Travel Guide to Togo

21) Brief History

The history of Togo is a rich and complex narrative of ancient migrations, powerful kingdoms, the brutal transatlantic slave trade, and a challenging journey through colonialism to modern nationhood. Before the arrival of Europeans, the territory that is now Togo was inhabited by various ethnic groups, with the Ewe, Mina, and Guin migrating to the coastal regions from the 15th century onwards. The northern part of the country was influenced by the great pre-colonial states of the Sahel, including the Mossi Kingdoms and the Dagomba Kingdom. These early societies were primarily agricultural and developed intricate social and political structures. The Koutammakou landscape in the northeast, now a UNESCO World Heritage site, is a testament to the unique architectural and cultural traditions of the Batammariba people, who have inhabited the region for centuries.

From the 16th to the 18th century, the coastal region of Togo became a major hub for the transatlantic slave trade. European powers, including the Portuguese, Danes, and French, established trading posts along the coast to purchase enslaved people from local rulers and traders. This dark period earned the region the grim moniker of the “Slave Coast.” The town of Aného, in particular, was a significant center for this trade. The immense human suffering and social disruption caused by the slave trade had a profound and lasting impact on the development of the region’s societies. The abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century shifted the focus of European interest towards other commodities, such as palm oil.

In 1884, Germany declared a protectorate over a small coastal strip, which they named Togoland. The Germans gradually expanded their control inland, establishing plantations and building infrastructure to exploit the colony’s resources. After Germany’s defeat in World War I, Togoland was divided between Britain and France under a League of Nations mandate. The western part was administered as part of the British Gold Coast (now Ghana), while the eastern part became French Togoland. After World War II, French Togoland became a UN Trust Territory. A nationalist movement, led by Sylvanus Olympio, pushed for independence, which was achieved on April 27, 1960. Olympio became the first president, but he was assassinated in a military coup in 1963. This event ushered in a long period of political instability, culminating in the 38-year rule of Gnassingbé Eyadéma. Following his death in 2005, his son, Faure Gnassingbé, came to power, and the country has since been navigating a complex path towards greater democratic consolidation and economic development.

22) Geography

Togo is a narrow West African nation, defined by its slender, elongated shape that stretches about 550 kilometers (340 miles) north from the Atlantic Ocean and is only about 160 kilometers (100 miles) wide at its broadest point. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east, and Burkina Faso to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is just 56 kilometers (35 miles) long and is characterized by sandy beaches and extensive lagoons and marshes. The capital city, Lomé, is situated on this coast, making it a vital port and the country’s economic hub. The geography of Togo is remarkably diverse for a country of its size, encompassing a range of landscapes from the coast to the northern savannas. It can be broadly divided into six distinct geographical regions.

The coastal region is a low-lying strip of sand, home to the vast Lake Togo and a network of lagoons that create a unique and ecologically important wetland environment. Moving north, the landscape rises to the Ouatchi Plateau, a flat and fertile area that is intensively cultivated. This plateau extends for about 30 kilometers inland and is separated from the coast by the lagoons. Further north, the terrain gives way to a higher tableland, drained by the Mono River and its tributaries. This region features rolling hills and is a key agricultural zone for the country. The central part of Togo is dominated by the Togo Mountains, a range of hills that cuts across the country from the southwest to the northeast. While not exceptionally high, with the highest peak, Mont Agou, standing at 986 meters (3,235 feet), these mountains are covered in forests and are the source of several rivers. The region is known for its cooler climate and scenic beauty, with coffee and cocoa plantations dotting the hillsides.

To the north of the Togo Mountains lies a vast sandstone plateau, which is traversed by the Oti River. This region gradually descends into the northernmost part of the country, which is characterized by a broad savanna landscape. The climate of Togo is tropical, with distinct seasons determined by rainfall patterns. The south of the country experiences two rainy seasons (from April to July and from September to November), while the north has a single rainy season from June to September. The dry season, influenced by the harmattan wind from the Sahara, occurs from December to March. This climatic variation supports a diverse range of vegetation, from the lush forests of the central mountains to the open grasslands of the north, and dictates the agricultural cycles that are so crucial to the Togolese economy and way of life.

23) Politics and Government

Togo is a republic with a semi-presidential system of government. The political framework is defined by the constitution, which was adopted in 1992 and has been amended several times since. The executive branch is led by the President, who is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The President holds significant executive powers, including the command of the armed forces and the authority to appoint the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the President and are accountable to the National Assembly. This semi-presidential system creates a dual executive, where power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister, although in practice, the presidency has historically been the dominant institution.

The legislative branch of the government is the National Assembly, a unicameral parliament with 91 members. The members of the National Assembly are elected for five-year terms through a system of proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies. The National Assembly has the power to pass laws, approve the budget, and oversee the actions of the executive branch. The judiciary is, in principle, independent of the executive and the legislature, although its independence has been a subject of concern. The judicial system is based on the French civil law model and includes a Supreme Court, a Court of Appeal, and lower courts. There is also a Constitutional Court, which is responsible for reviewing the constitutionality of laws and for overseeing elections.

The political landscape of Togo has been dominated for decades by the Gnassingbé family and their political party. Gnassingbé Eyadéma ruled the country with an iron fist from 1967 until his death in 2005. His son, Faure Gnassingbé, succeeded him and has been in power ever since. The ruling party, formerly the Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) and now the Union for the Republic (UNIR), has maintained a firm grip on power. Opposition parties exist and participate in elections, but they have often faced significant challenges, including restrictions on their activities and allegations of electoral irregularities. In recent years, there have been some political reforms and a greater space for political dialogue, but the country continues to face challenges in its transition towards a more fully consolidated democracy.

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of Togo is primarily based on the French civil law tradition, a direct legacy of the country’s colonial history as French Togoland. This system places a strong emphasis on written laws and comprehensive legal codes as the primary source of law. The foundation of the Togolese legal framework is the Constitution of 1992, which is the supreme law of the land. It guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms and outlines the structure and powers of the state. The main legal codes that govern civil and criminal matters include the Civil Code, the Commercial Code, and the Criminal Code, all of which are heavily influenced by their French counterparts. In addition to this formal legal system, customary law plays a significant and officially recognized role, particularly in matters of personal status, such as marriage, inheritance, and family disputes. The courts are empowered to apply customary law, provided it does not conflict with public order or the principles of the constitution.

The judicial system in Togo is structured in a hierarchical manner. At the apex of the judiciary is the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of appeal for both civil and criminal cases. Below the Supreme Court are the Courts of Appeal, which hear appeals from the lower courts. The courts of first instance, known as “Tribunaux de Première Instance,” have jurisdiction over a wide range of civil and criminal matters. There are also specialized courts, such as labor courts and commercial courts. A key component of the judicial architecture is the Constitutional Court, which is responsible for ensuring the constitutionality of laws, treaties, and international agreements. It also plays a crucial role in the electoral process, including validating election results. The independence of the judiciary is a constitutionally guaranteed principle, but in practice, it has faced challenges related to political influence and a lack of resources.

The criminal justice system is administered by the police and the gendarmerie. The National Police (Police Nationale) is primarily responsible for law enforcement in urban areas, while the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale), which is a branch of the armed forces, is responsible for policing in rural areas and along the borders. Both forces are responsible for maintaining public order, preventing and investigating crime, and bringing offenders to justice. The system operates on an inquisitorial model, where an investigating magistrate plays an active role in gathering evidence. The country’s prisons are managed by the Ministry of Justice, and like many developing nations, they face challenges related to overcrowding and poor conditions. Togo continues to work on legal and judicial reforms to strengthen the rule of law and improve access to justice for its citizens.

25) Foreign Relations

Togo’s foreign policy is guided by a pragmatic approach that seeks to maintain friendly relations with a wide range of countries while promoting its own economic and security interests. As a small West African nation, regional cooperation is a cornerstone of its international relations. Togo is an active member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the regional political and economic union. Through ECOWAS, Togo participates in efforts to promote regional integration, economic development, and peace and security. The country has contributed troops to ECOWAS peacekeeping missions and has been involved in regional mediation efforts. Togo also plays an active role in the African Union (AU), the continental body that seeks to promote unity and cooperation among African states.

Beyond the African continent, Togo maintains strong historical and economic ties with its former colonial power, France. France is a major trading partner, a significant source of development assistance, and a key political ally. Togo also has important relationships with other European countries, particularly Germany, which was the original colonial power in Togoland. In recent years, Togo has diversified its foreign relations and has cultivated a close partnership with China. China has become a major economic partner, financing and constructing a number of large-scale infrastructure projects in the country, including the Port of Lomé. This has been part of a broader trend of increasing Chinese engagement across Africa.

Togo is also a member of the United Nations and other international organizations, where it seeks to contribute to global discussions on issues such as development, climate change, and security. The country’s foreign policy is heavily influenced by its economic development goals. Togo actively seeks to attract foreign investment and to promote itself as a regional trade and logistics hub, leveraging the strategic importance of the deep-water Port of Lomé. The government has also been working to improve its international image and to strengthen its relationships with international financial institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). By pursuing a balanced and open foreign policy, Togo aims to navigate the complexities of the global landscape and to create a more prosperous and secure future for its people.

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of Togo is organized into a clear hierarchy that divides the country for governance and development purposes. The primary level of administrative division is the region. Togo is divided into five regions, which are arranged geographically from the coast to the northern border. These five regions are the Maritime Region, the Plateaux Region, the Centrale Region, the Kara Region, and the Savanes Region. Each region is headed by a governor, who is appointed by the President and acts as the representative of the central government. The regional administration is responsible for coordinating the activities of various government services within the region and for overseeing the implementation of national development policies and programs. The regional capitals serve as the administrative hubs for their respective regions.

The Maritime Region, located on the coast, is the most populous and economically active region, as it is home to the capital city, Lomé. The Plateaux Region, situated to the north of the Maritime Region, is known for its fertile land and is a major agricultural zone. The Centrale Region, as its name suggests, is located in the center of the country and is an important transportation crossroads. The Kara Region, in the north, is the home region of the Gnassingbé family and has received significant investment in infrastructure. The Savanes Region is the northernmost and most arid region of the country, bordering Burkina Faso. This regional structure provides a framework for the decentralized delivery of public services and for the planning and execution of development projects tailored to the specific needs of each part of the country.

Each of the five regions is further subdivided into prefectures. There are a total of 39 prefectures in Togo. The prefecture is the next level of administration below the region and is headed by a prefect, who is also appointed by the central government. The prefectural administration is responsible for local governance and for coordinating public services at a more local level. Below the prefectures, the country is divided into communes, which are the basic units of local government. Following decentralization reforms in recent years, local elections have been held to elect municipal councilors and mayors for the communes. This is a significant step towards strengthening local governance and giving citizens a greater say in the management of their local affairs. This multi-tiered administrative system, from the regions down to the communes, provides the structure through which the state governs and delivers services to the Togolese people.

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of Togo is that of a developing country and is heavily reliant on a few key sectors, namely agriculture and mining. The agricultural sector is the backbone of the economy, employing a majority of the workforce and contributing significantly to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Most of the agriculture is subsistence-based, with smallholder farmers growing staple crops like yams, cassava, maize, and sorghum for their own consumption. However, the country also produces a number of cash crops for export. The most important of these are cotton, coffee, and cocoa. Cotton, in particular, has been a major source of export revenue, although the sector is vulnerable to fluctuations in international prices and weather conditions.

The industrial sector is dominated by mining, specifically the mining of phosphate. Togo is one of the world’s largest producers of phosphate, a mineral that is used to make fertilizers. The phosphate industry has historically been a crucial source of foreign exchange for the country, but it has also faced challenges related to aging infrastructure, declining ore quality, and mismanagement. In addition to phosphate mining, Togo also has a small manufacturing sector, which is primarily focused on the processing of agricultural products and the production of construction materials like cement. The government has been working to promote industrial development and to attract investment in other sectors to diversify the economy.

A key asset for the Togolese economy is its strategic location and its deep-water port in the capital city of Lomé. The Port of Lomé is one of the few natural deep-water ports in West Africa and serves as a vital transshipment hub for the region, including for landlocked countries like Burkina Faso, Niger, and Mali. The services sector, particularly transportation and logistics related to the port, is a growing and important part of the economy. The country also has a developing banking and telecommunications sector. Despite these assets, Togo faces significant economic challenges, including high levels of poverty, unemployment, and a heavy reliance on foreign aid and remittances from the Togolese diaspora. The government is pursuing economic reforms aimed at improving the business climate, attracting investment, and fostering more inclusive and sustainable growth.

28) Science and Technology

Togo, like many developing nations, is working to harness the potential of science and technology to drive its economic development and improve the quality of life for its citizens. The country faces significant challenges in this area, including limited funding for research and development (R&D), a shortage of skilled personnel, and inadequate infrastructure. However, there is a growing recognition within the government and among the public of the importance of science and technology for the country’s future. The national development plan often includes strategies to promote science, technology, and innovation, with a particular focus on areas that are relevant to the country’s economic priorities, such as agriculture, health, and renewable energy.

The higher education sector plays a crucial role in building the country’s scientific and technological capacity. The University of Lomé and the University of Kara are the two main public universities in the country and have faculties of science and technology that are responsible for training the next generation of scientists, engineers, and technicians. Research at these universities is often focused on addressing local challenges. For example, agricultural research is a key area, with scientists working to develop improved crop varieties that are more resistant to disease and drought, and to promote more sustainable farming practices. In the health sector, research is focused on combating infectious diseases like malaria and HIV/AIDS.

One of the most dynamic areas of technological development in Togo has been the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. The rapid proliferation of mobile phones has transformed the way people communicate and access information. Mobile banking and other digital financial services are becoming increasingly popular, providing financial inclusion for many people who were previously unbanked. The government has been working to improve internet connectivity, with investments in fiber optic infrastructure, although access to high-speed internet is still largely concentrated in the capital city of Lomé. There is a growing community of tech entrepreneurs and startups in Togo, who are developing innovative solutions to local problems. Fostering this nascent tech ecosystem is a key priority for the government as it seeks to build a more knowledge-based economy.

29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape of Togo is a rich and vibrant tapestry woven from indigenous African beliefs, most notably Vodun (Voodoo), and the influences of Christianity and Islam. Vodun is not merely a religion but a comprehensive worldview and a system of ethics that has shaped the culture and identity of many Togolese people, particularly the Ewe and Guin ethnic groups in the south. At its core, Vodun philosophy posits the existence of a supreme creator god, Mawu-Lisa, who is a dual-gendered entity, representing both the female (Mawu) and male (Lisa) principles. Mawu-Lisa is seen as a remote and transcendent being who does not interfere directly in the affairs of humans. Instead, a vast pantheon of intermediary spirits, or “voduns,” act as messengers and agents of the supreme god, governing specific aspects of nature and human life. These voduns are venerated and consulted through elaborate rituals and ceremonies.

A central tenet of Vodun philosophy is the profound connection between the spiritual and the material worlds. There is no sharp separation between the sacred and the secular. The spirits of ancestors are believed to play an active role in the lives of their descendants, offering guidance and protection. This belief fosters a deep sense of respect for elders and a strong emphasis on family and community. The community is the primary social unit, and the well-being of the group is paramount. Ethical conduct is guided by the desire to maintain harmony within the community and with the spiritual world. Divination, particularly through the Fa system of knowledge, is a key practice used to understand the will of the spirits and to navigate life’s challenges. The Akodessewa Fetish Market in Lomé is a powerful and visible manifestation of these traditional beliefs, offering a vast array of objects and ingredients used in traditional medicine and rituals.

Over the centuries, these indigenous philosophical traditions have interacted with Christianity and Islam, which were introduced to the region through missionary work and trade. Today, many Togolese people practice a syncretic form of religion, blending elements of Vodun with Christian or Islamic beliefs. This has created a unique and dynamic spiritual environment where different philosophical systems coexist and influence one another. The Christian concepts of a single, personal God and the Islamic emphasis on submission to the will of Allah have been integrated into the lives of many, but often without displacing the underlying cultural and philosophical framework of traditional beliefs. This philosophical pluralism is a defining characteristic of Togolese society, reflecting a history of cultural exchange and adaptation.

30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural landscape of Togo requires an appreciation for its deep-seated traditions of respect, community, and hospitality. Togolese society is generally hierarchical, and showing deference to elders is of paramount importance. When greeting someone, especially an elder, it is customary to offer a slight bow or to touch your right hand to your heart as a sign of respect. Handshakes are the common form of greeting among peers and in business settings. It is considered polite to inquire about a person’s health and the well-being of their family as part of the greeting process. Rushing a greeting is seen as rude. When introduced to a group of people, it is important to greet each person individually. Using the right hand for all interactions—giving or receiving items, eating, and handshakes—is a crucial rule of etiquette, as the left hand is traditionally considered unclean.

Modesty and conservative dress are highly valued, particularly in rural areas and when visiting religious sites. While Lomé is more cosmopolitan, it is advisable for both men and women to wear clothing that covers their shoulders and knees. This is not only a sign of respect for the local culture but will also make you feel more comfortable and less conspicuous. Hospitality is a cornerstone of Togolese culture, and you may be invited into someone’s home. Accepting such an invitation is a great honor. It is a thoughtful gesture to bring a small gift for your host, such as fruit, sweets, or a small item from your home country. When offered food or drink, it is polite to accept. When dining, wait for the eldest person to begin eating before you start.

Politeness and indirect communication are also key aspects of Togolese etiquette. It is considered impolite to be too direct or confrontational. If you have a request or a complaint, it is best to approach the subject in a gentle and indirect manner. Patience is a virtue, and it is important to remain calm and composed, even if you are feeling frustrated. Public displays of anger are frowned upon. When it comes to photography, it is essential to ask for permission before taking a picture of someone. Many people will be happy to be photographed, but it is a matter of basic courtesy to ask first. By being mindful of these cultural norms, visitors can demonstrate their respect for the Togolese way of life and foster positive and meaningful interactions during their travels.

31) Sports and Recreation

Sport is a source of great passion and a popular form of recreation in Togo, and like in much of West Africa, football (soccer) is the undisputed king. The sport is played with immense enthusiasm in every corner of the country, from the sandy beaches of Lomé to the dusty fields of the northern savannas. Children and adults alike can be seen playing impromptu matches, and local tournaments generate significant community excitement. The Togolese national football team, known as “Les Éperviers” (The Sparrowhawks), is a source of immense national pride. Their qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany was a historic moment for the country, uniting the nation in celebration. The team has also been a regular competitor in the Africa Cup of Nations. The country has produced a number of talented players who have gone on to play for major European clubs, with Emmanuel Adebayor being the most famous and celebrated Togolese footballer of his generation.

While football dominates the sporting landscape, other sports also have a following in Togo. Athletics (track and field) is another area where the country has shown potential, producing athletes who have competed at the continental and international levels. Boxing has a dedicated following, and the country has produced several professional boxers who have achieved success in the ring. Martial arts, such as judo and karate, are also practiced. In addition to these modern sports, Togo has a rich tradition of indigenous sports and games. Traditional wrestling is a popular activity, particularly in the northern regions, and is often held as part of cultural festivals. These wrestling matches are not just tests of strength but are also important social and cultural events.

Given its diverse geography, Togo offers a range of opportunities for recreation and outdoor activities. The country’s coastline, with its sandy beaches and palm trees, is a popular destination for relaxation and water sports. The waters of Lake Togo are ideal for activities like kayaking, paddleboarding, and sailing. In the hilly central region, the cooler climate and scenic landscapes provide opportunities for hiking and exploring the numerous waterfalls. Kpalimé, in the heart of the coffee and cocoa growing region, is a popular base for nature lovers and hikers. The country’s national parks, such as Fazao-Malfakassa National Park, offer the chance to see some of the country’s wildlife and to experience its natural beauty. While the tourism infrastructure for recreational activities is still developing, the country’s natural assets provide a wealth of potential for adventure and exploration.

32) Environmental Concerns

Togo, like many countries in West Africa, faces a number of significant environmental challenges that threaten its natural resources and the livelihoods of its people. One of the most pressing issues is deforestation. The country has one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world, driven primarily by the demand for agricultural land and the reliance on wood and charcoal as the main source of fuel for cooking. The practice of slash-and-burn agriculture, while traditional, contributes to the loss of forest cover and soil degradation. This loss of forests has severe consequences, including soil erosion, reduced water quality, and a loss of biodiversity. The country’s rich variety of plant and animal life is under threat as habitats shrink and become fragmented.

Coastal erosion is another major environmental concern, particularly in the capital city of Lomé and the surrounding areas. The combination of rising sea levels due to climate change and the impact of human activities, such as the construction of the Port of Lomé which has altered coastal currents, has led to a rapid retreat of the coastline. This threatens vital infrastructure, homes, and the livelihoods of coastal communities. The government and international partners are working on projects to protect the coastline, but it remains a significant and ongoing challenge. Water pollution is also a serious problem, particularly in urban areas and near mining sites. The lack of adequate sanitation and waste management systems means that untreated sewage and industrial effluent often end up in rivers and lagoons, contaminating water sources and harming aquatic ecosystems.

The impacts of climate change are exacerbating many of these environmental problems. Togo is vulnerable to changes in rainfall patterns, which can lead to more frequent and intense droughts and floods. This has a direct impact on the agricultural sector, which is the mainstay of the economy. The government of Togo has recognized the severity of these environmental challenges and has developed a National Environmental Action Plan. Efforts are being made to promote reforestation, to develop sustainable agricultural practices, and to improve waste management. The country has also established a network of protected areas, including national parks and forest reserves, to conserve its biodiversity. However, addressing these complex environmental issues requires a sustained commitment and significant investment in sustainable development.

33) Marriage & Courtship

In Togo, marriage is a deeply significant event that is viewed not just as the union of two individuals but as an alliance between two families and their extended kinship networks. Traditional customs and values continue to play a central role in courtship and marriage ceremonies, even as modern influences become more prevalent. The process of courtship often begins with the involvement of the families. It is common for a young man’s family to make a formal approach to the family of the woman he wishes to marry. This process is a sign of respect and allows the two families to get to know each other and to agree on the terms of the union. A key element of this process is the negotiation of the dowry or bride price. The dowry, which is presented by the groom’s family to the bride’s family, is not seen as a payment for the bride but rather as a token of appreciation and a symbol of the new bond between the two families. It can include items such as drinks, cloth, and a sum of money.

The wedding celebration itself is a vibrant and joyous affair that can last for several days. It is a community event, with relatives, friends, and neighbors all coming together to celebrate the new union. Many couples in Togo will have three types of marriage ceremonies: a traditional ceremony, a civil ceremony, and a religious ceremony. The traditional ceremony is where the customary rites are performed and the dowry is officially presented. This is often considered the most important part of the marriage process. The civil ceremony, which takes place at a government office, is required for the marriage to be legally recognized by the state. The religious ceremony, whether it be in a church or a mosque, is an opportunity for the couple to seek the blessing of their faith. These celebrations are characterized by colorful traditional attire, feasting, music, and dancing, reflecting the rich cultural heritage of the country.

34) Work Opportunities

The labor market in Togo is characterized by a large informal sector and a heavy reliance on subsistence agriculture. A significant majority of the workforce is engaged in small-scale farming, producing food primarily for their own consumption. This reliance on agriculture means that many people’s livelihoods are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as droughts and floods. The informal economy is also a major source of employment, particularly in urban areas. This includes a wide range of activities, from petty trading and street vending to craftsmanship and transportation services. While the informal sector provides a vital source of income for many, it is often characterized by low wages, job insecurity, and a lack of social protection.

Formal employment opportunities are limited and are concentrated in a few key sectors. The public sector is a major employer, providing jobs in government administration, education, and healthcare. The industrial sector, particularly the phosphate mining industry, has traditionally been a source of formal employment, although it has faced challenges in recent years. The Port of Lomé is another important source of jobs, with opportunities in logistics, transportation, and trade. The services sector, including banking, insurance, and telecommunications, is a growing area of the economy and is creating new employment opportunities, particularly for those with higher education and specialized skills.

For job seekers in Togo, particularly young people, finding formal employment can be a significant challenge. Youth unemployment is high, and there is often a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the demands of the labor market. The government has been working to address this issue through various initiatives, including promoting vocational training and entrepreneurship. For foreign nationals seeking work in Togo, opportunities are generally limited to those with specialized skills and expertise that are not available locally. This could include roles in international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational companies operating in the country. A work permit is required for all foreign nationals seeking employment in Togo.

35) Education

The education system in Togo is based on the French model and has made significant strides in recent decades, particularly in terms of increasing access to primary education. The government of Togo has shown a commitment to education, with a significant portion of the national budget being allocated to the sector. Education is, in principle, free and compulsory for six years, from the age of 6 to 12. The system is structured into several levels: pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, and tertiary education. The language of instruction is French, which is the official language of the country. This can pose a challenge for children in rural areas who may not speak French at home.

Primary education lasts for six years and is followed by lower secondary education, which is for four years. At the end of lower secondary school, students take an examination that determines their eligibility for upper secondary education. Upper secondary education is for three years and is divided into general and technical streams. The general stream prepares students for university entrance, while the technical and vocational stream provides students with skills for the job market. Despite the progress made in increasing enrollment, the education system in Togo faces a number of challenges. These include a shortage of qualified teachers, overcrowded classrooms, a lack of educational materials, and significant disparities in access and quality between urban and rural areas.

Tertiary education in Togo is provided by two main public universities: the University of Lomé, which is the older and larger of the two, and the University of Kara, which was established to serve the northern part of the country. These universities offer a range of undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs in various fields. There are also a number of private higher education institutions in the country. Access to tertiary education is limited and is based on performance in the national secondary school leaving examination, the “baccalauréat.” The government and its development partners are working to improve the quality and relevance of the education system to ensure that it can provide the youth of Togo with the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to the country’s development.

36) Communication & Connectivity

The communication landscape in Togo has been transformed in recent years by the rapid growth of mobile technology. Mobile phones are the primary means of communication for the vast majority of the population and have become an essential tool for both personal and business use. The mobile penetration rate is high, and several network operators compete for customers, which has helped to drive down prices and improve services. The mobile networks provide coverage to most parts of the country, although the quality of service can be variable in more remote rural areas. In addition to voice calls and text messaging, mobile phones are increasingly being used to access the internet. Mobile data services are the main way that most Togolese people connect to the online world.

While mobile connectivity has expanded rapidly, access to fixed-line telephone services and high-speed broadband internet is still limited. The fixed-line infrastructure is aging and is largely confined to the capital city of Lomé and other urban centers. The government has been investing in the development of a national fiber optic backbone to improve internet connectivity, but the last-mile connection to homes and businesses remains a challenge. The cost of broadband internet is also relatively high, which puts it out of reach for many people. Cybercafes are still a common way for people to access the internet, particularly in smaller towns.

The media landscape in Togo is a mix of state-owned and private media outlets. Radio is the most important and accessible source of information for the majority of the population, with a number of state-run and private radio stations broadcasting in French and local languages across the country. Television is also popular, particularly in urban areas. There are several newspapers in circulation, but their readership is largely confined to the educated elite in the capital. The government has been working to create a more favorable environment for the development of the communication sector, recognizing its importance for economic growth and social development. However, challenges remain in terms of ensuring affordable and universal access to information and communication technologies.

37) National Symbols

Togo’s national symbols are a vibrant reflection of its history, cultural values, and aspirations for the future. They serve as a source of unity and national pride for its diverse population.

Symbol Type	Symbol and Description
National Flag	The flag of Togo consists of five equal horizontal stripes of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow. There is a red canton at the upper hoist-side corner, bearing a white five-pointed star. The green represents hope and agriculture, yellow represents mineral wealth and faith, and red symbolizes the blood shed by martyrs for independence. The white star represents life, purity, peace, and dignity. The five stripes represent the country’s five administrative regions.
Coat of Arms	The emblem of Togo features two red lions, symbolizing the courage of the people. Each lion holds a bow and arrow, representing the call for all citizens to be active in the defense of freedom. Between the lions is a golden shield with the letters “RT” (République Togolaise). Above the shield are two national flags. A banner above proclaims the national motto: “Travail, Liberté, Patrie” (Work, Liberty, Homeland).
National Anthem	“Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux” (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers): The anthem celebrates the country’s independence, its natural beauty, and the courage of its ancestors, calling on the people to work together for a prosperous future.
National Tree (Flora)	The Baobab Tree is not officially designated but is an iconic and culturally significant tree throughout Togo and West Africa. It is revered for its longevity, its many uses (food, medicine, fiber), and is often a central feature in villages, associated with community life and spiritual beliefs.
National Animal (Fauna)	While not officially proclaimed, the African Elephant is a significant animal found in Togo’s protected areas. It represents strength and is a key species for conservation efforts within the country’s national parks.
Cultural Symbol	Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba: A UNESCO World Heritage site, the “takienta” (tower-houses) are a powerful symbol of Togo’s indigenous architectural heritage and the harmonious relationship between people and their environment.
Cultural Symbol	The Akodessewa Fetish Market: Located in Lomé, this is the world’s largest voodoo market. It is a potent symbol of the country’s deep-rooted traditional beliefs and spiritual practices, particularly Vodun.
Cultural Symbol	Nana Benz: The name given to a group of powerful and wealthy female cloth traders who dominated the vibrant wax cloth market in Lomé from the mid-20th century. They are a symbol of female entrepreneurship and economic power in Togo.

38) Tourism

Togo, though one of Africa’s smaller nations, offers a surprisingly diverse and authentic travel experience that is often overlooked by mainstream tourism. Its appeal lies in its rich cultural tapestry, varied landscapes, and friendly population. For the intrepid traveler seeking an off-the-beaten-path West African adventure, Togo is a treasure trove of discovery. The country’s attractions range from the bustling capital city of Lomé, with its vibrant markets and German colonial architecture, to the serene beauty of the Togo Mountains. The capital is home to the Akodessewa Fetish Market, the largest in the world, which offers a fascinating, albeit intense, glimpse into the traditional Vodun (Voodoo) beliefs that are deeply rooted in the region. The Lomé Grand Marché (Grand Market) is a bustling, multi-story affair where you can find everything from colorful textiles to fresh produce, providing a true sensory immersion into Togolese daily life.

Beyond the capital, the journey north reveals the country’s incredible diversity. The Plateaux Region, with its main town of Kpalimé, is a verdant paradise of coffee and cocoa plantations, lush forests, and cascading waterfalls, making it a haven for hikers and nature lovers. Further north, the landscape opens up to savanna, and the culture shifts dramatically. The highlight of northern Togo is undoubtedly the Koutammakou landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage site. Here, the Batammariba people live in extraordinary mud tower-houses known as “takienta,” which are a remarkable example of traditional African architecture. Exploring this region provides a unique opportunity to engage with a culture that has maintained its traditions for centuries. With its blend of vibrant culture, history, and natural beauty, Togo offers a rewarding and memorable experience for those willing to explore its charms.

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Understanding the visa and entry requirements for Togo is a crucial step in planning a trip to this West African nation. The visa policy of Togo is relatively accommodating for many travelers, but it is essential to be aware of the specific rules that apply to your nationality. Citizens of the member states of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) can enter Togo visa-free for stays of up to 90 days. For citizens of most other countries, a visa is required to enter Togo. However, the country has a policy that allows many nationalities to obtain a visa on arrival. This visa on arrival is typically available at the Lomé-Tokoin International Airport and at major land border crossings.

The visa on arrival is usually a short-term visa, valid for seven days. It is important to note that this visa can be extended at the immigration office in Lomé if you plan to stay longer. To obtain a visa on arrival, you will need to have a passport that is valid for at least six months from your date of entry. You will also be required to present a valid International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), commonly known as the “yellow card,” as proof of vaccination against yellow fever. This is a mandatory requirement for entry into Togo. Immigration officials may also ask for proof of sufficient funds to cover your stay and a return or onward ticket.

While the visa on arrival system is convenient, it is often recommended to obtain a visa in advance from a Togolese embassy or consulate in your country of residence, particularly if you plan to stay for a longer period or if you are entering through a less frequented land border where the visa on arrival service may not be as reliable. Applying for a visa in advance allows you to obtain a visa for a longer duration and provides greater peace of mind. The requirements for an embassy-issued visa will typically include a completed application form, passport photos, your passport, proof of travel arrangements, and the visa fee. As visa regulations can change, it is always advisable to check the latest information with the nearest Togolese diplomatic mission before you travel.

40) Useful Resources

• Togo Tourisme – The official tourism portal for Togo, providing information on attractions, culture, and travel practicalities (in French).
• Republic of Togo – The official portal of the Togolese Republic, with news and information about the government.
• Togo First – An English-language news source providing information on business, economy, and current events in Togo.
• French Embassy in Togo – Often provides useful travel advisories and information for visitors (in French).

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