Travel Guide to Sri Lanka

21) Brief History

Sri Lanka, the teardrop-shaped island hanging off the southern tip of India, boasts a recorded history that spans over three millennia, though evidence of prehistoric human settlements dates back at least 125,000 years. The island’s strategic location along maritime trade routes made it a crucible of cultural and commercial exchange from ancient times. The Sinhalese civilization, whose origins are chronicled in the Mahavamsa, a Pali epic, took root with the arrival of Prince Vijaya from Northern India in the 5th century BC. This event marked the beginning of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, which flourished for over a thousand years, becoming a major center for Theravada Buddhism. The introduction of Buddhism in the 3rd century BC by Mahinda, the son of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, was a pivotal moment, shaping the island’s culture, art, and governance in profound ways. This era witnessed the construction of magnificent stupas and vast irrigation systems, showcasing remarkable engineering prowess.

The island’s history is also marked by periods of conflict and invasion, particularly from South Indian kingdoms. The Chola dynasty, for instance, conquered Anuradhapura in 993 AD and established their rule from Polonnaruwa. However, Sinhalese resistance, led by figures like King Vijayabahu I, eventually led to the restoration of the kingdom. The Polonnaruwa period saw another golden age of Sri Lankan civilization, with impressive architectural and artistic achievements. Following the decline of Polonnaruwa, the capital shifted several times, and the island became fragmented into various kingdoms. This fragmentation made it vulnerable to external powers. The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in 1505, who established control over the coastal areas and introduced Roman Catholicism. Their dominance was later challenged and ultimately replaced by the Dutch in the 17th century, who were primarily interested in the lucrative spice trade.

The British period began in 1796 when they took over the Dutch possessions. By 1815, they had also conquered the last independent Sinhalese kingdom, the Kingdom of Kandy, unifying the island under a single colonial administration for the first time. The British introduced significant changes, establishing a plantation economy based on coffee, tea, and rubber, and introducing a modern education system and infrastructure. The 20th century saw the rise of a powerful independence movement, and on February 4, 1948, the country, then known as Ceylon, was granted independence as a dominion within the British Commonwealth. In 1972, it became a republic and changed its name to Sri Lanka. The post-independence era was marred by ethnic tensions between the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamil communities, which escalated into a devastating civil war that lasted for nearly three decades, from 1983 to 2009. The end of the war has ushered in a new era of peace and reconstruction, as the nation continues to heal and build its future.

22) Geography

Sri Lanka is an island country located in the Indian Ocean, situated to the southeast of the Indian subcontinent. It is separated from the mainland by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar. The island’s total area is approximately 65,610 square kilometers (25,332 square miles), making it comparable in size to West Virginia in the United States or the Republic of Ireland. A notable feature connecting Sri Lanka to India is Adam’s Bridge, a chain of limestone shoals that was once a land bridge. The island is characterized by a diverse topography, which can be broadly divided into three zones based on elevation: the Central Highlands, the plains, and the coastal belt. The coastal belt is a fringe of sandy beaches, lagoons, and marshes that surrounds the island, giving way to a vast plain that covers the majority of the northern half and extends around the southern coast.

The heart of Sri Lanka is its rugged Central Highlands, located in the south-central part of the country. This region is a stunning landscape of mountains, plateaus, valleys, and escarpments. It is home to Sri Lanka’s highest mountains, including Pidurutalagala, the country’s highest peak at 2,524 meters (8,281 feet), and the famous Adam’s Peak (Sri Pada), a conical mountain that is a site of pilgrimage for Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians. The highlands are the source of most of the country’s major rivers, which radiate outwards towards the sea. These rivers have carved deep gorges and created spectacular waterfalls, adding to the scenic beauty of the region. The highlands are also the heart of Sri Lanka’s renowned tea industry, with emerald-green tea plantations blanketing the hillsides.

Sri Lanka’s climate is tropical and characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, largely influenced by two monsoon winds. The southwest monsoon brings rain to the western and southern parts of the island from May to September, while the northeast monsoon brings rain to the eastern and northern regions from December to February. This dual monsoon pattern means that there is always a part of the island that is experiencing good weather, making it a year-round travel destination. Temperatures are relatively stable throughout the year, with the coastal lowlands remaining warm and humid, while the Central Highlands offer a cooler and more temperate climate. This climatic diversity has resulted in a rich variety of ecosystems, from lush rainforests in the wet zone to arid scrublands in the dry zone, supporting a high level of biodiversity.

23) Politics and Government

Sri Lanka is a democratic republic and a unitary state with a semi-presidential system of government. This system is a hybrid that combines elements of both a presidential and a parliamentary system. The executive branch is headed by the President, who is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and holds significant executive power. The President is responsible for appointing the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers from among the members of Parliament. While the President is the head of government, the Prime Minister leads the ruling party in Parliament and shares many executive responsibilities, particularly in domestic affairs. The President is immune from legal proceedings while in office for acts done in either an official or private capacity.

The legislative power of the state is vested in the Parliament of Sri Lanka, a unicameral legislature with 225 members. Members of Parliament are elected through a system of proportional representation for a five-year term. The Parliament has the authority to make laws for the entire country. The President has the power to summon, suspend, or dissolve Parliament, though this power is subject to certain constitutional constraints. The country has a multi-party system, which has historically been dominated by two major political parties: the center-right United National Party (UNP) and the center-left Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP). However, the political landscape has evolved significantly in recent years, with the emergence of new political forces. The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) and the Samagi Jana Balawegaya (SJB) are now major players, and the National People’s Power (NPP), a left-wing alliance, has seen a surge in support.

The judicial branch of the government is independent of the executive and the legislature, a principle that is constitutionally enshrined. The judiciary consists of a hierarchical system of courts, with the Supreme Court being the highest court in the land. The Supreme Court has the ultimate appellate jurisdiction in all criminal and civil cases and also has the power of constitutional review. Below the Supreme Court is the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and various subordinate courts. The President appoints the judges of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal. The political system in Sri Lanka has been shaped by its history, including its colonial past and the long-standing ethnic conflict. The country continues to navigate the complexities of power-sharing and reconciliation, with ongoing debates about constitutional reforms and the balance of power between the different branches of government.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Sri Lanka is a unique and complex tapestry woven from different legal traditions, reflecting the island’s rich and diverse history. It is a hybrid system that incorporates elements of English common law, Roman-Dutch law, and various customary laws, including Kandyan law, Thesavalamai (Tamil customary law), and Muslim law. This amalgamation is a direct result of the country’s colonial past, with the Portuguese, Dutch, and British all leaving their legal imprints. The foundation of the legal system is the Constitution of Sri Lanka, which is the supreme law of the land. The criminal law is fundamentally based on the English common law tradition, a legacy of British rule. In contrast, the general civil law, often referred to as the common law of Sri Lanka, is primarily based on Roman-Dutch law, which was introduced during the Dutch colonial period.

The application of customary laws is specific to certain communities and geographical areas, particularly in matters of personal law such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. Kandyan law applies to the Sinhalese inhabitants of the former Kandyan Kingdom, Thesavalamai applies to the Tamil inhabitants of the Jaffna peninsula, and Muslim law governs the Muslim community. This pluralistic legal framework means that different laws may apply to different individuals depending on their ethnicity and place of residence. The Sri Lankan legal system also adheres to the principle of stare decisis, a common law doctrine where the decisions of higher courts are binding on lower courts. This ensures consistency and predictability in the application of the law.

The criminal justice system in Sri Lanka is administered through a hierarchy of courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court and the final court of appeal. Below it are the Court of Appeal, the High Court, which has jurisdiction over serious criminal offenses, and the Magistrate’s Courts, which handle the majority of criminal cases. The system operates on an adversarial basis, similar to the English system. Law enforcement is primarily the responsibility of the Sri Lanka Police, a national police force. The Attorney-General’s Department is responsible for prosecuting criminal cases on behalf of the state. The legal profession is comprised of Attorneys-at-Law, who are authorized to represent clients in all courts. The country’s legal and criminal justice system has faced challenges, particularly in the context of the long civil war and its aftermath, but it continues to be a cornerstone of the nation’s democratic framework.

25) Foreign Relations

Sri Lanka’s foreign policy is guided by a principle of non-alignment, a legacy of its post-independence leadership, which sought to maintain friendly relations with all nations without taking sides in major power rivalries. This approach has allowed the country to navigate the complexities of international politics and to play an active role in multilateral diplomacy. Sri Lanka is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and continues to be an active participant in the organization. The country is also a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), among other international bodies. Its participation in these organizations allows it to contribute to global and regional discussions on a wide range of issues, from peace and security to economic development and climate change.

Geographically, Sri Lanka’s location in the Indian Ocean has always been of strategic importance, making its relationships with regional powers, particularly India and China, a key focus of its foreign policy. The relationship with India is multifaceted, rooted in deep historical, cultural, and religious ties. India is a major trading partner and a significant source of investment for Sri Lanka. However, the relationship has also been complex, particularly in the context of Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict. In recent years, China has emerged as a major economic partner for Sri Lanka, providing significant financial assistance and investment in large-scale infrastructure projects. This has led to a balancing act for Sri Lanka as it seeks to maintain good relations with both of these regional giants.

Beyond its immediate neighborhood, Sri Lanka has cultivated strong ties with a diverse range of countries and regions, including the United States, the European Union, Japan, and the countries of Southeast Asia. These relationships are driven by a combination of economic, political, and strategic interests. Sri Lanka’s foreign policy also places a strong emphasis on economic diplomacy, with the aim of promoting trade, attracting foreign investment, and boosting tourism. The country has been working to enhance its economic integration with the global economy and has entered into several bilateral and regional trade agreements. As a small island nation vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Sri Lanka is also a vocal advocate for international cooperation to address this global challenge.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of Sri Lanka is organized on a hierarchical basis, with the country being divided into a series of provinces, districts, and local government authorities. The primary level of sub-national administration is the province. Sri Lanka is divided into nine provinces, each with its own Provincial Council. The concept of provinces was first introduced by the British in the 19th century and was later enshrined in the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1987 as part of a move towards devolution of power. The nine provinces are the Western, Central, Southern, Northern, Eastern, North Western, North Central, Uva, and Sabaragamuwa provinces. Each province is headed by a Governor, who is appointed by the President. The Provincial Councils have legislative power over a range of subjects, including education, health, and local government, although the extent of their authority has been a subject of ongoing political debate.

Each province is further subdivided into administrative districts. There are a total of 25 districts in Sri Lanka. Each district is administered by a District Secretary, who is a senior civil servant appointed by the central government. The district administration is responsible for coordinating the activities of various government departments at the district level and for implementing government policies and programs. The districts serve as the key administrative units for a wide range of public services, from law and order to social welfare. The districts are a long-standing feature of Sri Lanka’s administrative landscape, predating the establishment of the provincial councils.

The lowest tier of administration consists of local government authorities. These include Municipal Councils for large urban areas, Urban Councils for smaller towns, and Pradeshiya Sabhas for rural areas. The members of these local authorities are elected by the people and are responsible for providing a range of services to their local communities, such as waste management, maintenance of local roads, and public health services. This system of multi-layered administration allows for a degree of local governance and provides a framework for the delivery of public services across the country. The capital city of Sri Lanka is Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, which is where the Parliament is located, while Colombo serves as the commercial and judicial capital.

27) Economy & Commodities

Sri Lanka’s economy is a developing one that has been transitioning from a predominantly rural, agricultural base to a more urbanized and service-oriented economy. The country has a long history of international trade, dating back to the ancient spice routes. Today, the Sri Lankan economy is a diverse mix of agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The services sector is the largest contributor to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is a major source of employment. Key service industries include tourism, telecommunications, banking, and transportation. Tourism, in particular, has been a significant driver of economic growth, attracting visitors to the island’s beautiful beaches, ancient heritage sites, and lush hill country. The country’s strategic location along major shipping lanes also makes its ports, particularly the Port of Colombo, a vital hub for regional and international trade.

The manufacturing sector is another important pillar of the Sri Lankan economy. The apparel and textile industry is the country’s largest export earner, producing high-quality garments for major international brands. Other significant manufacturing industries include food processing, rubber products, and chemical products. The government has been actively promoting foreign direct investment in the manufacturing sector and has established several export processing zones to attract international companies. The country also has a wealth of natural resources, including gemstones, graphite, and mineral sands, which contribute to the economy through mining and exports.

Agriculture continues to play a significant role in the Sri Lankan economy, particularly in terms of employment. The country is famous for its tea, which is one of its most important agricultural exports. Sri Lanka is one of the world’s largest tea producers, and Ceylon tea is renowned for its quality and flavor. Other important agricultural commodities include rubber, coconuts, and a variety of spices. Rice is the staple food of the country and is widely cultivated for domestic consumption. The fisheries sector is also an important source of food and employment, particularly in coastal communities. In recent years, Sri Lanka has faced significant economic challenges, but the country is working to implement reforms and create a more stable and prosperous economic future.

28) Science and Technology

Sri Lanka has a long and rich history of scientific and technological innovation, dating back to the ancient hydraulic civilizations that built sophisticated irrigation systems. Today, the country is committed to harnessing science and technology for its national development and has been making steady progress in various fields. The government has identified science, technology, and innovation as key drivers of economic growth and has been investing in research and development (R&D) and human capital development. Several government institutions are at the forefront of scientific research in Sri Lanka, including the National Science Foundation, which promotes and funds research across various disciplines, and the Industrial Technology Institute, which provides technical services to industry.

The information and communication technology (ICT) sector has been a particularly bright spot in Sri Lanka’s technological landscape. The country has a thriving IT industry that provides a range of services, from software development to business process outsourcing (BPO). The government has actively promoted the growth of the ICT sector through various initiatives, including the development of IT parks and the provision of tax incentives. The country has a high literacy rate and a skilled workforce, which has made it an attractive destination for foreign investment in the IT sector. The increasing availability of high-speed internet and the widespread use of mobile technology are also driving the digital transformation of the economy and society.

In addition to ICT, Sri Lanka is also making advances in other areas of science and technology. The country has a strong tradition of agricultural research, with institutions like the Tea Research Institute and the Rubber Research Institute working to improve crop yields and develop new varieties. There is also a growing focus on nanotechnology, with the Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC) leading the way in this emerging field. The healthcare sector is also embracing technology, with the adoption of e-health initiatives and the development of new medical technologies. As Sri Lanka continues to invest in science and technology, it is well-positioned to become a knowledge-based economy and a hub for innovation in the region.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape of Sri Lanka is profoundly shaped by its deep-rooted connection to Theravada Buddhism, which has been the predominant religion and a guiding force for the majority of its people for over two millennia. Introduced to the island in the 3rd century BCE, Buddhism is not merely a religion but a comprehensive philosophy that permeates every aspect of Sri Lankan culture, art, ethics, and social structure. The core tenets of Theravada Buddhism, as preserved in the Pali Canon, emphasize the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path as the way to end suffering (Dukkha) and attain Nirvana. This philosophical framework encourages concepts such as mindfulness (sati), wisdom (panna), and ethical conduct (sila). The emphasis on non-violence, compassion (karuna), and loving-kindness (metta) has cultivated a societal ethos that, at its best, values peace and harmony.

The monastic tradition has been central to the preservation and dissemination of Buddhist philosophy in Sri Lanka. Ancient monastic centers of learning, such as the Mahavihara in Anuradhapura, were renowned throughout the Buddhist world for their scholarly pursuits and the purity of their doctrinal interpretation. These institutions played a crucial role in documenting the teachings of the Buddha and producing a vast body of philosophical literature. The concept of Karma, the law of cause and effect, is a fundamental belief that influences the moral outlook of many Sri Lankans. It posits that wholesome actions lead to positive outcomes, while unwholesome actions result in negative consequences, both in this life and in future lives. This belief system provides a moral compass and a sense of personal responsibility for one’s actions.

While Buddhism is the dominant philosophical influence, Sri Lanka is a multicultural society with a significant presence of other religions and belief systems, each contributing to the nation’s philosophical diversity. Hinduism, particularly Shaivism, has a long history on the island, especially among the Tamil community. Hindu philosophy, with its concepts of Dharma, Karma, and Moksha, shares some common ground with Buddhist thought but also has its own distinct traditions and practices. Islam and Christianity, introduced later in the island’s history, also have their own rich philosophical and theological traditions that have influenced their respective communities. This co-existence of different philosophical and religious traditions has created a complex and dynamic cultural environment, where ideas and beliefs have often interacted and influenced one another over the centuries.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Understanding and respecting local customs is key to a rewarding travel experience in Sri Lanka, a country with a rich cultural heritage and deeply ingrained social norms. Politeness, modesty, and respect for elders are cornerstones of Sri Lankan etiquette. The traditional greeting is “Ayubowan,” which means “may you live long.” This is often accompanied by placing the palms together in a prayer-like gesture and giving a slight bow of the head. While a handshake is common in business settings and among younger generations, it is best to wait for a woman to extend her hand first if you are a man. When addressing people, especially those older than you, it is polite to use titles like “Mr.” or “Mrs.” followed by their surname. Using “uncle” or “aunty” as a term of respect for elders, even if they are not related to you, is also a common practice.

Modesty in dress is highly valued, particularly when visiting religious sites or in rural areas. It is advisable for both men and women to wear clothing that covers their shoulders and knees. Carrying a sarong or a shawl is a practical way to ensure you are appropriately dressed for impromptu visits to temples. Before entering a temple or a private home, it is customary to remove your shoes and any headwear. When inside a Buddhist temple, be mindful not to turn your back on a Buddha statue and avoid taking photos with your back to the statue, as this is considered disrespectful. Pointing your feet at a person or a religious icon is also considered rude. Public displays of affection are generally frowned upon and should be avoided.

When it comes to dining, Sri Lankans traditionally eat with their right hand. While cutlery is usually available in restaurants, trying to eat with your hand can be an enjoyable cultural experience. Remember to use only your right hand for eating and for passing or receiving items, as the left hand is traditionally considered unclean. Hospitality is a significant part of Sri Lankan culture, and you may be invited into someone’s home. If so, it is a genuine honor. Bringing a small gift, such as sweets or fruit, is a thoughtful gesture. By being observant and mindful of these cultural nuances, you can show your respect for the local traditions and enjoy a more authentic and enriching journey through this beautiful island nation.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sport is a passion that runs deep in the veins of Sri Lankan society, and nothing captures the nation’s heart quite like cricket. It is more than just a game; it is a unifying force that brings people from all walks of life together. From the bustling streets of Colombo to the smallest rural villages, you will find children and adults alike playing cricket with makeshift bats and balls. The Sri Lankan national cricket team, affectionately known as “The Lions,” has achieved remarkable success on the international stage, most notably winning the Cricket World Cup in 1996. This victory was a moment of immense national pride and has inspired generations of young Sri Lankans to take up the sport. Attending a cricket match in Sri Lanka is an electrifying experience, with passionate crowds, vibrant music, and a festive atmosphere.

While cricket reigns supreme, a variety of other sports are also popular in Sri Lanka. Volleyball is considered the national sport and is widely played in schools and communities across the country. Rugby is another sport with a strong following, particularly in the major cities and among certain schools. The national rugby team competes in regional tournaments, and club rugby matches draw enthusiastic crowds. Netball is a popular sport among women and girls, and the Sri Lankan national netball team has been a dominant force in the Asian region. Athletics also has a proud history in Sri Lanka, with the country producing several notable track and field athletes who have excelled at the international level.

With its stunning coastline and diverse landscapes, Sri Lanka offers a wealth of opportunities for recreation and outdoor activities. The warm waters of the Indian Ocean are perfect for a wide range of water sports, including surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, and diving. The southern and eastern coasts have some excellent surf breaks that attract surfers from around the world. The coral reefs off the coast are teeming with marine life, making Sri Lanka a fantastic destination for snorkeling and diving. For those who prefer to stay on land, there are numerous opportunities for hiking and trekking in the scenic Central Highlands, with trails winding through lush tea plantations, misty mountains, and dense forests. The country’s national parks, such as Yala and Wilpattu, offer incredible wildlife viewing opportunities, with the chance to see elephants, leopards, and a vast array of bird species.

32) Environmental Concerns

Sri Lanka, an island nation celebrated for its extraordinary biodiversity and stunning natural landscapes, is facing a host of pressing environmental challenges that threaten its precious natural heritage. Deforestation has been a significant issue for decades, driven by the expansion of agriculture, infrastructure development, and illegal logging. The clearing of forests has led to soil erosion, the degradation of water catchments, and a loss of habitat for the country’s diverse wildlife. This is particularly concerning as Sri Lanka is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot, with a high number of endemic species of plants and animals that are found nowhere else on Earth. The government and various conservation organizations are working to protect the remaining forests through the establishment of national parks and protected areas, as well as through reforestation and community-based conservation programs.

Human-wildlife conflict is another major environmental concern, particularly the conflict between humans and elephants. As human populations expand and agricultural lands encroach on elephant habitats, conflicts over resources have become more frequent and intense. This has led to crop raiding by elephants and, tragically, to deaths on both sides. Finding sustainable solutions to this conflict that protect both human lives and the elephant population is a critical conservation priority. The country’s rich marine and coastal ecosystems are also under threat. Coral reefs are being degraded by pollution, destructive fishing practices, and the impacts of climate change, such as coral bleaching. Mangrove forests, which provide vital coastal protection and serve as nurseries for fish, are being cleared for development.

As a small island nation, Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Rising sea levels pose a significant threat to its low-lying coastal areas, where a large portion of the population and economic activity is concentrated. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, are also having a major impact on agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods. Addressing these environmental challenges requires a concerted effort from the government, the private sector, and civil society. Promoting sustainable land and water management, investing in renewable energy, and raising public awareness are all crucial steps in safeguarding Sri Lanka’s unique natural environment for future generations.

33) Marriage & Courtship

In Sri Lanka, marriage is a deeply significant social and cultural institution, often seen as the union of two families rather than just two individuals. Traditional values and customs continue to play a vital role in courtship and marriage, although modern influences are also becoming more prevalent, particularly in urban areas. Arranged marriages, where families take the lead in finding a suitable partner for their children, are still common. In this process, factors such as caste, social status, and astrological compatibility are often taken into consideration. The matching of horoscopes is a particularly important aspect of the pre-marriage process for many families, as it is believed to determine the future success and happiness of the couple. The courtship period, even in arranged marriages, allows the prospective bride and groom to get to know each other, usually under the supervision of their families.

The wedding ceremony itself is a vibrant and elaborate affair, rich in tradition and symbolism. There are two main types of traditional wedding ceremonies in Sri Lanka: the Kandyan ceremony, which is prevalent in the hill country, and the Western-style ceremony, which is common in the coastal areas. The Kandyan wedding is a particularly colorful and spectacular event, with the bride and groom dressed in elaborate traditional attire. The ceremony, known as the “Poruwa,” takes place on a beautifully decorated wooden platform and involves a series of rituals performed by a master of ceremonies. These rituals, which include the tying of the couple’s little fingers with a golden thread and the pouring of water over their hands, symbolize the union of the couple and the blessings of their families and the gods. The ceremony is followed by a grand reception with food, music, and dancing, celebrating the new union with family and friends.

34) Work Opportunities

The employment landscape in Sri Lanka is diverse, with opportunities spanning across the agriculture, industry, and services sectors. The services sector has emerged as the largest contributor to the country’s economy and is a major source of employment. This sector encompasses a wide range of industries, including tourism and hospitality, information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO), banking and finance, and wholesale and retail trade. The tourism industry, in particular, has been a key driver of job creation, offering opportunities in hotels, resorts, travel agencies, and tour operations. The IT and BPO sector is another area of significant growth, with Sri Lanka becoming an increasingly attractive destination for international companies due to its skilled workforce and competitive costs.

The industrial sector, particularly the manufacturing industry, is another important source of employment. The apparel and textile industry is the country’s largest manufacturing sub-sector and a major export earner, providing jobs for a large number of people, especially women. Other manufacturing industries include food processing, rubber products, and light engineering. The government has been actively promoting industrial development and has established several industrial parks and export processing zones to attract both local and foreign investment. The construction sector has also been a significant source of employment, driven by both public infrastructure projects and private sector development.

Agriculture continues to be a vital sector for the Sri Lankan economy, providing livelihoods for a substantial portion of the rural population. The cultivation of tea, rubber, and coconuts are major sources of employment, particularly in the plantation sector. Rice cultivation is the main agricultural activity for domestic consumption. While the agriculture sector’s contribution to GDP has declined over the years, it remains a critical component of the rural economy. For foreigners seeking work opportunities in Sri Lanka, the most promising sectors are typically those that require specialized skills and expertise, such as IT, engineering, and senior management roles in the tourism and hospitality industry. A work visa is required for all foreign nationals seeking employment in Sri Lanka.

35) Education

Sri Lanka boasts a long and proud history of education, with a system that has achieved one of the highest literacy rates in the developing world. The country provides free education from primary school to the university level, a policy that has been a cornerstone of its social development since independence. The education system is largely state-funded and is overseen by the Ministry of Education. The system is structured into several levels: primary, junior secondary, senior secondary, and tertiary education. The language of instruction is primarily Sinhala or Tamil, the two official languages, with English being taught as a second language from an early age and also used as a medium of instruction in some schools and universities.

The formal education system begins with primary schooling, which is for five years. This is followed by junior secondary education for four years and senior secondary education for two years. At the end of senior secondary school, students sit for the General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Level examination, which is a highly competitive examination that determines eligibility for university entrance. The school system is a mix of government schools, private schools, and international schools. In addition to the formal school system, there is also a network of “pirivenas,” which are monastic colleges for the education of Buddhist monks, that also provide education to lay students.

Tertiary education in Sri Lanka is provided by a number of state universities, which offer a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs. The University of Colombo, the University of Peradeniya, and the University of Moratuwa are among the leading universities in the country. In addition to the state universities, there are also a number of private higher education institutions that offer degree programs in partnership with foreign universities. The government is also placing a strong emphasis on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) to equip the youth with the skills needed for the job market. The education system in Sri Lanka has played a crucial role in the country’s development and continues to be a key priority for the government.

36) Communication & Connectivity

Sri Lanka has a well-developed and modern communication and connectivity infrastructure, which has seen rapid growth and modernization in recent years. The telecommunications sector is one of the most liberalized in South Asia, with a high level of competition among service providers. This has resulted in affordable and widely accessible communication services for the population. The country has a high mobile phone penetration rate, with several mobile network operators offering a range of services, including voice calls, text messaging, and mobile data. The mobile networks provide extensive coverage across the island, including in most rural areas. The introduction of 3G, 4G, and now 5G technology has brought high-speed mobile internet to a large portion of the population, enabling a wide range of digital services.

In addition to mobile communications, Sri Lanka also has a robust fixed-line telephone network, although its use has been declining with the increasing popularity of mobile phones. The country is well-connected to the global internet through multiple submarine fiber optic cables, which provide high-speed and reliable internet connectivity. There are several internet service providers (ISPs) in the country, offering a variety of internet packages to both residential and business customers. The availability of high-speed internet has been a key driver of the growth of the country’s IT and BPO industries and has facilitated the digital transformation of various sectors of the economy.

The government of Sri Lanka has been actively promoting the development of the country’s digital infrastructure and the adoption of digital technologies. Various initiatives have been launched to improve digital literacy and to provide access to technology in rural areas. The postal service in Sri Lanka is also well-established, with a network of post offices across the country providing a range of postal and financial services. The media landscape in Sri Lanka is diverse, with a large number of newspapers, radio stations, and television channels operating in Sinhala, Tamil, and English. The combination of modern telecommunications, widespread internet access, and a vibrant media sector ensures that Sri Lankans are well-connected and well-informed.

37) National Symbols

Sri Lanka’s national symbols are a powerful representation of the country’s rich history, diverse culture, and abundant natural heritage. They embody the identity and spirit of the nation and are a source of great pride for its people.

Symbol Type	Symbol and Description
National Flag	The Lion Flag (Sinha Kodiya): It features a gold lion passant, holding a sword in its right fore paw, in a maroon background with four golden bo leaves in each corner. The flag also has two vertical stripes of green and saffron to the left of the lion, representing the Muslim and Tamil minorities respectively. The maroon background represents the Sinhalese majority, the lion symbolizes bravery, and the bo leaves represent the four Buddhist virtues.
National Emblem	The emblem features a golden lion holding a sword, surrounded by petals of a blue lotus flower. At the base is a traditional grain vase (punkalasa) with sheaves of rice, flanked by the sun and moon. At the crest is the Dharmachakra, representing Buddhism and the just rule.
National Anthem	“Sri Lanka Matha” (Mother Sri Lanka): Composed by Ananda Samarakoon, the anthem is a tribute to the nation, celebrating its beauty, freedom, and unity. It is sung in both Sinhala and Tamil.
National Flower (Flora)	Blue Water Lily (Nil Manel – Nymphaea nouchali): Declared the national flower in 1986, this beautiful aquatic flower is found in shallow waters throughout the island. It symbolizes truth, purity, and discipline.
National Tree (Flora)	Ironwood (Na Tree – Mesua ferrea): A native tree known for its beautiful flowers and durable wood. It is often associated with Buddhism and is a symbol of strength and protection.
National Bird (Fauna)	Sri Lanka Junglefowl (Wali Kukula – Gallus lafayettii): A colorful ground bird endemic to Sri Lanka, meaning it is found nowhere else in the world. It is a common sight in the country’s forests and scrublands.
National Butterfly (Fauna)	Sri Lankan Birdwing (Troides darsius): A large and spectacular butterfly endemic to Sri Lanka, known for its striking black and yellow wings.
National Gemstone	Blue Sapphire: Sri Lanka is famous for its high-quality gemstones, and the blue sapphire is considered the national gem. It is a symbol of the country’s natural wealth and beauty.
Cultural Symbol	The Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic): Located in Kandy, this temple houses the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha and is the most revered Buddhist site in Sri Lanka, symbolizing the country’s deep Buddhist heritage.
Cultural Symbol	Sigiriya Rock Fortress: An ancient rock fortress and palace built by King Kashyapa. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a symbol of Sri Lanka’s rich history and architectural ingenuity.

38) Tourism

Tourism is a cornerstone of the Sri Lankan economy and a vibrant sector that showcases the island’s incredible diversity of attractions. Aptly nicknamed the “Pearl of the Indian Ocean,” Sri Lanka offers a compelling mix of pristine beaches, lush green landscapes, ancient history, and rich cultural experiences, all within a relatively compact area. The country’s coastline is a major draw, with palm-fringed golden beaches stretching for miles. The southern coast is famous for its beautiful bays and resort towns like Galle, Mirissa, and Unawatuna, which are popular for sunbathing, swimming, and surfing. The eastern coast, with its calmer waters, is ideal for diving and snorkeling, particularly around Trincomalee and Pasikudah. Whale and dolphin watching expeditions are also a popular activity, offering the chance to see these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat.

Beyond its stunning coastline, Sri Lanka’s interior is a treasure trove of historical and cultural wonders. The country’s “Cultural Triangle,” located in the heart of the island, is home to several UNESCO World Heritage sites, including the ancient cities of Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, with their magnificent stupas and ruins, and the spectacular rock fortress of Sigiriya. The sacred city of Kandy, nestled in the hills, is another cultural hub, home to the revered Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic. The Central Highlands offer a completely different landscape of misty mountains, cascading waterfalls, and verdant tea plantations. Visitors can take a scenic train ride through the hill country, hike to breathtaking viewpoints, and visit a tea factory to learn about the process of making Ceylon tea. Sri Lanka’s national parks, such as Yala, Wilpattu, and Udawalawe, provide incredible opportunities for wildlife safaris, with the chance to see elephants, leopards, sloth bears, and a vast array of bird species.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Visitors to Sri Lanka are required to have a valid visa to enter the country. For tourists, the most common and convenient way to obtain a visa is through the Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) system. The ETA is an official authorization for a short visit to Sri Lanka and is issued electronically. Citizens of most countries are eligible to apply for an ETA online before their arrival. The application process is simple and straightforward and can be completed through the official ETA website. It is advisable to apply for the ETA a few days before your planned travel dates. Once the ETA is approved, it is valid for 30 days from the date of arrival in Sri Lanka.

To apply for an ETA, you will need a passport that is valid for at least six months from the date of your intended arrival in Sri Lanka. You will also need to have a confirmed return ticket and sufficient funds to cover your expenses during your stay. Upon arrival at the port of entry in Sri Lanka, you will need to present your passport, a copy of your ETA approval, your return ticket, and proof of funds to the immigration officers. It is important to note that the ETA is for tourist purposes only and does not permit any form of employment, whether paid or unpaid.

For those who are unable to apply for an ETA online or for those who require a visa for purposes other than tourism, such as business or study, it is necessary to apply for a visa through a Sri Lankan embassy or consulate in your country of residence. The requirements and procedures for these types of visas can vary, so it is important to check with the relevant diplomatic mission well in advance of your travel. It is always recommended to check the latest visa regulations and entry requirements before you travel, as they can be subject to change. The official website of the Department of Immigration and Emigration of Sri Lanka is the best source for the most up-to-date information.

40) Useful Resources

• Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau – The official government website for tourism, offering comprehensive information on destinations, attractions, and travel planning.
• Electronic Travel Authorization (ETA) System – The official portal for applying for an online tourist visa to Sri Lanka.
• Parliament of Sri Lanka – The official website of the Sri Lankan Parliament, providing information on legislation and government.
• Central Bank of Sri Lanka – Provides economic data, currency information, and financial news.
• Daily Mirror – One of Sri Lanka’s leading English-language daily newspapers.

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