South Sudan Travel Guide

1) Destination Overview

South Sudan, the world’s newest sovereign nation, is a land of immense natural beauty, profound cultural diversity, and formidable challenges. Located in East-Central Africa, this landlocked country is a place of vast plains, dense forests, and the lifeblood of the White Nile river, which flows north from its borders. It is home to the Sudd, one of the planet’s largest and most important wetlands, a sprawling expanse of swamp and savanna that hosts an incredible array of birdlife. The country is also the stage for Africa’s other great migration, a massive movement of kob and tiang antelope across the plains of Boma National Park that rivals the famous Serengeti migration in sheer numbers, though it remains almost entirely unseen by the outside world. This is a land of raw, untamed wilderness, holding some of the continent’s most significant, yet most inaccessible, natural treasures.

The human landscape of South Sudan is just as extraordinary. The nation is a tapestry of over 60 distinct ethnic groups, each with its own unique language, traditions, and social structures. It is home to some of Africa’s most iconic pastoralist peoples, including the Dinka and the Nuer, whose lives revolve around their herds of long-horned cattle. These communities have maintained traditional ways of life for centuries, with rich oral histories, intricate body scarification, and deep spiritual connections to their land and livestock. Engaging with these cultures, from the Mundari wrestlers to the Toposa people of the east, offers a glimpse into a world that is rapidly disappearing elsewhere on the continent. This cultural heritage is South Sudan’s greatest and most profound asset.

However, it is impossible to discuss South Sudan without acknowledging its deeply troubled recent history. After a long and brutal civil war, the country gained independence from Sudan in 2011, an event met with global optimism. Tragically, this hope was short-lived, as the new nation soon plunged into its own devastating civil conflict, leading to immense suffering and a severe humanitarian crisis that persists to this day. The ongoing insecurity, political instability, and lack of infrastructure make South Sudan one of the most challenging and dangerous travel destinations on the planet. Travel here is not tourism in the conventional sense; it is an expedition that requires rigorous planning, professional security, and a deep understanding of the associated risks.

For the exceptionally intrepid traveler—typically journalists, aid workers, or those on specialized, high-security tours—South Sudan presents a journey into a land of stark paradoxes. It is a place of incredible natural potential struggling against immense human tragedy, a country of warm and resilient people enduring profound hardship. A visit is a sobering and powerful experience, a chance to witness the consequences of conflict and the enduring strength of human culture in the face of adversity. It is a destination that demands the utmost respect and caution, rewarding the few who venture here with a perspective on Africa that is unfiltered, complex, and utterly unforgettable.

2) Best Time to Visit and Why

From a purely climatic standpoint, the best time to consider any travel to South Sudan is during the dry season, which generally runs from November to April. This period is characterized by hot, dry weather and a near-total absence of rainfall. The primary advantage of visiting during the dry season is logistical. South Sudan has an extremely limited network of paved roads, and most travel outside the capital, Juba, is on dirt tracks. During the wet season, these tracks turn into impassable rivers of mud, effectively cutting off vast swathes of the country. Therefore, the dry season is the only time when overland travel to remote regions or national parks is even remotely feasible.

The dry conditions also concentrate wildlife around the few remaining water sources, such as the Nile and other rivers, which can make for better viewing opportunities in the national parks. For those interested in the great antelope migration in Boma National Park, the movements are tied to the cycle of rain and drought, making the transition periods at the beginning and end of the dry season potentially key moments. Furthermore, the lower humidity and lack of rain make for more comfortable conditions for any outdoor activities, although daytime temperatures can become extremely hot, often exceeding 40°C (104°F).

It is crucial to understand, however, that the security situation, not the climate, should be the primary determinant for any travel plans. The accessibility and safety of different regions can change rapidly due to conflict, regardless of the weather. The dry season can sometimes even exacerbate security issues, as the ease of movement also applies to armed groups. Therefore, while the dry season is logistically preferable, it does not automatically equate to a safer travel window. Any travel must be preceded by a thorough, up-to-the-minute security assessment from a professional source.

The wet season, lasting from approximately May to October, is almost universally unsuitable for travel. Torrential and prolonged downpours are the norm, leading to widespread flooding. The vast Sudd wetlands expand dramatically, and much of the country becomes a swampland. This makes travel exceptionally difficult, if not impossible, and increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Most NGOs and other organizations limit their field movements during the height of the wet season due to these logistical challenges. For all these reasons, if essential travel must be undertaken, it should be strictly planned for the dry months between November and April.

3) Top Destinations and Best Hotel

It is imperative to state that at present, due to extreme insecurity, most of South Sudan’s incredible destinations are effectively inaccessible to tourists. The following describes their potential, but any attempt to visit must be based on current, expert security advice. The crown jewel of South Sudan’s natural heritage is Boma National Park, located in the east near the Ethiopian border. This vast wilderness is home to the second-largest land mammal migration on Earth, where hundreds of thousands of white-eared kob, tiang, and other antelope species move across the plains. It is also a habitat for lions, elephants, and giraffes. In a stable environment, Boma would be a world-class safari destination, but it is currently located in a highly volatile region and is extremely difficult and dangerous to access.

The Sudd, one of the world’s largest wetlands, is another natural wonder. This enormous expanse of swamp and floating vegetation, fed by the White Nile, is a globally important ecosystem and a haven for birdlife. It hosts vast populations of shoebill storks, pelicans, and cranes. The Sudd is also a critical part of the culture and economy for the Dinka and Nuer peoples who live along its edges. Navigating this immense wetland by boat would offer an unparalleled birdwatching and cultural experience, but like Boma, its remoteness and the surrounding instability make any such journey a major and risky expedition.

Closer to the capital, Juba, lies Nimule National Park on the border with Uganda. This is the most accessible of South Sudan’s parks and is known for its population of elephants, hippos, and crocodiles, which can be seen along the Fula Rapids of the White Nile. While more accessible than other parks, its proximity to a border region still presents security challenges. The most feasible and popular form of “tourism” for the very few who visit South Sudan is cultural. Arranging a visit to a Dinka or Mundari cattle camp outside Juba, with the help of a trusted local operator and with appropriate security, offers a profound insight into the traditional pastoralist way of life that defines much of the country.

Accommodation in South Sudan is extremely limited and is almost entirely concentrated in the capital, Juba. The city serves the large community of diplomats, aid workers, and business people. The undisputed top hotel is the Radisson Blu Hotel, Juba. This hotel operates within a secure compound and offers international standards of comfort, security, and amenities, including a pool and several restaurants. It is the primary choice for most international visitors. Other options include the Afro-Plaza Hotel and the Pyramid Continental Hotel, which also cater to the international clientele with secure compounds and modern facilities. Outside of Juba, there is no tourist-standard accommodation, and any travel would involve basic guesthouses or camping with a fully self-sufficient setup.

4) Language & Culture

The cultural landscape of South Sudan is a rich and incredibly diverse tapestry, composed of more than 60 distinct ethnic groups. This diversity is the nation’s greatest treasure, though it has also been a source of conflict. The official language of the country is English, used in government and formal education. However, the most widely spoken language on the streets of the capital and as a lingua franca between different groups is Juba Arabic, a unique pidgin dialect that is distinct from the Arabic spoken in Sudan. Beyond this, each ethnic group has its own language, with Dinka, Nuer, Bari, and Zande being among the most prominent. This linguistic diversity is a testament to the country’s complex human geography.

The most iconic cultures of South Sudan are those of its Nilotic pastoralist peoples, particularly the Dinka and the Nuer, who are among the tallest people in the world. For these groups, cattle are the center of the universe. They are a measure of wealth, a source of food (milk, blood, and occasionally meat), a basis for social status, and a spiritual link to the ancestral world. The lives of the Dinka and Nuer revolve around their herds, and their cattle camps are the heart of their communities. They are known for their intricate body scarification, which signifies different stages of life and tribal identity, and for their deep connection to their ancestral lands along the Nile and the Sudd.

Other groups have equally fascinating and distinct cultures. The Mundari people, who live near Juba, are also dedicated cattle herders, famous for their athletic wrestling competitions and their unique practice of using ash from burnt cow dung to cover their skin, which acts as a natural antiseptic and insect repellent. In the Eastern Equatoria region, the Toposa and Jie people are fierce pastoralists with a rich culture of beadwork and a social structure based on age-sets. These traditional cultures have been remarkably resilient, surviving decades of war and displacement, and they remain the bedrock of identity for the vast majority of South Sudanese people.

Oral tradition, through storytelling, song, and dance, is the primary means of transmitting history, values, and social norms. Music and dance are integral to all ceremonies, from weddings and funerals to celebrations of a good harvest. Despite the immense hardships and ongoing conflict, the people of South Sudan possess a profound spirit of resilience and dignity. For the very few outsiders who have the opportunity to respectfully engage with these communities, the experience is a powerful reminder of the enduring strength and diversity of human culture in the face of incredible adversity.

5) Festivals & Events

The concept of formal, nationwide festivals and events in South Sudan is not well-developed, largely due to the country’s ongoing instability, lack of infrastructure, and the primacy of local, community-based celebrations. The national calendar is marked by a few key public holidays, but these are often observed with official government ceremonies in the capital, Juba, rather than with large-scale public festivities that would be accessible or recommended for foreign visitors to attend. The cultural life of the nation is expressed far more powerfully through traditional, ethnic-specific ceremonies than through state-organized events.

The most important national holiday is Independence Day, celebrated on July 9th. This day commemorates South Sudan’s secession from Sudan in 2011. In Juba, the day is typically marked by a large military parade, speeches by political leaders, and other official events. While it is a day of immense national significance, the public mood surrounding it can be complex, reflecting the country’s subsequent struggles. Due to security concerns, it is not advisable for foreigners to join any large crowds or public gatherings that may occur on this day.

Other public holidays include Peace Agreement Day, Christmas, and Easter. As a country with a large Christian population, Christmas is a very important religious and family-oriented holiday, celebrated with special church services, family feasts, and community gatherings. These celebrations, however, are largely private or community-based rather than public festivals. The most vibrant and authentic “events” in South Sudan are the traditional ceremonies of its diverse ethnic groups. These can include marriage ceremonies, initiation rites, harvest festivals, and wrestling competitions, like those famously practiced by the Mundari people.

These traditional events are the true heart of South Sudanese cultural expression. They are not scheduled for the benefit of tourists; they are an integral part of the social and spiritual fabric of the community. Accessing such an event is a matter of chance, timing, and, most importantly, having a trusted local guide who has deep relationships with the community and can secure an invitation for you. Witnessing a Dinka cattle camp celebration or a traditional wrestling match is a rare and profound privilege, offering an insight into a world governed by ancient traditions. However, the logistics and security required to attend such an event are formidable and must be handled by experienced professionals.

6) Local Cuisine

The cuisine of South Sudan is a direct reflection of its geography, its pastoralist traditions, and its agricultural staples. It is a hearty, simple, and functional food culture, designed to provide sustenance in a challenging environment. The diet is centered around a few key ingredients, with sorghum and maize being the most important grains. The cornerstone of most South Sudanese meals is a thick porridge made from one of these flours. This porridge, known as “asida” or “kisra,” is the main source of carbohydrates and is eaten with almost every meal. It is typically served in a communal bowl and eaten by hand, with small pieces being torn off and used to scoop up the accompanying stew.

Stews, or “mulah,” are the flavorful accompaniment to the asida. These are often made from vegetables like okra, spinach, or pumpkin, and are sometimes enriched with meat or fish. A very common and popular dish is “kajaik,” a stew made from dried fish or meat. Peanuts are another key ingredient, often ground into a paste to create a rich and savory peanut sauce, which can be served with meat or vegetables. Along the Nile, fresh fish is more common and is often grilled or added to stews. The use of spices is generally minimal, with the focus being on the natural flavors of the ingredients.

For the pastoralist peoples like the Dinka and Nuer, cattle are a vital source of food, but not primarily through meat. Beef is typically only eaten during special ceremonies or celebrations. The daily diet is heavily supplemented by milk, which is a staple for both children and adults. The blood of the cattle is also sometimes consumed, often mixed with milk. This use of every part of the animal underscores the deep economic and cultural importance of livestock in these societies. In terms of vegetables, okra (“bamia”) is extremely popular, as are various types of leafy greens.

For visitors, the culinary experience in South Sudan will be limited, especially outside of the capital, Juba. In Juba, a number of restaurants cater to the expatriate community and offer a mix of local and international dishes. You can find grilled meats, fish, and local stews. Goat is a very popular meat and is often served grilled. Street food is available but should be approached with extreme caution due to hygiene concerns. The national beverage is coffee, often served strong and sweet, and tea. While not a globally renowned cuisine, the food of South Sudan offers a genuine taste of the land and the traditions of its resilient people.

7) Transportation

Transportation within South Sudan is extremely challenging and represents one of the biggest logistical hurdles for any form of travel. The country’s infrastructure is severely underdeveloped after decades of conflict, and the options for getting around are limited, often unreliable, and subject to significant safety and security risks. The road network is minimal, with very few paved roads outside of the capital, Juba. The vast majority of roads are dirt tracks that become impassable rivers of mud during the wet season (roughly May to October). This makes overland travel to most parts of the country impossible for half the year.

For covering the immense distances between Juba and other regional hubs like Wau or Malakal, domestic air travel is the only practical option. Juba International Airport (JUB) serves as the hub for a few local airlines that operate flights on small aircraft. However, the domestic aviation sector faces significant challenges. Schedules are often erratic, flights can be canceled with no notice, and safety standards are a serious concern, with some local carriers being blacklisted by international aviation authorities. Any plan to use domestic flights requires extreme flexibility and should only be done after careful research into the most reputable available carriers, typically with the help of a local fixer or organization.

Within Juba, the most common form of public transport is the “boda-boda,” or motorcycle taxi. They are cheap and can navigate the city’s traffic, but they are also extremely dangerous, with accidents being very common. Minibus taxis also ply the main routes but are often overcrowded and poorly maintained. For any foreign visitor, the only recommended mode of transport within the city is a private vehicle arranged through a trusted hotel, company, or local contact. Self-driving is strongly discouraged due to the chaotic traffic, poor road conditions, and the risk of carjacking and other security incidents.

For travel outside of Juba, hiring a private 4×4 vehicle with an experienced local driver is an absolute necessity. This is the only way to navigate the rough tracks and the numerous security checkpoints. Such travel should never be undertaken independently. It must be part of a well-planned convoy, often with armed security escorts, organized by a professional company or NGO with deep experience in the country. The cost of such logistics is extremely high. River transport on the White Nile exists for local communities but is not a safe or practical option for foreign travelers. The immense transportation challenges underscore why independent tourism is not feasible in South Sudan.

8) Weather & Climate

South Sudan’s climate is classic equatorial, defined by high temperatures and a distinct and dramatic cycle of wet and dry seasons. The weather patterns are a dominant force in the country, dictating the rhythms of agriculture, pastoralist migrations, and the feasibility of travel itself. Temperatures are consistently hot throughout the year across the vast, low-lying plains that make up most of the country. Average daytime temperatures in the capital, Juba, typically range from 30°C to 38°C (86°F to 100°F), with the hottest period occurring in the months leading up to the rainy season. The humidity can be intense, especially during the wet season.

The dry season, which generally runs from November through April, is characterized by hot, sunny, and arid conditions. During this time, rainfall is very scarce, and the landscape becomes parched and dusty. The advantage of the dry season is purely logistical. The lack of rain dries out the country’s vast network of unpaved roads and dirt tracks, making overland travel possible. This is the only time of year when one might be able to reach remote areas or the country’s national parks. The heat during the dry season can be oppressive, but the lower humidity makes it slightly more bearable than the wet season.

The wet season, lasting from approximately May to October, dramatically transforms the country. This period brings torrential and sustained rainfall, which inundates the landscape. The immense clay plains of the region do not drain well, leading to widespread and severe flooding. Roads become impassable rivers of mud, and much of the country is effectively cut off from the capital. The vast Sudd wetlands swell to an enormous size, creating a massive inland delta. This season is critical for the country’s agriculture and for replenishing the grazing lands for the pastoralist communities, but it makes travel for outsiders virtually impossible.

The cycle of rain and drought is the engine that drives the great animal migrations in Boma National Park, as hundreds of thousands of antelope move in search of fresh grazing lands. While the dry season is the only logistically feasible time to consider travel, it’s crucial to reiterate that security concerns, not the weather, should be the primary factor in any travel decision. The climate dictates what is possible, but the security situation dictates what is wise. Any trip must be planned with a deep understanding of both these powerful, defining forces.

Season / Months	Average Temperature Range in Juba
Dry Season (Nov – Apr)	22°C – 38°C (72°F – 100°F)
Wet Season (May – Oct)	21°C – 33°C (70°F – 91°F)

9) Airports, International and Domestic Flight

South Sudan’s aviation infrastructure is extremely limited and is centered almost entirely on its single international gateway, Juba International Airport (JUB). Located in the capital, JUB is the primary entry and exit point for all international travelers, including the large contingent of personnel from the United Nations, NGOs, and diplomatic missions. The airport facilities are basic and can be chaotic. The arrival process involves health screenings (including proof of yellow fever vaccination), immigration, and customs, which can be a slow and bureaucratic process. It is highly advisable for all visitors to be met by a pre-arranged contact or driver who can assist with navigating the airport environment upon arrival.

Several international airlines provide the crucial air links between South Sudan and the rest of the world. The most reliable and frequent services are operated by major regional carriers. Ethiopian Airlines offers multiple daily flights from its hub in Addis Ababa (ADD), making it one of the most popular choices for connecting from Europe, North America, and Asia. Kenya Airways also provides regular service from Nairobi (NBO). Other airlines serving Juba include flydubai from Dubai (DXB), EgyptAir from Cairo (CAI), and Turkish Airlines from Istanbul (IST). These routes are lifelines for the country, and it is essential to book well in advance, as flights can be expensive and fill up quickly with official and humanitarian traffic.

Domestic air travel is the only viable method for covering the vast distances between Juba and other regional centers like Wau, Malakal, or Rumbek, due to the lack of a safe or reliable road network. A handful of local airlines operate these domestic routes using small propeller aircraft. However, the domestic aviation sector in South Sudan faces severe challenges. Safety standards are a major concern, and some local airlines have been included on international aviation safety blacklists. Schedules are notoriously unreliable, with frequent delays and last-minute cancellations. Any traveler considering a domestic flight must undertake this with extreme caution, preferably using an airline chartered or vetted by a major international organization, and must have an exceptionally flexible itinerary.

Given the security situation, there is a large volume of humanitarian air traffic operated by the UN Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS). While these flights are not available to tourists, they are a critical part of the country’s transport infrastructure, connecting remote field locations. For any non-essential traveler, the immense challenges and risks associated with domestic air travel are a key reason why movement outside of Juba is so difficult and strongly discouraged without professional logistical and security support. All travel planning must start and end with the understanding that Juba is the only reliably accessible point in the country.

10) Back Up Plan and Flight Route

Due to the extreme volatility and logistical challenges of South Sudan, a backup plan is not a suggestion but an absolute necessity for survival and safety. The country’s unpredictable security situation, combined with its unreliable infrastructure, means that even the best-laid plans are subject to immediate and dramatic change. The single most important element of any backup plan is to be under the care of a professional security and logistics provider. This local partner is your lifeline. They will have contingency plans for everything from vehicle breakdowns and impassable roads to medical emergencies and the need for immediate evacuation due to a sudden outbreak of violence. Independent travel is reckless; your backup plan is your professional team.

Your financial backup plan must be robust. South Sudan is a cash-only economy for foreigners, and you must bring all the funds you will need in US Dollars. Your contingency fund should be substantial, separate from your primary funds, and sufficient to cover unexpected costs like having to charter a last-minute flight, paying for extra days of accommodation and security, or covering unforeseen “fees” to navigate bureaucratic hurdles. Having access to a large emergency cash fund can be the difference between resolving a difficult situation and being dangerously stranded. There is no way to access money from abroad once you are in the country.

When it comes to flight routes, your backup plan must account for the notorious unreliability of domestic flights and the potential for international flight disruptions. The primary international routes through hubs like Addis Ababa (Ethiopian Airlines) or Nairobi (Kenya Airways) are the most dependable. Your backup strategy involves building significant buffer time—not just days, but potentially a week—into your itinerary, especially at the end of your trip. Do not schedule anything important for the days immediately following your planned departure from Juba. Assume that your flight out could be cancelled or delayed and that you may be stuck in the country for longer than anticipated.

In a crisis, communication is key. Before traveling, register your presence with your country’s embassy (most are in Juba). Keep their emergency contact numbers, along with the numbers for your security provider, on your person at all times. It is also wise to have a satellite phone or a personal locator beacon, as local mobile networks can be unreliable and are often shut down by the government during times of instability. Your backup plan is a multi-layered system of professional support, financial preparedness, extreme flexibility with time, and redundant communication methods. It is the essential framework for operating in one of the world’s most complex environments.

Route Type	Description & Key Considerations
Primary International Route	Fly into Juba (JUB) via major regional hubs like Addis Ababa (ADD) with Ethiopian Airlines or Nairobi (NBO) with Kenya Airways. These are the most frequent and reliable options.
Alternative International Route	Fly via Dubai (DXB) with flydubai or Istanbul (IST) with Turkish Airlines. These offer connections from other global hubs but may be less frequent.
Domestic Travel	Extremely risky. Must be arranged by a professional security/logistics provider using vetted charter aircraft. Not for independent travelers.
Essential Contingency Plan	Retain a professional security provider. Have a large emergency cash fund (USD). Build extensive buffer time (days/weeks) into your schedule. Carry a satellite phone.

11) Safety & Health

It is impossible to overstate the serious safety and health risks associated with any travel to South Sudan. Most foreign governments issue their highest-level warnings, advising against all travel to the country. The security situation is extremely volatile and dangerous, characterized by ongoing armed conflict, inter-ethnic violence, and exceptionally high levels of violent crime, including carjackings, kidnappings, and robberies. Any travel must be considered an expedition into a conflict zone and should only be undertaken for absolutely essential reasons with professional, high-level security arrangements in place. Independent travel is exceedingly dangerous and is strongly discouraged.

Personal security protocols must be rigorously followed at all times. Movement should be limited, especially after dark. It is essential to travel in a secure convoy, ideally with armed escorts arranged by a reputable security firm. The political situation can change without warning, leading to protests or clashes. It is vital to avoid all public demonstrations and large gatherings. The heavy presence of military and police at numerous checkpoints requires patience and caution. A local driver and guide are essential for navigating these interactions safely. Foreigners can be targets of crime due to the perception of wealth, so maintaining a very low profile is crucial.

The health risks are equally severe. Medical facilities in South Sudan are extremely poor and completely inadequate to handle serious medical emergencies. For any significant injury or illness, medical evacuation, most likely to Nairobi or Europe, is the only option. Therefore, comprehensive travel insurance that explicitly covers emergency medical evacuation from a high-risk country is an absolute, non-negotiable requirement. Ensure your policy is valid for South Sudan, as many standard policies exclude it. Travelers must bring a comprehensive medical kit with all necessary prescription medications and supplies for treating common ailments and trauma.

Tropical diseases are rampant. Malaria is a very high risk throughout the country, and taking preventative medication is essential. Protection against mosquito bites through repellents and nets is also critical to prevent other diseases like dengue fever. A yellow fever vaccination is mandatory for entry. Other required or strongly recommended vaccinations include Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis A and B, Tetanus, and Polio. Waterborne diseases are a major threat; all drinking water must be bottled or properly purified, and extreme care must be taken with food hygiene to prevent severe gastrointestinal illnesses. The combination of security and health risks makes South Sudan one of the most hazardous destinations in the world.

12) Currency, Commodities & Costs

The official currency of South Sudan is the South Sudanese Pound (SSP). However, the economy is highly dollarized, and the US Dollar (USD) is the preferred and often required currency for any transaction involving foreigners. The SSP suffers from extreme inflation and instability, making the USD the only reliable store of value. It is essential for any visitor to arrive with a sufficient supply of US Dollars in cash. These bills must be in pristine condition and, critically, must be dated 2009 or later. Older or slightly damaged bills will be rejected. This cash will be used for all major expenses, including hotels, flights, vehicle hire, and payments to guides and security teams.

South Sudan is an entirely cash-based economy for foreign visitors. International credit cards and debit cards are completely useless. There are no functioning ATMs that accept foreign cards, and no businesses accept card payments. You cannot access money from abroad once you are in the country. This makes meticulous financial planning a critical part of pre-trip preparation. You must budget for every conceivable expense and bring that amount in US Dollars, plus a substantial emergency fund of several thousand dollars. Running out of cash in South Sudan is not an inconvenience; it is a serious security and survival issue.

Despite being one of the world’s least developed countries, South Sudan is an exceptionally expensive destination for foreigners. This is a direct result of the ongoing conflict, extreme logistical challenges, and the high cost of ensuring safety. The entire travel infrastructure caters to the high-risk, high-cost operational needs of diplomats, UN personnel, and oil workers. There is no budget travel infrastructure. The cost of hiring a 4×4 vehicle with a driver is extremely high, and the mandatory cost of a professional security detail can run into many hundreds or even thousands of dollars per day.

The price of basic commodities is also very high due to the country’s reliance on imported goods, which must be flown in or transported over dangerous roads from neighboring countries. A night at one of the few secure, international-standard hotels in Juba can cost several hundred dollars. A simple meal at a restaurant catering to expatriates is also very expensive. The combination of these factors makes South Sudan one of the most expensive travel destinations in the world. A trip here is a major financial undertaking, with daily costs for a securely managed trip easily running into the four-figure range in US Dollars.

Item / Service	Estimated Cost (USD)
Secure hotel room (Juba, per night)	$200 – $400
Meal at an expat restaurant	$30 – $60
Bottle of water	$2 – $4
Private 4×4 with driver (per day)	$250 – $500
Professional security escort (per day)	$500 – $2,000+ (highly variable)
Domestic charter flight	Several thousand dollars

13) Housing Rental Cost

The housing rental market in South Sudan is a unique and challenging sector that caters almost exclusively to the large international community based in the capital, Juba. This includes staff from the United Nations, foreign embassies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private companies, primarily in the oil sector. There is no formal rental market for tourists or short-term visitors, whose only option is the city’s few secure hotels. The information on rental costs is therefore relevant only to those undertaking long-term professional assignments in the country. The market is characterized by extremely high prices, a focus on security, and a general scarcity of high-quality properties.

The primary concern for all expatriate housing is security. Rental properties for foreigners are not typically standalone houses in residential neighborhoods. Instead, they are located within heavily fortified compounds. These compounds feature high walls topped with barbed wire, 24/7 security guards, controlled access points, and often safe rooms (“bunkers”). These security features are non-negotiable for most organizations and are the main driver of the high rental costs. The most desirable compounds are located in specific neighborhoods of Juba that are considered relatively more secure and are close to embassies and UN facilities.

The cost of renting in one of these secure compounds is exorbitant, comparable to rental prices in major global cities like London or New York. A simple two or three-bedroom apartment or a pre-fabricated container home within a secure compound can easily cost between $3,000 and $7,000 USD per month. Larger, more robustly built houses within the most secure compounds can command rents of over $10,000 USD per month. These prices reflect the immense cost of providing a secure living environment, which includes salaries for security teams and the maintenance of fortifications and backup systems.

These rental prices typically do not include the very high cost of utilities. The public power grid is virtually non-existent, so all electricity must be provided by diesel generators, which run 24/7. The cost of fuel and generator maintenance is a major additional monthly expense. Similarly, clean water must often be trucked in and stored in tanks. The entire rental process is usually handled by organizations on behalf of their staff, as navigating it independently would be extremely difficult. The housing market is a clear indicator of the immense operational costs and security challenges that define life for foreigners in South Sudan.

Housing Type & Location	Estimated Monthly Rental Cost (USD)
Room in a shared guesthouse (secure)	$2,000 – $4,000
2-Bedroom Prefab/Apartment (Secure Compound)	$3,500 – $7,000
3-4 Bedroom House (Secure Compound)	$6,000 – $12,000+
Condominiums / Apartments for public rent	Not available in a recognizable form. All rentals are within secure compounds.

14) Cost of Living

The cost of living for an expatriate in South Sudan is among the highest in the world, a harsh paradox in a country facing extreme poverty and a humanitarian crisis. This incredibly high cost is a direct function of the “Juba economy,” which is tailored to the needs of the large international presence and is completely detached from the reality of the local population. The primary drivers of this cost are the absolute necessities of ensuring security and overcoming the severe lack of infrastructure, which inflates the price of every single good and service required to sustain an international standard of living.

The most significant expenses are housing and security. As detailed previously, renting a space within a secure compound costs thousands of dollars per month. The cost of hiring private security details for any movement outside these compounds adds another substantial layer of expense. After security, the cost of basic utilities is a major financial drain. With no reliable public electricity, power must be generated 24/7 by diesel generators. The cost of fuel, which must be imported over difficult and dangerous supply routes, is extremely high. This means that simply keeping the lights and air conditioning on can cost thousands of dollars each month.

Food and consumer goods are another area of extreme expense. South Sudan produces very little of its own food commercially, and almost everything, from fresh vegetables to packaged goods, must be flown in from neighboring countries like Kenya and Uganda or from further afield. This air freight model means that prices at the few supermarkets in Juba that cater to expatriates are astronomical. A simple head of lettuce or a carton of milk can cost several times its price in a Western supermarket. This reliance on imported goods makes the daily cost of food a major and unavoidable expense.

Healthcare and education add to the financial burden. There are no medical facilities capable of handling serious emergencies, so all expatriates must carry expensive health insurance policies that include coverage for medical evacuation, which can cost tens of thousands of dollars per incident. For the few families with children, international schooling costs are also extremely high. All these factors combine to create an operating environment where the basic cost of keeping a single expatriate staff member safely housed, fed, and insured can run into many thousands of dollars per month, making it one of the most expensive places on earth to live and work as a foreigner.

Expense Category	Estimated Monthly / Annual Cost (USD)
International School Fees	Very few options exist; costs would be exceptionally high, often covered by employers. Likely $25,000+ per year.
Groceries (Expat-style, per person)	$800 – $1,500 per month
Utilities (Diesel for Generator & Water)	$1,000 – $3,000+ per month
Health Insurance (with high-risk medevac)	$800 – $2,000 per month
Communications (Satellite Phone & Internet)	$500 – $1,500 per month

15) Shopping & Souvenirs

Shopping and souvenir hunting in South Sudan is not a conventional tourist activity and is extremely limited in scope. There are no formal souvenir shops, art galleries, or large commercial malls. The retail environment, even in the capital Juba, is geared towards basic survival and the needs of the local and expatriate communities. For a visitor, the shopping experience is about exploring local markets to find unique, authentic handicrafts that provide a direct connection to the country’s diverse and powerful cultures. This requires a knowledgeable local guide, a good sense of security, and an appreciation for rustic, handmade items.

The main place to find local crafts is at the few markets in Juba. These markets are bustling, chaotic places where you can find a small number of vendors selling items made by artisans from various ethnic groups. The handicrafts of South Sudan are deeply rooted in tradition and are known for their raw, powerful aesthetic. Look for items like intricately carved wooden stools and headrests, which are a part of daily life for many pastoralist peoples. You may also find traditional weapons like Dinka spears or carved walking sticks, which are symbols of status and cultural identity.

Beadwork is another important craft. The Toposa people from the east are known for their colorful and elaborate beadwork, creating beautiful necklaces, bracelets, and adornments. You might also find traditional clothing, leather goods, and pottery. The quality of these items can be variable, and they are not made for a tourist market, which is part of their appeal. They are authentic cultural artifacts. Bargaining is expected and should be done with a respectful and friendly attitude. Having a local guide to help with translation and negotiation is invaluable.

It is important to be aware of the ethical and legal considerations when buying souvenirs. Avoid purchasing any items that may be made from endangered wildlife products. When buying older-looking artifacts, be mindful of laws against exporting items of national cultural heritage. The best souvenirs are often the simplest ones: a piece of local pottery, a beaded bracelet, or a traditional gourd. The experience of buying such an item directly from a local market, with the help of a guide, is a memorable cultural exchange and a way to directly support local artisans in a country with very few other economic opportunities for them.

16) Nightlife & Entertainment

The concepts of nightlife and entertainment in South Sudan are profoundly different from almost anywhere else in the world and must be understood within the context of the country’s severe security challenges and conservative social norms. For the vast majority of the population and for any foreign visitor, there is no public nightlife. The streets of Juba are not safe after dark, and a self-imposed curfew is the standard and necessary practice for all international organizations and residents. Evening entertainment is something that happens exclusively behind the high walls of secure compounds and private residences.

For the large expatriate community of aid workers, diplomats, and security contractors, the social scene is centered around a few specific venues located within fortified compounds or at the major international hotels. The bar at the Radisson Blu Hotel in Juba, for example, serves as a primary gathering spot. These venues offer a secure environment where expatriates can socialize, have a drink, and unwind. They are islands of relative normalcy in a highly stressful environment. Access to some of these venues may be restricted, and they are not places where one would typically find a mix of locals and foreigners interacting freely.

Outside of these few expat-focused hotel bars, there are some local bars and open-air venues in Juba that are popular with South Sudanese residents. These places are often lively, with music and dancing, offering a glimpse into the resilient spirit and “joie de vivre” of the local people. However, it is not safe or advisable for a foreign traveler to visit these venues, especially at night, without a trusted local host and a comprehensive security plan. The risk of crime and other security incidents is simply too high.

Ultimately, entertainment for a visitor to South Sudan is not about seeking out a nightlife scene. It is about the experiences you have during the daylight hours under secure conditions—witnessing the incredible culture of a Dinka cattle camp, for example. Evenings are a time for rest, reflection, and preparation for the next day’s activities within the safety of your secure accommodation. Any expectation of a conventional nightlife experience must be completely set aside. The reality is one of caution, security, and a social life that is private, insulated, and a world away from the public sphere.

17) Insider Travel Tips

Traveling to South Sudan is an undertaking for the most seasoned and intrepid individuals, and success hinges on a set of critical insider tips that prioritize safety and logistical realism above all else. The single most important tip is to understand that you are not a tourist. You are a visitor on an expedition to a post-conflict zone. This mindset should govern all your preparations and behavior. This means hiring a professional local fixer and security team is non-negotiable. Do not attempt to travel independently. Your local team is your lifeline for navigating checkpoints, gaining access to communities, and, most importantly, providing real-time security intelligence to keep you safe.

A crucial practical tip is to master the art of the “cool bag.” With daytime temperatures often soaring, and a constant need for hydration, having a good quality insulated cool bag is a game-changer. Stock it with bottled water at every opportunity. This not only ensures you have safe drinking water but also provides a welcome respite from the intense heat. This simple piece of gear can make a huge difference to your physical well-being and comfort in a very harsh environment. Also, pack rehydration salts and any personal medications you might need, as they will be impossible to find locally.

When interacting with the local communities, especially the traditional pastoralist groups, humility and respect are your most valuable currencies. Do not arrive in a village like you are visiting a human zoo. Your guide should make a formal introduction to the village chief or elder first. It is customary and respectful to bring a symbolic gift, such as bags of sorghum, sugar, or salt. These are practical, valuable items that show you come in peace and with respect for their community. Ask for permission before taking any photographs, and be prepared to be refused. A respectful visitor who listens more than they talk will be the one who is truly welcomed.

Finally, the ultimate insider tip is to have multiple, layered contingency plans for everything. Assume your initial plan will fail. Your vehicle will break down. A road will be blocked. A flight will be cancelled. Your backup plan should not be an afterthought; it should be an integral part of your primary plan. This includes having a satellite phone for communication when local networks fail, carrying a large emergency cash fund in US Dollars, having extensive buffer time in your schedule, and trusting the judgment of your local security lead when they say it is time to change plans or evacuate. In South Sudan, flexibility is not just a virtue; it is a survival skill.

18) Etiquette & Customs

Navigating the complex social landscape of South Sudan requires a deep understanding of and respect for the local etiquette and customs of its more than 60 ethnic groups. While each group has its own specific traditions, there are some overarching principles of respect, hierarchy, and community that are vital for any visitor to observe. The most important of these is the profound respect for elders. Age is equated with wisdom and authority, and older individuals should always be greeted first and treated with the utmost deference. In any community setting, the guidance and permission of the village elders are paramount.

Greetings are a fundamental part of social interaction and are never rushed. A simple handshake is a common form of greeting, though be aware of local variations. It is crucial to use only your right hand for shaking hands, giving or receiving items, and eating. The left hand is considered unclean and using it for social purposes is a serious breach of etiquette. When you are a guest, you are expected to be gracious and patient. The concept of time is often fluid, and being demanding or showing impatience is considered very rude.

When visiting traditional communities, particularly the pastoralist cattle camps, it is essential to be accompanied by a trusted local guide who understands the specific protocols. You do not simply walk into a village. Your guide must first seek out the chief or headman to formally announce your arrival, explain your purpose, and ask for permission to be there. It is customary to bring a small, practical gift for the community, which your guide can advise you on. This formal process is a critical sign of respect and is necessary to be welcomed. Once welcomed, you are a guest of the community, and you should act with humility and gratitude.

Photography is a very sensitive issue. Always ask for permission before taking a picture of a person, their home, or their livestock. Cattle are a symbol of wealth and have deep spiritual significance, so photographing them without consent can be seen as a major transgression. If someone declines your request for a photo, you must respect their decision without question. In a country where trust has been shattered by conflict, building it on a personal level through respectful and humble behavior is the only way to have a meaningful and positive interaction.

19) Basic Language Tips

While English is the official language of South Sudan and is used in government and by the educated elite in Juba, the most widely spoken language for everyday communication is Juba Arabic. This is a unique pidgin language based on Arabic but with a much simpler grammar and influences from local languages. It is the true lingua franca of the capital and is understood by many across the country. Learning a few basic phrases in Juba Arabic is the most effective way to connect with people, show respect, and navigate daily interactions. The local population will be incredibly impressed and pleased by any effort a foreigner makes to speak their language.

Greetings are the most important words to learn. The standard greeting is “Salam” or “Salam alek,” which means “Hello” or “Peace be upon you.” The response is “Wa alekum salam.” A more informal way to say hello is “Kef?” which simply means “How?” or “How are you?”. A common response is “Kwayis,” meaning “Good” or “Fine.” Another useful phrase is “Sabah al-khair” for “Good morning” and “Misa al-khair” for “Good evening.” Mastering this simple set of greetings will be invaluable for starting any conversation on a positive note.

Politeness is crucial. The word for “please” is “min fadlak” and “thank you” is “shukran.” If someone thanks you, a polite response is “afwan” (you’re welcome). The words for “yes” and “no” are “ai” and “la,” respectively. If you need to apologize or get someone’s attention, you can say “malish” (sorry/excuse me). These simple courtesies are essential for demonstrating respect in all your interactions, from dealing with officials at a checkpoint to buying something in a market.

For practical situations, a few other phrases are very helpful. To ask “How much is this?”, you can say “Da be kam?”. “Moya” is the word for “water,” a crucial word to know in the hot climate. “Ana mafi Gisim” means “I don’t understand.” While your guide will handle most complex translations, using these basic phrases yourself will build rapport and show that you are an engaged and respectful visitor. The effort will be rewarded with warmer smiles and a more welcoming reception wherever you go.

English	Juba Arabic
Hello	Salam / Salam alek
How are you?	Kef?
I’m fine.	Kwayis
Thank you	Shukran
Please	Min fadlak
You’re welcome	Afwan
Yes	Ai
No	La
Sorry / Excuse me	Malish
What is your name?	Ismak minu?
My name is…	Ismi…
I don’t understand	Ana mafi Gisim
How much is this?	Da be kam?
Water	Moya
Food	Akil
Goodbye	Ma’a salama
Good morning	Sabah al-khair
Good evening	Misa al-khair
White person / Foreigner	Khawaja
Let’s go	Yalla

20) Useful Resources

Planning any form of travel to South Sudan requires consulting a very specific and narrow set of professional and official resources. Standard travel guides and tourism websites are non-existent or dangerously outdated. The security situation is paramount, and therefore, the most important resources are those that provide up-to-date, expert analysis of the risks. The primary and most critical resource for any potential traveler is their home country’s government travel advisory service. The advisories from the U.S. Department of State, the UK’s FCDO, Global Affairs Canada, and the Australian government’s Smartraveller are mandatory reading. These sites provide detailed, current warnings about conflict zones, crime, and health risks, and they all currently advise against all travel to the country.

For a deeper understanding of the ongoing situation, the reports from major international organizations working in the country are invaluable. The websites of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), the World Food Programme (WFP), and major NGOs like Doctors Without Borders (MSF) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) provide regular updates on the humanitarian situation and security incidents. While not geared towards travelers, their reports offer a sober and realistic picture of the challenges on the ground. Think tanks and news analysis sites like the Rift Valley Institute and the Small Arms Survey also provide in-depth reports on the conflict dynamics.

For the very few individuals who travel to South Sudan for specialized purposes, working with a reputable security and logistics provider is the only safe option. These are professional companies with deep experience operating in high-risk environments. They provide everything from armored vehicles and armed security details to logistical support and real-time intelligence. Identifying and vetting such a company is a crucial step that would be undertaken by any organization sending personnel to the country. There are a handful of specialized tour operators who have, in the past, run expeditions to South Sudan, but these trips are high-cost, high-risk, and entirely dependent on the prevailing security climate. Their websites can provide a glimpse into what might be possible under more stable conditions.

Finally, for academic and cultural context, books by journalists and academics who have spent significant time in the region are essential. “A Rope from the Sky” by Zach Vertin provides a detailed account of the country’s birth and subsequent collapse into conflict. “First Raise a Flag” by Peter Martell is another excellent journalistic account. These resources provide the deep background knowledge necessary to understand the complexity of the country. They are not travel guides, but they are essential reading for anyone seeking to comprehend the profound challenges and the resilient spirit of the South Sudanese people.