🇸🇿 Eswatini (Swaziland) Travel Guide

21) Brief History

The Kingdom of Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, possesses a rich and deeply rooted history centered on the resilience and cultural identity of the Swazi nation. Archaeological evidence suggests that the region has been inhabited for over 100,000 years, but the modern Swazi identity began to form in the late 15th century. Various clans of Nguni-speaking people migrated south from Central Africa, eventually settling in the area of present-day Mozambique. In the mid-18th century, under the leadership of King Ngwane III, these clans moved into the lands that would become Eswatini, establishing the foundations of the nation. It was his successor, King Sobhuza I, who truly consolidated the kingdom in the early 19th century. Faced with the threat of the powerful Zulu kingdom under Shaka, Sobhuza I skillfully led his people into the defensible, mountainous terrain of central Eswatini, successfully uniting various clans and avoiding conquest. He established his capital at Zombodze and is revered as the father of the Swazi nation.

The 19th century was a period of significant challenge and strategic diplomacy. Under the long and prosperous reign of King Mswati II, from whom the Swazi people derive their name, the kingdom expanded its territory and influence. However, this era also saw the arrival of European settlers, traders, and missionaries, leading to increasing pressure on Swazi land. Mswati II and his successors granted numerous land, mining, and grazing concessions, often without fully understanding the permanent nature of these agreements in the eyes of the Europeans. This ultimately led to a chaotic situation where much of the kingdom’s land was controlled by foreign interests. By the late 19th century, following the Anglo-Boer Wars, both the British and the Boer republics of South Africa vied for control over the territory. In 1903, after the Second Boer War, Swaziland officially became a British High Commission Territory, administered under a British protectorate, although the Swazi monarchy was retained.

The 20th century was defined by the struggle to regain sovereignty and land. King Sobhuza II, who was crowned in 1921 and would go on to become the longest-reigning monarch in recorded history, dedicated his life to this cause. He skillfully navigated the complexities of colonial administration, petitioning the British Crown and advocating for the rights of his people. His efforts culminated on September 6, 1968, when Swaziland achieved full independence from Britain. In 1973, Sobhuza II repealed the British-style constitution, arguing it was unsuited to the Swazi way of life, and re-established the kingdom as an absolute monarchy. Following his death in 1982, his son, King Mswati III, ascended to the throne. In 2018, to mark the 50th anniversary of independence, King Mswati III announced the official renaming of the country from Swaziland to the Kingdom of Eswatini, meaning “land of the Swazis,” restoring its pre-colonial name and reinforcing its unique cultural and historical identity.

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22) Geography

The Kingdom of Eswatini, despite being one of the smallest countries in Africa, boasts a remarkably diverse and dramatic geography. Often described as a “microcosm of Africa,” its landscape transitions across four distinct topographical regions within a relatively short distance, creating a stunning variety of scenery and ecosystems. The westernmost region is the Highveld, a mountainous belt of land with an average altitude of around 1,200 meters. This region is an extension of the Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa and is characterized by rugged peaks, deep river gorges, and cascading waterfalls. The climate here is temperate and humid, with cool winters and warm, wet summers, making it ideal for forestry, with vast pine and eucalyptus plantations covering many of its slopes. The country’s capital city, Mbabane, is located in the Highveld, and this region is also home to significant natural landmarks like the towering Sibebe Rock, the world’s second-largest monolith.

Moving eastward from the Highveld, the terrain descends into the Middleveld, a region of rolling hills and fertile valleys with an average elevation of about 600 meters. This area is considered the heartland of Eswatini, supporting the majority of the country’s population and agricultural activity. The climate is subtropical, with warmer temperatures and less rainfall than the Highveld, creating perfect conditions for cultivating crops such as maize, cotton, tobacco, and citrus fruits. The country’s economic hub, Manzini, and the traditional royal capital at Lobamba are both situated in this fertile region. The Great Usutu River, Eswatini’s largest river, flows through the Middleveld, providing a vital water source for irrigation and supporting lush, riverine habitats.

Further east, the landscape flattens out into the Lowveld, a hot and arid bushland region with an average altitude of just 250 meters. This area is characterized by classic African savanna, with thorny acacia trees, grasslands, and a distinctly subtropical to tropical climate. The Lowveld experiences the highest temperatures in the country and is prone to drought, but it is also a vital region for large-scale commercial agriculture, particularly sugarcane and cattle ranching, which thrive under extensive irrigation. This region is also the heart of Eswatini’s wildlife tourism, with major game reserves like Hlane Royal National Park and Mkhaya Game Reserve located here, providing sanctuary for iconic African species such as elephants, lions, rhinos, and a rich variety of birdlife. The easternmost border of Eswatini is defined by the Lubombo Mountains, a narrow volcanic ridge that rises steeply from the Lowveld and forms a natural barrier with Mozambique. This plateau offers spectacular views and a cooler climate, with a unique ecosystem that supports rare plant and animal species.

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23) Politics and Government

The Kingdom of Eswatini possesses a unique and deeply traditional political structure, standing as Africa’s last remaining absolute monarchy. The system of government is fundamentally different from the multi-party democracies common elsewhere, vesting supreme executive, legislative, and judicial power in the hands of the monarch, the Ngwenyama (King). The current head of state is King Mswati III, who has reigned since 1986. The King rules in conjunction with the Ndlovukazi, the Queen Mother, who is seen as the spiritual head of the nation. This dual monarchy is a cornerstone of Swazi political culture, with the King representing the temporal power and the Queen Mother embodying the nation’s traditions and spiritual well-being. The King’s authority is comprehensive; he appoints the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers, summons and dissolves parliament, assents to legislation, and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. His decisions are considered final and are deeply intertwined with Swazi law and custom.

The legislative branch of government consists of a bicameral Parliament, but its role is primarily advisory to the King rather than acting as an independent legislative authority. The Parliament is composed of the House of Assembly and the Senate. The House of Assembly has up to 79 members. Of these, 59 are elected through a unique, non-partisan electoral system known as the Tinkhundla system. In this process, candidates are nominated at the local chiefdom level and then compete in primary and secondary elections as individuals, not as representatives of political parties. The remaining members of the House of Assembly are appointed directly by the King. The Senate has up to 30 members, with the King appointing 20 senators and the House of Assembly electing the other 10. This structure ensures that the King maintains significant control over the legislative process.

The Tinkhundla system of governance is presented as a traditional, community-based form of democracy that aligns with Swazi culture. It is based on a network of traditional local communities (Tinkhundla), which serve as electoral and administrative centers. Proponents of this system argue that it promotes unity and allows for representation based on individual merit rather than divisive party politics. However, the system has faced significant criticism both domestically and internationally. Political parties have been banned from participating in elections since 1973, and calls for democratic reform, a multi-party system, and a constitutional monarchy have grown in recent years. This has led to periods of political tension and pro-democracy protests, highlighting the ongoing debate between the preservation of a unique traditional system and the demand for greater political freedoms and democratic participation in the 21st century.

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24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal framework of the Kingdom of Eswatini is a fascinating and complex dual system, reflecting the country’s unique position at the intersection of Western and traditional African legal principles. This dualism means that two distinct legal systems operate in parallel: the Roman-Dutch common law, inherited from the period of British colonial administration and influenced by South African jurisprudence, and Swazi customary law (also known as Swazi Law and Custom). The 2005 Constitution of Eswatini formally recognizes both systems. The Roman-Dutch law governs most civil and criminal matters in the formal court system and is based on written statutes and judicial precedent. This is the system applied in the magistrates’ courts, the High Court, and the Supreme Court, dealing with issues from commercial disputes to serious criminal offenses like murder and robbery.

Alongside the formal courts, Swazi customary law plays a profound and integral role in the lives of most emaSwati. This unwritten legal system is derived from long-standing traditions and practices of the Swazi people and is administered through a hierarchy of traditional courts. These include local chiefs’ courts, regional Swazi Courts, and the highest traditional court, the King’s Court. Swazi customary law primarily governs matters related to family law, marriage, inheritance, and minor civil disputes and offenses within traditional communities. Its emphasis is often on reconciliation and restoring social harmony rather than punitive justice. The King, as the Ngwenyama, is the ultimate judicial authority in the customary law system, and its principles are deeply intertwined with the nation’s cultural fabric. The coexistence of these two systems can sometimes create legal complexities and jurisdictional challenges, particularly in cases where they overlap, such as in matters of inheritance or marital disputes.

Law enforcement in Eswatini is primarily the responsibility of the Royal Eswatini Police Service (REPS), which handles criminal investigation, traffic control, and the maintenance of public order. The criminal justice system operates under the framework of the Roman-Dutch law, with the Director of Public Prosecutions responsible for bringing criminal charges against individuals. The country’s judiciary, while constitutionally independent, operates under the significant influence of the King, who is responsible for appointing all senior judges, including those of the High Court and the Supreme Court. The correctional services manage the country’s prisons. The system faces numerous challenges, including a backlog of cases, limited resources, and ongoing debates about the alignment of the justice system with international human rights standards, particularly concerning political freedoms and the functioning of the dual legal structure in a modern context.

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25) Foreign Relations

The foreign policy of the Kingdom of Eswatini is largely shaped by its geographical position as a landlocked nation, its economic dependencies, and its commitment to maintaining sovereignty through a pragmatic and generally non-confrontational approach to international diplomacy. As a small nation, Eswatini’s primary foreign policy objective is to foster peace, security, and economic development through stable and friendly relations with other countries and active participation in regional and international organizations. The kingdom maintains diplomatic missions in key partner countries and is a member of the United Nations (UN), the African Union (AU), the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Within these multilateral forums, Eswatini typically aligns with the consensus of the African Group and advocates for peaceful conflict resolution and international cooperation.

The most crucial bilateral relationship for Eswatini is unquestionably with its neighbor, the Republic of South Africa. South Africa almost completely surrounds Eswatini and is its most significant economic partner by a vast margin. The Swazi economy is deeply integrated with South Africa’s; the local currency, the Lilangeni, is pegged to the South African Rand, and the country is a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which is dominated by South Africa. The vast majority of Eswatini’s imports come from or through South Africa, and it is also a major destination for Swazi exports. This profound economic dependence necessitates a close and cooperative political relationship, and the two nations work together on a range of issues, including trade, security, and infrastructure. The relationship with Mozambique, its other bordering neighbor, is also important, particularly concerning trade through the port of Maputo.

Beyond its immediate region, Eswatini has cultivated relationships with various global partners. It maintains historically strong ties with the United Kingdom, its former colonial administrator, and other European nations. The United States is another significant partner, providing development aid, particularly in the health sector to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In recent decades, Eswatini has been notable for being one of the few countries in Africa to maintain full diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) instead of the People’s Republic of China. This has resulted in substantial economic and technical assistance from Taiwan. However, the kingdom’s political system, an absolute monarchy, has at times been a point of contention in its relations with Western democracies that advocate for greater political reform and adherence to democratic principles. Eswatini’s foreign policy is thus a careful balancing act, aimed at securing economic benefits and international support while preserving its unique political and cultural system.

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26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Kingdom of Eswatini is a unique blend of modern governance and deep-seated traditional systems. The country is divided into four main administrative regions, each named after its principal city. These four regions are Hhohho in the northwest, which includes the national capital Mbabane; Manzini in the central-west, home to the country’s largest urban center and economic hub, Manzini; Shiselweni in the south; and Lubombo in the east, which is characterized by the Lubombo mountain range and the vast sugar and citrus estates of the Lowveld. Each region is headed by a Regional Administrator, who is a political appointee tasked with overseeing the functions of the central government at a regional level. These regional headquarters serve as the local base for various government ministries and departments, providing services to the citizens within their jurisdiction.

Underneath this regional structure lies the core of Eswatini’s political and administrative organization: the Tinkhundla system. The country is further subdivided into 59 Tinkhundla, which are essentially local administrative centers or constituencies. These Tinkhundla are not based on modern geopolitical boundaries but are rooted in traditional communities and allegiances to local chiefs. This system is presented as a form of decentralized, community-based governance that is in harmony with Swazi culture. Each Inkhundla (the singular of Tinkhundla) is composed of several chiefdoms (umphakatsi) and is led by an elected official known as the Inkhosana, who sits in the House of Assembly. The Tinkhundla centers are the focal point for local development projects, community meetings, and the electoral process, serving as the link between the central government and the rural population at the grassroots level.

The most fundamental level of administration is the chiefdom (umphakatsi), which is the traditional community unit. Each chiefdom is led by a hereditary Chief (Sikhulu), who holds significant authority over local matters in accordance with Swazi law and custom. The Chief is responsible for allocating communal land, resolving local disputes in traditional courts, and acting as the custodian of the community’s cultural heritage. The chiefs are representatives of the King at the local level and play a crucial role in the daily lives of most emaSwati, particularly in rural areas. This intricate, three-tiered system—comprising the four regions for state administration, the 59 Tinkhundla for political representation and local development, and the numerous chiefdoms for traditional governance—defines the unique administrative landscape of the kingdom, weaving together modern bureaucracy with centuries-old traditions of Swazi rule.

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27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of the Kingdom of Eswatini is best described as a lower-middle-income economy that is heavily reliant on agriculture and closely tied to the economic fortunes of its neighbor, South Africa. The country’s economic structure is characterized by a significant disparity between a relatively sophisticated formal sector, dominated by large-scale commercial agriculture and manufacturing, and a large subsistence agricultural sector where the majority of the population lives. Eswatini’s membership in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) is a cornerstone of its economy, as the revenues derived from this customs-sharing arrangement typically account for a substantial portion of the government’s total income. Furthermore, the local currency, the Lilangeni, is pegged at par to the South African Rand, which provides monetary stability but also means that Eswatini’s monetary policy is effectively dictated by the South African Reserve Bank.

Agriculture forms the backbone of the Swazi economy, providing employment for a large percentage of the population. The most important commodity by far is sugarcane. Vast, irrigated sugarcane plantations cover much of the Lowveld region, and sugar and sugar-derived products are the country’s primary export earners. The Royal Eswatini Sugar Corporation (RESC) is a major player in the industry and a significant employer. Other important commercial crops include citrus fruits, particularly grapefruit and oranges, which are also exported, and wood pulp from the extensive pine forests in the Highveld. The manufacturing sector is another key component of the economy, with a focus on processing agricultural products. This includes sugar refining, fruit canning, and the production of textiles and apparel. The textile industry, in particular, has benefited from trade agreements that provide preferential access to international markets, although it remains vulnerable to global competition.

Despite these strengths, the Eswatini economy faces significant structural challenges. It suffers from high rates of unemployment and poverty, as well as one of the world’s most severe HIV/AIDS epidemics, which has had a devastating impact on its workforce and society. The economy’s heavy reliance on a few key commodities, particularly sugar, makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in global prices and changes in trade agreements. The land tenure system, where much of the land is held in trust by the King and allocated by chiefs for subsistence farming, can be a barrier to investment and productivity in the traditional agricultural sector. To foster long-term growth and improve living standards, Eswatini needs to focus on diversifying its economy, creating more private-sector jobs, improving the business climate to attract further investment, and addressing its pressing social and health challenges.

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28) Science and Technology

The landscape of science and technology in the Kingdom of Eswatini is one of a developing nation striving to build capacity and leverage modern innovations to address its pressing economic and social challenges. The country’s progress in this area is nascent but growing, with a focus on practical applications in key sectors like agriculture, health, and education, rather than on fundamental research. The government, through bodies like the Royal Science and Technology Park (RSTP), has signaled its commitment to fostering an environment conducive to technological growth and innovation. The RSTP aims to serve as a hub for technology-based businesses, providing infrastructure, support, and training to nurture local talent and attract foreign investment in the tech sector. Its goals include promoting research and development, facilitating technology transfer, and creating a knowledge-based economy.

In the crucial sector of agriculture, technology is seen as a key tool for improving food security and increasing the productivity of both commercial and subsistence farming. Initiatives in this area include the promotion of improved seed varieties, the introduction of more efficient irrigation techniques to combat the effects of drought in the Lowveld, and the use of mobile technology to disseminate weather information and market prices to farmers. In the health sector, technology plays a vital role in the country’s response to its significant public health challenges, most notably the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Health information systems are being implemented to better manage patient records, track the distribution of antiretroviral drugs, and monitor disease trends. Mobile health (mHealth) applications are also being explored as a way to deliver health education and reminders to patients in remote areas.

Despite these positive steps, Eswatini faces significant hurdles in advancing its science and technology agenda. There is a critical shortage of skilled professionals, including scientists, engineers, and IT specialists, partly due to a “brain drain” of talent to neighboring South Africa and beyond. The education system is still working to fully integrate STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) principles into its curriculum to build a future workforce capable of driving innovation. Furthermore, investment in research and development remains low, and the infrastructure for high-tech industries is still under development. For Eswatini to fully realize the potential of science and technology, sustained investment in education, infrastructure, and creating an enabling environment for innovation will be essential.

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29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape of Eswatini is not typically defined by the formal, academic traditions of Western philosophy but is rather a rich, living philosophy deeply embedded in Swazi culture, customs, and worldview. This indigenous philosophy is centered on the concept of “Ubuntu,” a principle common among Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa. Ubuntu is often translated as “I am because we are,” and it encapsulates a worldview that emphasizes community, compassion, and interconnectedness. It posits that an individual’s well-being is intrinsically linked to the well-being of the entire community. This philosophy underpins the social fabric of Swazi society, influencing everything from family relationships and social responsibilities to the administration of justice, which often prioritizes reconciliation and harmony over retribution.

A central pillar of Swazi philosophical and political thought is the institution of the monarchy. The King (Ngwenyama) and the Queen Mother (Ndlovukazi) are not merely political figures but are the spiritual and symbolic heart of the nation. The monarchy is seen as the custodian of Swazi culture and the living link between the past, present, and future. This belief system is rooted in a deep reverence for ancestors, who are believed to watch over their descendants and influence the affairs of the living. The King is considered the primary intermediary between the Swazi people and their ancestors. Therefore, respect for the monarchy and adherence to the traditions it upholds are seen as essential for maintaining cosmic order, national prosperity, and the collective identity of the Swazi people. This veneration of tradition and hierarchy forms a core tenet of the national philosophy.

This traditional worldview shapes the Swazi understanding of the world, ethics, and one’s place within society. It is a philosophy that is expressed and transmitted not through written texts but through oral traditions, proverbs, rituals, and ceremonies. Major cultural events like the Incwala ceremony (a sacred kingship ritual) and the Umhlanga Reed Dance are not just colorful spectacles; they are profound philosophical expressions that reaffirm the nation’s values, reinforce social cohesion, and celebrate the cyclical nature of life. In the modern era, this traditional philosophy exists in a dynamic and sometimes tense relationship with Western belief systems, including Christianity and modern concepts of democracy and individualism. The ongoing dialogue and negotiation between these different worldviews is a defining feature of contemporary life and thought in the Kingdom of Eswatini.

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30) Cultural Etiquette

Understanding and respecting the cultural etiquette of Eswatini is key to engaging meaningfully with its people and appreciating the deep-seated traditions that govern social interactions. Swazi culture is founded on a bedrock of respect, particularly for elders and those in positions of authority. When greeting someone, especially an elder, it is customary to show deference. A handshake is common, but it is often done with two hands—either by placing the left hand on the right forearm or by cupping the right hand with the left. This gesture signifies respect and sincerity. It is also polite to slightly bow your head. When speaking to an elder, it is considered good manners to use a quiet, respectful tone of voice and to avoid prolonged direct eye contact, which can be interpreted as a challenge to their authority. The Swazi language, siSwati, has formal and informal registers, and using the appropriate honorifics is important.

Modesty in dress and behavior is highly valued. While modern Western-style clothing is common in urban areas, it is important to dress conservatively, especially when visiting rural communities or traditional homesteads. For women, this means wearing skirts or dresses that cover the knees and ensuring that shoulders are covered. For men, long trousers are generally more appropriate than shorts in formal or traditional settings. Public displays of affection are not common and should be avoided. The concept of personal space might be different from in Western cultures, but a general sense of decorum and reserved behavior is always appreciated. When visiting a rural homestead, it is customary to wait at the entrance until you are noticed and invited in. You should not wander around freely without being escorted by a member of the family.

Gift-giving and receiving also follow specific customs. When giving or receiving a gift, it is polite to use your right hand, with your left hand supporting your right elbow or forearm, as this again shows respect and gratitude. Gifts are not usually opened in front of the giver. If you are offered food or drink, it is polite to accept, as refusing hospitality can be seen as an insult. Food is an important part of social life, and sharing a meal is a sign of friendship. When taking photographs, especially of people, it is essential to ask for permission first. This is not just a matter of courtesy but a sign of respect for the individual’s dignity. By observing these customs, visitors can demonstrate their respect for Swazi culture, which will be warmly received and will lead to a much richer and more authentic travel experience.

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31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation in the Kingdom of Eswatini are a reflection of both its British colonial heritage and its vibrant cultural traditions, offering a range of activities that are popular across the nation. The most passionately followed and widely played sport in the country is undoubtedly football (soccer). From dusty pitches in rural villages to the national stadium in Lobamba, football captures the hearts of the Swazi people. The national team, known as the “Sihlangu Semnikati” (The King’s Shield), competes in regional and continental tournaments, and its matches are a source of great national interest. The domestic Premier League of Eswatini features a number of clubs with dedicated local followings, and on match days, the air is filled with excitement and spirited rivalry. The sport provides a vital source of entertainment and a platform for aspiring young athletes.

Beyond football, a number of other sports have gained popularity. Athletics is a key area of focus, with the country producing athletes who compete in track and field events at the Commonwealth Games and the Olympic Games. The mountainous terrain of the Highveld provides a natural, if challenging, training ground for long-distance runners. Other popular sports include boxing, netball, which is widely played in schools, and golf. Eswatini is home to several excellent golf courses, most notably the course at the Royal Swazi Spa Valley resort, which hosts professional and amateur tournaments and attracts golfers from across Southern Africa with its beautiful scenery and challenging layout. These sports, largely introduced during the colonial era, form the basis of the country’s formal sporting structure.

Recreational activities in Eswatini are deeply connected to its stunning natural environment. The kingdom’s diverse landscapes, from the rugged mountains of the Highveld to the savanna of the Lowveld, offer a wealth of opportunities for outdoor pursuits. Hiking is extremely popular, with numerous well-marked trails in nature reserves like Malolotja Nature Reserve, which offers challenging treks through pristine wilderness. Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for its network of trails that can be explored on foot, by mountain bike, or on horseback, allowing for unique, close-up encounters with wildlife in a safe environment. For adrenaline junkies, activities like whitewater rafting on the Great Usutu River and caving are available. This blend of organized sports and nature-based recreation ensures that there are plenty of ways for both locals and visitors to stay active and enjoy the beauty of the kingdom.

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32) Environmental Concerns

The Kingdom of Eswatini, a nation blessed with rich biodiversity and stunning landscapes, faces a range of pressing environmental concerns that threaten its natural heritage and the livelihoods of its people. One of the most significant challenges is land degradation, driven by a combination of factors including overgrazing, soil erosion, and unsustainable farming practices. In many rural areas, communal grazing on Swazi Nation Land has led to the depletion of vegetation cover, leaving the soil exposed and vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. This is particularly problematic in the hilly Middleveld region. The loss of fertile topsoil reduces agricultural productivity, impacting food security for the large portion of the population that relies on subsistence farming. Deforestation is another related issue, as trees are cleared for agriculture, fuel wood, and construction, further exacerbating soil erosion and leading to a loss of vital habitats.

Water resource management is another critical environmental issue. While the country is traversed by several major rivers, it is considered a water-scarce nation. Rainfall can be unreliable, and the country is susceptible to periodic droughts, which have become more frequent and severe with climate change. This puts immense pressure on water resources, creating competition between the needs of large-scale commercial agriculture, particularly the thirsty sugarcane industry, and the basic water requirements of local communities and ecosystems. Water pollution is also a growing concern, with agricultural runoff carrying pesticides and fertilizers into rivers, and inadequate sanitation and waste management in some areas leading to the contamination of water sources. Protecting the nation’s water catchments and ensuring the equitable and sustainable use of water is a key priority for the future.

Despite these challenges, Eswatini has a long and proud history of wildlife conservation, spearheaded by pioneers like Ted Reilly. The country has been remarkably successful in protecting and reintroducing key species, particularly the black and white rhinoceros, in its network of game reserves and parks, such as Hlane Royal National Park and Mkhaya Game Reserve. However, the threat of poaching remains a constant concern, requiring significant investment in anti-poaching patrols and security. The conservation of biodiversity is also challenged by habitat loss due to the expansion of human settlements and agriculture. Balancing the needs of a growing population with the imperative to protect the country’s unique natural ecosystems is the central environmental dilemma facing the kingdom. Efforts to promote community-based conservation, sustainable tourism, and environmental education are crucial components in the strategy to safeguard Eswatini’s precious natural heritage for generations to come.

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33) Marriage & Courtship

In the Kingdom of Eswatini, marriage is not merely a union of two individuals but a profound cultural event that brings together two families and is governed by a rich tapestry of Swazi law and custom. The process of courtship and marriage is steeped in tradition and involves several distinct stages. Traditionally, courtship was a discreet affair, but today, modern dating practices are common. However, once a couple decides to marry, they must follow a customary path that ensures the involvement and blessing of both families. A crucial first step is the formal introduction of the families, but the most significant part of the pre-wedding negotiations is the custom of “lobola.” Lobola is often translated as “bride price,” but it is more accurately understood as a gesture of appreciation and the creation of a bond between the two families. The groom’s family presents a number of cattle (or their monetary equivalent) to the bride’s family to thank them for raising her and to symbolize the groom’s commitment and ability to provide for his new wife.

The lobola negotiations can be a lengthy process, handled by designated spokespeople from each family. The number of cattle is determined through discussion and depends on various factors, including the bride’s family background and education. Once the lobola agreement is reached, the couple can proceed with the wedding ceremonies. Many Swazis will have two weddings: a modern “white wedding” in a church, reflecting the strong Christian influence in the country, and a traditional Swazi wedding, known as “umtsimba.” The umtsimba is a vibrant and colorful celebration that can last for several days. It is rich in symbolism, song, and dance, with both families showcasing their cultural pride. The bride, adorned in traditional attire, performs a series of dances and rituals, including the “kuhlehla,” where she symbolically bids farewell to her family and childhood home, and the “umhlambiso,” a presentation of gifts to her new in-laws, signifying her formal acceptance into their family.

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34) Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in the Kingdom of Eswatini is shaped by its status as a developing, lower-middle-income nation with an economy centered on agriculture and manufacturing. The formal job market is relatively small, and competition for skilled positions can be intense. The largest employers are typically found in the agricultural sector, particularly in the vast sugarcane and citrus plantations of the Lowveld and the forestry operations in the Highveld. These industries provide a significant number of jobs, ranging from farm laborers and equipment operators to managerial and technical roles in processing plants and mills. The Royal Eswatini Sugar Corporation (RESC), for example, is one of the nation’s biggest private-sector employers.

The manufacturing sector, especially the textile and apparel industry located primarily in the economic hub of Manzini, is another major source of employment. These factories produce goods for export and provide thousands of jobs, although the work is often low-skilled and subject to the pressures of global competition. For those with higher education and specialized skills, opportunities may exist in the financial sector (banking and insurance), retail, and the burgeoning tourism industry. The tourism sector, in particular, offers potential for growth, with jobs in hospitality management, tour guiding, and conservation in the country’s well-regarded game reserves and national parks. The public sector is also a significant employer, with positions in government ministries, education, and healthcare.

For expatriates, work opportunities are most commonly found in senior management or technical expert roles where local skills are in short supply. The non-governmental organization (NGO) community is also very active in Eswatini, particularly in the health sector, focusing on the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This creates opportunities for expatriates with expertise in public health, program management, and international development. However, it is important to note that Eswatini has high rates of unemployment and underemployment, and government policies generally prioritize the hiring of Swazi nationals. Therefore, foreign nationals seeking to work in the country must typically obtain a work permit, which requires demonstrating that a qualified local candidate could not be found for the position. Networking and having a specific, in-demand skill set are crucial for securing employment in the kingdom.

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35) Education

The education system in the Kingdom of Eswatini has made significant strides since independence but continues to face challenges in providing universal access and high-quality instruction. The system is largely based on the British model and is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Training. The formal education structure is divided into several levels: pre-primary, primary, secondary, and tertiary education. While pre-primary education, or preschool, is available, it is not compulsory and is mostly provided by private institutions, making it inaccessible for many children, particularly in rural areas. The government has recognized the importance of early childhood development and is working towards making pre-primary education more widely available and integrated into the public system.

Primary education is the foundation of the system. In 2010, the government introduced Free Primary Education (FPE), a major policy initiative aimed at ensuring that all children, regardless of their family’s economic situation, can attend grades 1 through 7. This has led to a significant increase in enrollment rates. The primary school curriculum covers a range of subjects, including siSwati, English, mathematics, science, and social studies. At the end of the seventh grade, students sit for the Swaziland Primary Certificate (SPC) examination, which determines their eligibility to proceed to secondary school. Despite the success of the FPE program in boosting access, challenges remain, including overcrowded classrooms, a shortage of qualified teachers, and a lack of adequate learning materials and infrastructure.

Secondary education is divided into a three-year junior secondary cycle (Forms 1-3) and a two-year senior secondary cycle (Forms 4-5). At the end of Form 3, students take the Junior Certificate (JC) examination. Those who pass can continue to senior secondary school, where they are prepared for the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) examinations, which are equivalent to the British GCSEs. Secondary education is not free, and school fees can be a significant barrier for many families. Tertiary education is offered by a limited number of institutions, with the University of Eswatini (UNESWA) being the primary institution of higher learning. There are also several technical and vocational colleges and teacher training colleges. Access to higher education is limited, and the country faces a significant challenge in producing enough graduates with the skills needed to drive the modern economy.

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36) Communication & Connectivity

Communication and connectivity in the Kingdom of Eswatini have undergone a significant transformation over the past couple of decades, moving from a limited infrastructure to a more dynamic and accessible network. The telecommunications landscape was historically dominated by a state-owned monopoly, which resulted in slow development and high costs. However, recent market liberalization has introduced competition, particularly in the mobile and internet sectors, leading to improved services and greater affordability for the average citizen. This evolution is crucial for the country’s economic development, enabling better business communication, access to information, and integration into the global digital economy. The Eswatini Communications Commission (ESCCOM) is the regulatory body tasked with overseeing this evolving sector, promoting fair competition, and protecting consumer interests.

Mobile telephony is the most widespread and important form of communication in Eswatini, with a high penetration rate across the country. Mobile phones have leapfrogged the challenges associated with deploying fixed-line infrastructure, especially in rural and mountainous areas. The major mobile network operators, such as MTN Eswatini and Eswatini Mobile, have expanded their network coverage significantly. They offer a range of services from basic voice calls and SMS to mobile data. The rollout of 3G and 4G/LTE services has brought mobile internet to a large portion of the population, making smartphones a primary tool for accessing online information, social media, and financial services through mobile money platforms. This has had a transformative impact on how people communicate and conduct business in their daily lives.

While mobile connectivity has surged, access to reliable, high-speed fixed-line internet remains a challenge, particularly outside the main urban and commercial centers of Mbabane and Manzini. The deployment of fiber-optic infrastructure is ongoing but is a costly and lengthy process. The Royal Science and Technology Park is a key government initiative aimed at driving the development of the country’s ICT infrastructure, including providing high-speed connectivity to businesses and fostering a local tech industry. Internet cafes and public Wi-Fi hotspots in hotels and restaurants provide alternative access points for those without a home connection. Overall, while Eswatini has made commendable progress in expanding its communication networks, bridging the digital divide between urban and rural areas and improving the affordability and speed of internet access remain key priorities for the nation’s continued development.

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37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Kingdom of Eswatini are a vibrant and deeply meaningful expression of the nation’s sovereignty, warrior heritage, and the unity between the King and the Swazi people. These symbols are not mere decorations; they are a visual language that communicates the history, values, and identity of the kingdom. The most prominent national symbol is the flag of Eswatini, which was adopted at independence in 1968. It features a background of five horizontal stripes: blue for peace and stability, yellow for the country’s mineral resources, and a broad central crimson stripe for the battles of the past. The centerpiece of the flag is a large Emasotja shield from the Swazi warrior tradition, laid horizontally. The shield, made of ox hide, is black and white, symbolizing the peaceful coexistence of the black and white communities in the country.

Adorning the shield are further powerful symbols. Behind the shield are two spears and a traditional Swazi fighting stick, known as a “lipalila,” which is fitted with “injobo” tassels made from the feathers of the widowbird and the lourie. These tassels are a symbol of royalty, and their inclusion signifies that the power of the King is for the defense of the nation. The entire emblem serves as a potent reminder of the kingdom’s history and its readiness to defend its freedom. The national coat of arms echoes these themes. It features a lion, representing the King (Ngwenyama), and an elephant, representing the Queen Mother (Ndlovukazi), supporting a central Swazi shield. Above the shield is a “lidlabe,” a crown of feathers worn by the King during the sacred Incwala ceremony. Below, a banner bears the national motto, “Siyinqaba,” which translates to “We are the fortress,” a powerful declaration of national unity and strength.

Symbol	Name
National Motto	Siyinqaba (We are the fortress)
National Animal (Symbolic)	Lion (for the King) & Elephant (for the Queen Mother)
National Bird	Purple-crested turaco (ligwalagwala)
National Flower	Summer impala lily (Adenium swazicum)
Cultural Symbol	Emasotja Shield and Spears
Cultural Event	Umhlanga (Reed Dance)
Cultural Event	Incwala Ceremony
Significant Fauna	Black Rhinoceros, White Rhinoceros, Roan Antelope, Elephant, Leopard
Significant Flora	Aloe, Cycad, Protea

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38) Tourism

The Kingdom of Eswatini, often dubbed “Africa’s Newest Name,” is a captivating and remarkably accessible tourism destination that offers a rich blend of culture, wildlife, and adventure. Despite its small size, the country packs an astonishing variety of attractions into its borders, making it an ideal location for travelers seeking a diverse and authentic African experience without the long travel distances. The heart of Eswatini’s appeal lies in its vibrant and living culture. Unlike in many other countries where traditions are showcased primarily for tourists, in Eswatini, culture is the fabric of daily life. Visitors have the unique opportunity to witness spectacular annual ceremonies like the Umhlanga (Reed Dance), where tens of thousands of maidens pay homage to the Queen Mother, and the sacred Incwala ceremony, a powerful kingship ritual. These events offer a profound insight into the enduring traditions of the Swazi people.

Eswatini is also a premier destination for wildlife viewing, renowned for its intimate and up-close encounters. The country’s game reserves, such as Hlane Royal National Park and Mkhaya Game Reserve, are celebrated for their successful conservation programs, particularly for endangered species like the black and white rhinoceros. Mkhaya offers an unforgettable experience, with safari drives and walking tours that bring visitors exceptionally close to rhinos, elephants, and the rare roan antelope. Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, the kingdom’s oldest protected area, is perfect for self-guided exploration, where visitors can walk or cycle among non-dangerous game like zebras, wildebeest, and various antelope species. The country’s diverse topography, from the rugged peaks of the Malolotja Nature Reserve to the bushveld of the Lowveld, also makes it a haven for birdwatchers and outdoor enthusiasts, offering activities like hiking, mountain biking, and whitewater rafting.

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39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Planning a trip to the Kingdom of Eswatini requires an understanding of its visa and entry requirements, which are generally straightforward and welcoming for many international visitors. The country’s visa policy is designed to facilitate tourism, a key sector of its economy. For citizens of a significant number of countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, and member states of the European Union, a visa is not required for stays of up to 30 days. This visa-free access makes short-term tourism and business travel relatively hassle-free. It is important for travelers to check the latest regulations for their specific nationality before departure, as these agreements can change. Upon arrival, visitors will receive an entry stamp in their passport, and it’s crucial to ensure that the stamp is for the correct duration.

For those who do require a visa, applications must be made in advance at an Eswatini diplomatic mission (embassy or high commission) in their country of residence. If there is no Eswatini mission in your country, you may need to apply at the mission in a neighboring country. The typical visa application process involves submitting a completed application form, a valid passport, passport-sized photographs, proof of accommodation, and a travel itinerary. All visitors, regardless of their visa status, must hold a passport that is valid for at least three months beyond their intended date of departure from Eswatini. It is also a mandatory requirement that the passport contains at least two blank pages for entry and exit stamps. Border officials may also ask for proof of sufficient funds to cover the duration of your stay.

Eswatini is a landlocked country, and many visitors enter by road from neighboring South Africa or Mozambique. There are several border posts, each with its own operating hours, so it is essential to plan your route accordingly, especially if you are driving. The Ngwenya/Oshoek border post is the busiest and is generally open 24 hours a day, providing the primary link to Johannesburg. When traveling with children, particularly when crossing the border with South Africa, you may be required to present an unabridged birth certificate for each child, as well as parental consent letters if not all parents are present. Adhering to these entry requirements is essential for a smooth and trouble-free arrival in the beautiful and welcoming Kingdom of Eswatini.

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40) Useful Resources

• The Kingdom of Eswatini – Official Tourism Website
• The Government of the Kingdom of Eswatini Official Website
• Eswatini Posts and Telecommunications (for Visa Information)
• Eswatini National Trust Commission (for National Parks and Reserves)

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