoning Parliament, and giving royal assent to legislation. This system maintains a symbolic link to the Commonwealth while ensuring that political power rests firmly within the democratically elected institutions of the Solomon Islands. The country’s political framework is defined by its national constitution, which was adopted upon independence in 1978 and guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms.

Executive power is exercised by the government, which is led by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is not directly elected by the people but is chosen by and from among the members of the National Parliament following a general election. The Prime Minister then appoints a cabinet of ministers, who are also members of Parliament, to head the various government departments. The cabinet is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country and for developing and implementing national policy. The political landscape in the Solomon Islands is famously fluid and characterized by a weak party system. Members of Parliament are often elected based on their personal standing and local allegiances rather than on a strong party platform. This leads to a political culture where coalition governments are the norm, and party-switching and motions of no-confidence are common, which has historically contributed to periods of political instability.

Legislative power is vested in the unicameral (single-chamber) National Parliament of Solomon Islands. The Parliament consists of 50 members, each elected for a four-year term from single-member constituencies through a first-past-the-post voting system. The Parliament is the supreme law-making body in the country, responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and holding the executive government to account. Alongside the national government, there is a system of devolved governance. The country is divided into nine provinces, plus the capital territory of Honiara, each with its own elected Provincial Assembly and Premier. These provincial governments have been granted certain powers to manage local affairs, although their capacity is often limited by financial and human resource constraints. The political system of the Solomon Islands thus represents a blend of the British Westminster model and Melanesian political traditions, striving to govern a culturally diverse and geographically dispersed nation.

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24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Solomon Islands is a complex, pluralistic framework that officially recognizes three sources of law: the national Constitution, laws passed by the National Parliament (statute law), and customary law, often referred to as “Kastom.” The foundation of the formal legal system is derived from English common law, a legacy of the country’s time as a British protectorate. The Constitution, established at independence in 1978, is the supreme law of the land and provides for the protection of fundamental human rights. Statute law, enacted by the National Parliament, governs most aspects of modern civil and criminal life. This formal system operates alongside, and often interacts with, the deeply entrenched system of customary law. Kastom encompasses the traditional norms, values, and dispute resolution processes of the many different ethnic and linguistic groups across the archipelago. It is particularly influential in matters of land tenure, family law, and local community disputes, with over 80% of the population living in rural areas where Kastom is the primary means of regulating social conduct.

The formal court system is structured in a clear hierarchy. At the base are the Magistrates’ Courts, which have jurisdiction over less serious civil and criminal cases and are the most accessible courts for the general population. In rural areas, local courts, presided over by community elders, also hear minor cases, primarily dealing with breaches of customary law. Above the Magistrates’ Courts is the High Court of Solomon Islands, which has unlimited jurisdiction to hear the most serious civil and criminal cases and also serves as an appellate court for decisions from the lower courts. The highest court in the nation is the Court of Appeal, which is the final court of appeal for all matters. The judiciary is constitutionally independent, a principle that is crucial for maintaining the rule of law. The challenge for the legal system is often the interface between the formal state courts and the traditional Kastom systems, as there can be tensions and inconsistencies between the two, particularly regarding issues like land ownership and women’s rights.

The primary law enforcement body is the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force (RSIPF). The RSIPF was severely weakened and largely collapsed during the period of civil unrest known as “The Tensions” (1998-2003). A major component of the subsequent Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) was the rebuilding, retraining, and re-equipping of the police force. Today, the RSIPF has been successfully re-established as a professional and disciplined force responsible for maintaining law and order, crime prevention, and national security. It operates throughout the country, with police posts in all provincial capitals. The criminal justice system also includes the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, which is responsible for prosecuting criminal cases, and a correctional service that manages the country’s prisons. While challenges related to resources, capacity, and the logistical difficulties of policing a vast archipelago remain, the formal law and justice sector has been significantly strengthened, providing a more secure and stable environment for the nation.

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25) Foreign Relations

The foreign relations of the Solomon Islands are primarily shaped by its status as a small island developing state in the strategically important Pacific region, its heavy reliance on development aid, and its desire to maintain sovereignty and promote its economic interests. A central pillar of its foreign policy is engagement with regional organizations. The Solomon Islands is an active member of the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). These bodies provide crucial platforms for addressing shared challenges such as climate change, maritime security, sustainable development, and for amplifying the collective voice of the Pacific islands on the global stage. Regional solidarity is seen as essential for navigating the complex geopolitical landscape and for leveraging collective bargaining power with larger international partners.

Historically, Australia and New Zealand have been the Solomon Islands’ most significant foreign partners. This relationship was profoundly deepened by the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI), which was led by Australia and supported by New Zealand and other Pacific nations. RAMSI was a massive, long-term intervention that successfully stabilized the country after a period of intense ethnic conflict. In the post-RAMSI era, Australia remains the country’s largest development partner by a significant margin, providing extensive aid in areas such as health, education, infrastructure, and governance. The security relationship also remains very close, with Australia providing police and defense support. New Zealand is another key partner, contributing significantly to development projects, particularly in the renewable energy and fisheries sectors. The Solomon Islands also maintains close ties with its nearest neighbor, Papua New Guinea, and other Pacific island countries.

In recent years, the Solomon Islands has become a focal point of increased geopolitical competition in the Pacific, particularly between the United States and its allies, and the People’s Republic of China. A major turning point in its foreign policy occurred in 2019 when the government made the decision to switch its diplomatic recognition from Taiwan (the Republic of China) to the People’s Republic of China. This decision was driven by the prospect of increased economic investment and development assistance from Beijing. Following this switch, China has rapidly become a major infrastructure partner, funding projects such as the construction of facilities for the 2023 Pacific Games. In 2022, the signing of a security pact between the Solomon Islands and China caused considerable concern in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States, who feared it could lead to the establishment of a Chinese military presence in the region. This has thrust the Solomon Islands into the center of a strategic great-power rivalry, forcing its government to perform a delicate balancing act to maximize benefits while safeguarding its national sovereignty.

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26) Administrative Divisions

The Solomon Islands is a sovereign state that is administratively divided into a two-tiered system of governance designed to manage its geographically dispersed and culturally diverse population. At the highest level, the country is partitioned into nine provinces and one capital territory. This structure of provincial government was established to devolve a degree of political power from the central government in Honiara and to allow for more localized administration and decision-making that can better reflect the specific needs and identities of the different island groups. Each province represents a distinct geographical and, in many cases, cultural and linguistic region of the archipelago. This decentralized framework is a key feature of the nation’s political architecture, although the effectiveness and capacity of the provincial governments can vary significantly.

The nine provinces of the Solomon Islands are: Central Province, which includes the Florida and Russell Islands; Choiseul Province in the far west; Guadalcanal Province, which surrounds the capital but does not include it; Isabel Province; Makira-Ulawa Province; Malaita Province, the most populous province; Rennell and Bellona Province, unique for its Polynesian population; Temotu Province, the most remote eastern group of islands; and Western Province, a major hub for tourism and fishing, centered around the towns of Gizo and Munda. Each of these nine provinces is governed by its own elected Provincial Assembly. The members of the Provincial Assembly are elected by the residents of that province, and they, in turn, elect a Premier to serve as the head of the provincial executive. The provincial governments have jurisdiction over a range of local matters, such as local planning, business licensing, and the provision of certain community services, though they remain heavily dependent on the national government for funding.

The tenth and final top-level administrative division is the Capital Territory of Honiara. Honiara, located on the northern coast of the island of Guadalcanal, is the nation’s capital, largest city, and its main commercial and administrative center. Due to its unique status as the national capital, it is governed separately from Guadalcanal Province by the Honiara City Council. The Council is led by a directly elected Mayor and is responsible for all municipal services within the city’s boundaries, including waste management, local roads, and market administration. This system of nine provinces and a capital territory provides the formal structure for governance and service delivery across the Solomon Islands. Below the provincial level, governance often becomes more informal, with village chiefs, church leaders, and the “Kastom” system playing a powerful role in the day-to-day life and social organization of the vast majority of Solomon Islanders who live in rural communities.

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27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Solomon Islands is characteristic of a small island developing state, with a dual structure that combines a large, informal subsistence sector with a smaller, formal cash economy heavily reliant on the export of a few key commodities. The vast majority of the population, over 80%, lives in rural villages and depends on subsistence agriculture and fishing for their livelihood. They cultivate traditional food crops like taro, yams, and sweet potatoes, and harvest fish and other marine resources from their coastal waters. This subsistence base provides a crucial social safety net and ensures a degree of food security, but it also means that much of the population has limited engagement with the formal cash economy. The country faces significant economic challenges, including a narrow export base, geographical isolation, underdeveloped infrastructure, and vulnerability to natural disasters and external economic shocks.

The formal economy is overwhelmingly driven by the extraction and export of natural resources, making it highly susceptible to global commodity price fluctuations. The single most important industry for decades has been logging. The export of raw tropical timber, primarily to China, has been the largest source of government revenue and foreign exchange. However, this has come at a tremendous environmental cost, with logging rates being well above sustainable levels, leading to widespread deforestation and soil erosion. The fisheries sector is the other major pillar of the export economy. The Solomon Islands’ vast exclusive economic zone is rich in tuna, and the sale of fishing licenses to foreign fleets, as well as the output from the domestic processing plant in Noro, Western Province, is a vital source of income. Agriculture is the third key sector, with palm oil and cocoa being the main export crops, followed by coconuts for copra production. The mining sector, particularly for gold, also holds significant potential but has faced challenges related to land disputes and governance.

Given the unsustainable nature of the logging industry, the Solomon Islands government has identified tourism as a sector with significant potential for future economic growth. The country’s unique assets—its world-class scuba diving, rich World War II history, pristine natural environment, and vibrant cultural heritage—offer a strong foundation for developing a niche, high-value tourism market. However, the growth of tourism is constrained by several factors, including a lack of high-quality infrastructure, limited and expensive international and domestic air travel, and a shortage of trained hospitality staff. The nation remains heavily dependent on foreign aid, particularly from Australia, which provides crucial support for the government budget and for development in key areas like health, education, and governance. The long-term economic challenge for the Solomon Islands is to diversify its economy away from its reliance on logging and to foster sustainable and inclusive growth that benefits its entire population.

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28) Science and Technology

In the Solomon Islands, science and technology are not characterized by high-tech laboratories or cutting-edge industrial innovation, but rather by their practical and essential application to the nation’s specific development challenges and environmental context. The focus is on appropriate and sustainable technologies that can improve livelihoods, manage natural resources, and enhance resilience in a geographically dispersed and developing nation. One of the most critical areas for scientific application is marine science. Given that the country is an ocean state located within the Coral Triangle, the health of its marine ecosystems is paramount. Marine biologists and conservation organizations work closely with local communities to monitor the health of coral reefs, assess fish stocks, and manage marine protected areas. This scientific work provides the data needed to develop sustainable fishing practices and to track the impacts of climate change, such as coral bleaching, helping to safeguard the marine resources that are vital for both food security and the nation’s burgeoning tourism industry.

Another key area of focus is in the field of agriculture and forestry. Scientific research is being applied to improve the resilience and productivity of key crops like cocoa and coconut, including the development of disease-resistant varieties. Sustainable agriculture techniques are promoted to help rural farmers improve their yields and soil health without relying on expensive chemical inputs. In forestry, there is a growing scientific effort to support reforestation projects and to research the ecology of the islands’ unique forests, providing a scientific basis for conservation and a more sustainable alternative to the destructive practices of commercial logging. This applied science is crucial for moving the country towards a more sustainable economic model that does not deplete its natural resource base.

From a technology perspective, the greatest challenge and area of development is in telecommunications and energy. For decades, communication across the archipelago was extremely difficult. However, the arrival of mobile technology has been transformative. The expansion of mobile networks by providers like Our Telekom and bmobile has connected many previously isolated communities, enabling mobile banking, information sharing, and communication. The recent connection of the country to the Coral Sea Cable System, a submarine fiber-optic cable, has dramatically improved the speed and reliability of internet access in Honiara and other provincial centers, opening up new opportunities for business and education. In the energy sector, technology is being deployed to reduce the country’s heavy reliance on imported diesel fuel. There is a strong push towards renewable energy, with numerous solar power projects being implemented at both a utility scale and in small, off-grid installations for rural villages, schools, and clinics. This use of solar technology is a prime example of how science and technology are being harnessed to address the core development needs of the Solomon Islands.

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29) Philosophy

The philosophical foundation of the Solomon Islands is deeply rooted in the Melanesian worldview, a complex system of beliefs and values that emphasizes the interconnectedness of people, land, and the spiritual realm. This traditional philosophy, collectively known as “Kastom,” is not an abstract academic discipline but a living, breathing guide to life that shapes social relationships, ethics, and identity. At the heart of Kastom is the paramount importance of the community and the kinship group. The individual is seen not as an autonomous entity, but as an integral part of a larger whole—the family, the clan, and the village. One’s identity, responsibilities, and social standing are all defined by these relationships. This communal philosophy fosters strong values of cooperation, sharing, and mutual support, which are essential for survival and social harmony in the village context. It is a philosophy that prioritizes the collective well-being over individual ambition.

A central tenet of this Melanesian philosophy is the profound and spiritual connection to the land. Land is not merely an economic commodity to be bought and sold; it is the physical embodiment of a clan’s history, identity, and ancestry. It is the source of all life, providing food, shelter, and resources. Ancestral spirits are believed to reside in the land, guarding over their descendants and ensuring the fertility of the soil. This belief system means that land ownership is almost always communal, held by the clan and passed down through generations. Disputes over land are therefore not just legal or economic conflicts; they are deeply emotional and spiritual matters that touch upon the very core of a group’s identity. This philosophical approach to land is one of the most significant and often misunderstood aspects of Solomon Islands culture, and it frequently clashes with the Western legal concepts of individual land tenure introduced during the colonial era.

The “wantok” system is a practical and powerful expression of this communal philosophy. The term, derived from the Solomon Islands Pijin for “one talk,” refers to people who speak the same language or come from the same clan or island. The wantok system creates a powerful network of mutual obligation and support. A person is obligated to help their wantoks with food, shelter, money, or support in times of trouble, with the understanding that this help will be reciprocated when needed. While this system functions as an incredibly effective social safety net in a country with limited formal welfare, it can also pose challenges in the context of modern governance and business, where it can sometimes lead to nepotism or strain on personal finances. Nevertheless, the philosophies of Kastom, the sanctity of land, and the wantok system remain the fundamental pillars that underpin the social and cultural life of the Solomon Islands, providing a deep sense of belonging and resilience for its people.

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30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural landscape of the Solomon Islands with respect and sensitivity is key to a rewarding and authentic travel experience. The society is deeply conservative and religious, and observing local customs, or “Kastom,” is of utmost importance, especially when traveling outside the capital, Honiara. One of the most fundamental aspects of etiquette is conservative dress. While swimwear is appropriate at designated tourist resorts, it is considered highly inappropriate in villages, towns, and public areas. Both men and women should aim to dress modestly, covering their shoulders and knees. For women, this means wearing loose-fitting blouses, t-shirts, and long skirts or sulus (sarongs). For men, shorts and a t-shirt are generally acceptable, but it is respectful to wear trousers when visiting a church or a formal meeting. Adhering to this dress code shows immense respect for local values and will be greatly appreciated by the community.

Social interactions are governed by a strong sense of community and respect for hierarchy. Elders are held in very high esteem, and it is important to show them deference. When entering a village, it is customary to first seek out the village chief or an elder to ask for permission to be there, and to explain the purpose of your visit. This simple act of courtesy is a critical first step in being welcomed into the community. Greetings are generally warm but reserved; a friendly smile and a raised eyebrow is a common and friendly form of acknowledgement. Handshakes are also common, particularly in more formal settings. It is important to remember that the left hand is often considered unclean, so always use your right hand when giving or receiving objects, including food or money. Public displays of affection between couples are not common and should be avoided.

Asking for permission is a recurring theme in Solomon Islands etiquette. This is especially true when it comes to taking photographs. Always ask for permission before taking a picture of a person, particularly children. Many Solomon Islanders are shy and may not wish to be photographed. Similarly, almost all land, including beaches and rivers, is communally owned by a clan or tribe. Never assume that an area is public property. If you wish to visit a specific beach, waterfall, or reef, it is essential to ask for permission from the traditional landowners, who can usually be found in the nearest village. Often, a small gift or a nominal “kastom fee” is expected and appreciated. This is not just a payment, but a sign of respect for their ownership and a contribution to the community. By observing these customs—dressing modestly, respecting elders, and always asking permission—visitors can build positive relationships and gain a deeper appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of the Solomon Islands.

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31) Sports and Recreation

In the Solomon Islands, sport is a source of immense passion and a powerful unifying force in a nation of diverse cultures and languages. By far the most popular sport is football (soccer), which is followed with an almost religious fervor across the archipelago. From the bustling capital of Honiara to the most remote outer islands, it is common to see makeshift football pitches and children and adults alike playing spirited games with boundless enthusiasm. The national football team, affectionately known as the “Bonitos,” may not be a global powerhouse, but their matches generate huge excitement and national pride. The Telekom S-League is the country’s top domestic football competition, and major matches draw large, passionate crowds. The sport provides a vital social outlet and a common identity that transcends the traditional island and ethnic loyalties.

While football holds the top spot, several other sports are also popular. Rugby union has a strong following, and the country competes in regional tournaments. The sport’s physicality and emphasis on teamwork resonate well within the Melanesian culture. Netball is the most popular sport for women and is widely played in schools and communities across the country. The national netball team also competes at a regional level. Given the nation’s profound connection to the ocean, water-based activities are an integral part of both recreation and daily life. Traditional canoeing remains a vital skill and a popular recreational activity. Canoe races are often a highlight of local festivals and celebrations, showcasing incredible skill and athleticism. Fishing is another national pastime, practiced for both subsistence and recreation. For many Solomon Islanders, a day spent fishing from a canoe or along the reef is a perfect form of relaxation.

For visitors, the recreational opportunities are centered around the country’s spectacular natural environment. The Solomon Islands is a world-class destination for scuba diving and snorkeling. The pristine coral reefs, incredible biodiversity, and numerous World War II wrecks attract divers from all over the globe. The waters of the “Ironbottom Sound” near Guadalcanal and the lagoons of the Western Province offer some of the most dramatic wreck diving in the world. Ecotourism is another growing area for recreation. The vast, untouched rainforests provide incredible opportunities for hiking and birdwatching, with many endemic species to be discovered. Guided treks through the mountains of Guadalcanal or to remote waterfalls can be arranged with local communities. Surfing is also gaining popularity, with a number of uncrowded reef breaks offering excellent waves, particularly during the cyclone season. These nature-based recreational activities not only provide unforgettable experiences for tourists but also create valuable economic opportunities for rural communities, helping to support the conservation of the country’s precious natural assets.

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32) Environmental Concerns

The Solomon Islands is a nation of extraordinary natural beauty and biodiversity, but it faces a formidable array of environmental threats that jeopardize both its unique ecosystems and the livelihoods of its people. The most severe and immediate environmental issue is deforestation caused by unsustainable commercial logging. For decades, the logging industry has been a primary driver of the national economy, but it has come at a devastating cost. Foreign logging companies have clear-felled vast tracts of pristine tropical rainforest at a rate far exceeding natural regeneration. This has led to massive soil erosion, which clogs rivers and smothers the delicate coral reef ecosystems with sediment. It also results in the loss of critical habitat for the country’s many endemic species and disrupts the traditional subsistence lifestyles of rural communities who depend on the forest for food, medicine, and building materials. The governance of the forestry sector has been a persistent challenge, with issues of corruption and weak enforcement undermining efforts to promote sustainable practices.

As a low-lying archipelago, the Solomon Islands is on the front line of the global climate crisis and is exceptionally vulnerable to its impacts. Sea-level rise is not a future threat but a present reality. Several small, low-lying atolls have already disappeared beneath the waves, forcing the relocation of entire communities in a phenomenon that has garnered international attention. Coastal erosion is a widespread problem, threatening villages, infrastructure, and freshwater supplies as saltwater intrudes into coastal aquifers. The increasing intensity of tropical cyclones also poses a major threat to the nation’s safety and development. Furthermore, rising sea temperatures are causing widespread coral bleaching events, which can kill the coral reefs that are the bedrock of the marine ecosystem. These reefs provide coastal protection, are essential for the fisheries that feed the nation, and are a key attraction for the growing tourism industry. The degradation of these reefs represents a profound threat to the nation’s food security and economic future.

The Solomon Islands also faces challenges related to waste management and pollution. In the rapidly growing capital of Honiara, the disposal of solid waste is a significant problem, with limited landfill capacity and issues with littering. In rural areas, the disposal of plastic waste is a growing concern, as there are no formal waste management systems. Plastic pollution poses a threat to marine life and human health. Other forms of pollution, such as from mining activities and agricultural runoff, can also impact water quality in rivers and coastal areas. In response to these myriad challenges, there is a growing conservation movement within the country. The government, with support from international NGOs and local community groups, is working to expand its network of protected areas, both terrestrial and marine. There is also a strong push to develop more sustainable economic alternatives to logging, such as ecotourism and sustainable agriculture, and to invest in climate change adaptation measures to protect its vulnerable communities. The future of the Solomon Islands depends on its ability to successfully address these critical environmental concerns.

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33) Marriage & Courtship

Marriage in the Solomon Islands is a cornerstone of society, representing not just the union of two individuals, but a powerful alliance between two families, clans, and communities. Traditional courtship and marriage practices, rooted in “Kastom,” remain highly influential, even as they blend with modern Christian traditions. Courtship is often a subtle and community-oriented affair, far removed from Western concepts of individual dating. A young man interested in a woman will typically not approach her directly but will use intermediaries, such as friends or family members, to signal his interest. The families then play a central role, investigating each other’s lineage, reputation, and social standing. The consent of the family and the wider clan is paramount, as marriage is seen as a communal bond with shared responsibilities and benefits. The suitability of the match is a matter for the entire community to consider.

The most significant and defining element of a traditional Solomon Islands marriage is the payment of the “bride price.” This is a complex and highly symbolic transaction where the groom’s family makes a substantial payment of traditional and modern wealth to the bride’s family. The bride price is not seen as “buying” a wife, but rather as a gesture of deep respect and a way to compensate the bride’s family for the loss of her labor and presence, and for the cost of raising her. It also serves to legitimize the marriage and the children born from it, and to formalize the new relationship between the two clans. The composition of the bride price varies between islands and cultures, but it often includes traditional shell money (tafuliae), which is painstakingly crafted and holds immense cultural value, as well as pigs, food items, and, increasingly, cash. The negotiation of the bride price can be a lengthy and formal process, involving eloquent speeches from the elders of both families. Today, many couples will have a traditional bride price ceremony followed by a Christian church wedding, beautifully merging the ancient and modern aspects of their culture.

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34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in the Solomon Islands is characterized by a significant divide between the formal and informal sectors. The vast majority of the population, particularly in rural areas, is engaged in the informal or subsistence economy. This involves growing their own food, fishing, and building their own homes. While this provides a high degree of self-sufficiency, it offers limited access to cash income. The formal economy, which provides regular paid employment, is relatively small and concentrated in the capital, Honiara, and a few other provincial centers. The largest single employer in the formal sector is the Solomon Islands government, which provides jobs in public administration, health, education, and law enforcement. These civil service positions are highly sought after for their stability and benefits.

Outside of the public sector, formal employment is dominated by a few key industries. The logging and fishing industries are major private sector employers, offering jobs in forestry operations, sawmills, and fish processing plants, particularly in Western Province. The agricultural sector also provides employment on larger plantations, primarily for palm oil and cocoa production. The retail and service sectors in Honiara are another source of jobs, with positions in shops, banks, hotels, and restaurants. The construction industry also provides work, driven by government infrastructure projects and private development. However, formal job creation has not kept pace with population growth, leading to high rates of youth unemployment, which is a significant social and economic challenge for the country.

For foreign nationals, or expatriates, work opportunities in the Solomon Islands are generally limited to roles that require specialized skills not readily available in the local labor market. The largest area of expatriate employment is in the international development sector. Numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs), aid agencies like the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), and multilateral organizations like the World Bank and the UN have a presence in the country. They hire international specialists for roles in program management, finance, health, education, and governance. Other opportunities for expatriates can be found in senior management or technical positions within private companies, particularly in fields like aviation, engineering, and finance. The tourism sector, especially in the scuba diving industry, also employs some foreign dive masters and resort managers. Securing a work permit for a non-citizen typically requires the employer to demonstrate that a qualified Solomon Islander could not be found for the position, reflecting a national policy to prioritize local employment.

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35) Education

The education system in the Solomon Islands is a critical but challenging sector, striving to provide quality learning opportunities to a young and rapidly growing population scattered across a vast and rugged archipelago. The structure of the system is based on a model of six years of primary education, followed by three years of junior secondary school and two years of senior secondary school. In principle, education is free and compulsory at the primary level, but in practice, families often face costs for uniforms, school supplies, and building funds, which can be a barrier for many. The government, with significant support from international development partners like Australia and New Zealand, has made considerable progress in expanding access to education, and primary school enrollment rates are relatively high. However, the system faces immense challenges that impact the quality of the education provided.

One of the greatest challenges is the geographical reality of the country. Many communities are remote and accessible only by boat, making it difficult to build and maintain schools, supply them with resources, and attract and retain qualified teachers. This results in significant disparities in educational quality between the urban center of Honiara and the rural provinces. Schools in remote areas often lack basic facilities like electricity, running water, and adequate classroom materials. There is also a shortage of trained teachers, and many rural schools rely on untrained or volunteer educators. Another major challenge is the language of instruction. While there are over 70 distinct local languages spoken in the Solomon Islands, the official language of instruction is English. This means that many children enter primary school with little or no knowledge of English, which can significantly hinder their early learning and literacy development.

After completing their secondary education, students who achieve high enough marks can pursue tertiary studies. The main institution for higher learning in the country is the Solomon Islands National University (SINU) in Honiara, which was established in 2013 by amalgamating several existing colleges. SINU offers a range of certificate, diploma, and degree programs in fields such as education, nursing, business, and technology. The University of the South Pacific (USP), a regional university, also has a campus in Honiara. Despite these institutions, opportunities for higher education are limited, and many of the brightest students seek scholarships to study abroad, particularly in Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji. The government and its partners are focused on improving the entire education system, from early childhood education to vocational training and higher education, as it is recognized as the key to the nation’s long-term development and prosperity.

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36) Communication & Connectivity

Communication and connectivity in the Solomon Islands present a story of rapid transformation alongside persistent challenges, reflecting the nation’s unique geography and state of development. For decades, communicating across the vast archipelago was extremely difficult, relying on high-frequency two-way radio and infrequent shipping services. However, the arrival and expansion of mobile telecommunications has been a revolutionary force, connecting communities in a way that was previously unimaginable. The two main providers, Our Telekom (a state-owned enterprise) and the privately owned bmobile, have progressively extended their network coverage. Today, most provincial centers and a significant number of coastal villages have access to mobile voice and basic data services. This has had a profound social and economic impact, enabling mobile banking, facilitating business transactions, and allowing families to stay in touch across distant islands.

Despite this progress, significant connectivity gaps remain. The rugged, mountainous terrain of the larger islands and the remoteness of the outer atolls make it commercially unviable to build mobile towers in many areas. As a result, a considerable portion of the rural population still lives without reliable mobile phone service. Internet access, in particular, has been a major challenge. Until recently, the country relied entirely on expensive and high-latency satellite connections for its internet bandwidth. This resulted in internet services that were both extremely slow and prohibitively expensive for the average person. The quality and availability of the internet were largely confined to government offices, businesses, and hotels in Honiara, with very limited access in the provinces.

A major breakthrough in the nation’s connectivity occurred in 2020 with the activation of the Coral Sea Cable System. This undersea fiber-optic cable connects Honiara and other provincial hubs to a much larger capacity network via Sydney, Australia. This development has been a game-changer, dramatically increasing the available bandwidth and significantly lowering the cost of internet access. It has led to a noticeable improvement in internet speeds and reliability in the urban centers connected to the cable. This is paving the way for the growth of online businesses, enhancing educational opportunities, and improving the efficiency of government services. The ongoing challenge is to extend the benefits of this new connectivity from the cable landing stations out to the wider population through improved domestic mobile data networks and community-based internet access points, bridging the digital divide that still exists between the urban and rural areas of this vast ocean state.

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37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Solomon Islands are a rich reflection of the nation’s natural environment, diverse cultures, and history. They serve as a source of unity and national pride for this archipelago nation.

Symbol	Description
National Flag	Adopted in 1977, the flag features a thin yellow diagonal stripe dividing two triangles of blue and green. The blue represents the ocean, the green represents the fertile land, and the yellow stripe symbolizes the sun’s rays. The five white stars in the canton represent the five main island groups that existed at the time of independence.
Coat of Arms	The coat of arms features a shield supported by a shark and a saltwater crocodile. The shield contains symbols of the various districts, including an eagle, a turtle, a frigatebird, and various traditional weapons. The crest features a sun-topped war canoe. The national motto, “To Lead Is to Serve,” is displayed on a ribbon below.
National Anthem	“God Save Our Solomon Islands,” adopted upon independence in 1978. The lyrics call for divine guidance in building a unified and prosperous nation from the country’s many diverse islands and tribes.
National Bird (Symbolic)	While not officially designated, the Frigatebird is widely considered a national symbol. It is featured prominently on the coat of arms and its stylized form is a common motif in art and logos, representing skill, navigation, and the nation’s connection to the sea. The Eclectus Parrot is another notable endemic bird.
National Flower (Symbolic)	The Hibiscus flower is commonly associated with the Solomon Islands and the wider Pacific. Its vibrant colors are a common sight in gardens and are often worn by both men and women.
Cultural Symbol: Shell Money	Known as “tafuliae” in some regions, strings of small, polished shell discs are a form of traditional currency. They hold immense cultural and economic value and are still used today, particularly in the payment of bride prices and in reconciliation ceremonies.
Cultural Symbol: Nguzunguzu	These are carved canoe prow figures, often depicting a human head with a large jaw and inlaid with pearl shell. They were traditionally attached to the prows of war canoes to protect the crew and guide them through treacherous waters and are a powerful symbol of Melanesian art and spirituality.

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38) Tourism

Tourism in the Solomon Islands is a small but growing industry that offers a travel experience far removed from the mass-market resorts of other tropical destinations. The country is a haven for adventurous and independent travelers seeking authenticity, raw natural beauty, and profound cultural and historical encounters. The tourism model is low-volume and high-value, centered on ecotourism, cultural immersion, and niche activities that leverage the nation’s unique assets. The infrastructure is developing, and travel outside the capital can be challenging, but for those willing to embrace the adventure, the rewards are immense. The experience is not one of packaged luxury but of genuine discovery, from exploring untouched coral reefs to connecting with the ancient cultures of the Melanesian people. The Solomon Islands government and local communities view sustainable tourism as a key pathway to economic development, providing an alternative to extractive industries like logging and offering a way to preserve both the environment and traditional ways of life.

The two undisputed pillars of tourism in the Solomon Islands are scuba diving and World War II history. The country’s location in the Coral Triangle makes it one of the most biodiverse marine environments on the planet, offering world-class diving and snorkeling. The waters teem with vibrant coral gardens, dramatic drop-offs, and a staggering abundance of fish life. What makes the diving truly unique is the incredible collection of WWII wrecks. The body of water between Guadalcanal and the Florida Islands, famously known as “Ironbottom Sound,” is a submerged museum, littered with the wrecks of Japanese and American warships, submarines, and aircraft. Divers can explore these historical artifacts, which have been transformed into spectacular artificial reefs. The historical tourism experience extends onto land, particularly on Guadalcanal, where visitors can tour key battlefields like Bloody Ridge, see abandoned military equipment, and visit poignant memorials that commemorate the brutal campaign that was a turning point in the Pacific War. Beyond diving and history, the country offers incredible opportunities for cultural tourism, with village stays allowing visitors to experience “Kastom” life firsthand, as well as exceptional birdwatching, hiking, and surfing.

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39) Visa and Entry Requirements

The visa and entry requirements for the Solomon Islands are relatively straightforward for most tourists. The country allows citizens of many nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, most European Union countries, Australia, and New Zealand, to enter without a visa for short stays. Upon arrival, these visitors are typically granted a “visitor’s permit” which is valid for up to 90 days. This policy is designed to facilitate tourism and make the country accessible to its key visitor markets. However, it is essential for all travelers to ensure that their passport is valid for at least six months from their date of entry into the Solomon Islands. This is a strict requirement, and airlines may deny boarding to passengers who do not meet it.

All visitors, regardless of their nationality, must be able to present several key documents to immigration officials upon arrival at Honiara’s Henderson International Airport. In addition to a valid passport, travelers must hold a confirmed onward or return ticket as proof that they intend to leave the country at the end of their stay. Visitors may also be asked to provide proof of sufficient funds to support themselves during their visit and to show evidence of their accommodation arrangements, such as a hotel booking. The visitor’s permit granted on arrival is strictly for tourism purposes; it does not authorize any form of employment. For those wishing to visit for other reasons, such as business, research, or employment, the appropriate visa or permit must be applied for and obtained in advance from the Solomon Islands Immigration Division.

For citizens of countries that are not on the visa-waiver list, a visa must be secured prior to traveling to the Solomon Islands. Applications should be made through the Director of Immigration in Honiara, and it is advisable to apply well in advance of the intended travel dates to allow for processing time. Because visa policies can and do change, it is highly recommended that all travelers, regardless of nationality, check the latest visa and entry requirements with the Solomon Islands Immigration Division or their nearest diplomatic mission before finalizing their travel plans. There are no specific vaccination requirements for entry, but it is wise to consult a travel doctor for advice on recommended vaccinations and health precautions, such as malaria prophylaxis, for travel to a tropical destination like the Solomon Islands.

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40) Useful Resources

• Tourism Solomons (Official Tourism Website)
• Solomon Islands Immigration Division
• Solomon Airlines (National Carrier)
• Solomon Times Online (Local News)

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