United Arab Emirates: A Comprehensive Travel Guide

21. Brief History

The history of the land now known as the United Arab Emirates is one of ancient trade, tribal society, and remarkable transformation. Archaeological evidence points to human habitation dating back over 125,000 years, with sophisticated civilizations like the Umm an-Nar culture flourishing during the Bronze Age. The region, known to the Sumerians as ‘Magan’, was a vital source of copper and a key link in ancient maritime trade routes connecting Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley. The arrival of Islam in the 7th century profoundly shaped the region’s culture, language, and social fabric. For centuries, the coastal communities thrived on pearling, fishing, and trade, while the interior was home to resilient Bedouin tribes who navigated the harsh desert environment. The pearling industry, in particular, was the backbone of the local economy, creating a rich maritime heritage centered around ports like Dubai, Sharjah, and Ras Al Khaimah.

The 18th century saw the rise of two dominant tribal confederations that would shape the future nation: the Bani Yas, led by the Al Nahyan clan in Abu Dhabi, and the Al Qasimi dynasty, a formidable maritime power based in Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah. Increased European involvement in the region led to conflict, particularly with the British East India Company, which sought to protect its trade routes to India. After a series of maritime clashes, the British imposed a number of treaties on the local sheikhs, starting with the General Maritime Treaty of 1820. This culminated in the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, which brought peace to the seas and led to the area being known as the “Trucial States.” Under these treaties, the sheikhs retained control over their internal affairs, while Britain managed their defense and foreign relations. This arrangement provided stability but left the region largely undeveloped and impoverished, especially after the collapse of the pearling industry in the 1930s due to the invention of cultured pearls.

The fortunes of the Trucial States changed dramatically and irrevocably with the discovery of oil in Abu Dhabi in 1958. This discovery set in motion a period of unprecedented development. In 1968, when the British announced their intention to withdraw from the region, the visionary ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, recognized the need for unity. He initiated a process of negotiation with the rulers of the other Trucial States. On December 2, 1971, six of the seven emirates—Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, and Fujairah—came together to form the United Arab Emirates. The seventh, Ras Al Khaimah, joined in early 1972. Under Sheikh Zayed’s leadership as the first president, the newfound oil wealth was used to fund a remarkable transformation, building modern infrastructure, healthcare, and education systems, and laying the foundation for the dynamic, prosperous, and globally connected nation that the UAE is today.

Back to Top

22. Geography

The United Arab Emirates occupies a strategic location in the Middle East, situated on the southeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. It shares land borders with Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south and west, while also having maritime borders in the Persian Gulf with Qatar and Iran. The country’s extensive coastline is a defining geographical feature, stretching for over 650 kilometers along the southern shore of the Persian Gulf and for a shorter distance along the Gulf of Oman in the east. The bulk of this coastline is characterized by shallow waters, offshore islands, coral reefs, and salt flats (sabkhas). The country is a federation of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi being by far the largest, accounting for over 85% of the total land area. The other six emirates—Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, and Fujairah—are clustered in the northeast.

The landscape of the UAE is dominated by a vast and arid desert. Much of the country’s interior is part of the Rub’ al Khali, or the “Empty Quarter,” the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, known for its towering sand dunes that can reach impressive heights. This desert environment, while seemingly inhospitable, has been home to Bedouin tribes for centuries and today offers a dramatic landscape for tourism and recreation. The coastal areas, where the majority of the population and all the major cities are located, consist of flat, sandy plains that gradually rise from the coast. These plains are where the rapid urbanization and development of the UAE have taken place, transforming the coastline into a modern marvel of futuristic skyscrapers, man-made islands, and sprawling infrastructure.

In stark contrast to the desert plains of the west, the eastern part of the UAE features the rugged Hajar Mountains. This mountain range, which the UAE shares with Oman, runs along the eastern coast, creating a dramatic and scenic landscape. The emirate of Fujairah, the only emirate situated entirely on the Gulf of Oman, is largely mountainous, as is the eastern part of Ras Al Khaimah. These mountains are characterized by steep, barren slopes and deep wadis (dry riverbeds) that can flood spectacularly during rare winter rains. The climate of the UAE is classified as a desert climate, characterized by extremely hot and humid summers, where temperatures can soar above 45°C (113°F), and mild, pleasant winters. Rainfall is sparse and irregular, occurring mainly in the cooler winter months. This arid climate presents significant challenges, particularly for water resources, making the country heavily reliant on desalination plants.

Back to Top

23. Politics and Government

The political system of the United Arab Emirates is a unique and complex structure that combines elements of a modern federal state with traditional monarchical rule. The UAE is a federation of seven emirates, each of which is governed by its own ruling royal family as an absolute monarchy. The supreme political authority in the country is the Federal Supreme Council, which is composed of the seven hereditary rulers of the emirates. This council is the highest legislative and executive body in the nation, responsible for formulating general policy, ratifying federal laws, and overseeing the administration of the federation. All major decisions of national importance are made by this council, typically through consensus.

From among its members, the Federal Supreme Council elects a President and a Vice President for five-year renewable terms. By convention, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, the largest and wealthiest emirate, has always been elected as the President of the UAE, while the ruler of Dubai has always been elected as the Vice President and also serves as the Prime Minister. The President is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, wielding significant authority over the direction of the country. The Prime Minister, as the head of government, presides over the Council of Ministers, or the Cabinet. The Cabinet is the executive branch of the federal government, composed of ministers who are responsible for managing the various federal ministries and implementing national policy across sectors like defense, foreign affairs, education, and health.

The UAE has a legislative body known as the Federal National Council (FNC), which serves as a parliamentary and advisory body. The FNC consists of 40 members. Twenty of these members are appointed directly by the rulers of the emirates, while the other twenty are elected by a limited electoral college chosen by the rulers. The FNC’s primary role is to review and provide recommendations on federal legislation proposed by the Council of Ministers. It can also question ministers and debate the national budget. However, it does not have the power to initiate or veto legislation, and its role is largely consultative. Political parties are not permitted in the UAE, and the political system is based on the traditional tribal concept of “shura,” or consultation, where rulers govern in consultation with their communities. This system provides a high degree of stability and continuity but operates without the mechanisms of democratic accountability found in Western political systems.

Back to Top

24. Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the United Arab Emirates is a distinctive dual system that draws from two primary sources: modern civil law codes and Islamic Sharia law. The foundation of the system is the UAE Constitution, which establishes the country as a federation and outlines the basic principles of its governance and legal framework. The civil law component, which is based on the French and Egyptian legal traditions, governs most areas of law, including commercial transactions, contracts, and civil wrongs. This codified system provides a structured and predictable framework for the country’s booming commercial and business activities. The laws are enacted at both the federal and individual emirate level, with federal law taking precedence in cases of conflict.

The second pillar of the legal system is Islamic Sharia, which is designated by the constitution as a main source of legislation. The influence of Sharia is most pronounced in the area of personal status law, which covers matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody for Muslim residents. These cases are heard in specialized Sharia courts. Sharia principles also inform certain aspects of the criminal code. While the Penal Code is largely a secular, civil law document, certain offenses, known as “Hudud” crimes in Sharia (such as theft, adultery, and the consumption of alcohol by Muslims), are criminalized. In recent years, the UAE has undertaken significant legal reforms to modernize its laws and align them more closely with international standards, particularly in areas of personal and family law, decriminalizing certain acts and aiming to make the country more attractive to expatriates and foreign investors.

The court system in the UAE is structured at both the federal and local levels. Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah maintain their own independent judicial systems, while the other five emirates are part of the federal judicial system. Both systems have a similar hierarchy, starting with Courts of First Instance, which hear all civil, commercial, and criminal cases. Rulings from these courts can be appealed to the Courts of Appeal, and the final court of appeal is the Court of Cassation (or Supreme Court at the federal level). Law enforcement is managed by police forces that are organized at the individual emirate level, such as the Dubai Police and Abu Dhabi Police. These forces are known for being well-equipped, technologically advanced, and efficient. The criminal justice system operates with a strong emphasis on public order and security, and visitors should be aware that the laws and social norms can be significantly more conservative than in Western countries.

Back to Top

25. Foreign Relations

The United Arab Emirates pursues a highly active, pragmatic, and increasingly influential foreign policy that is guided by the principles of economic prosperity, regional stability, and international cooperation. As a major global hub for trade, finance, and logistics, the UAE’s foreign policy is intrinsically linked to its economic interests. The country has cultivated a vast network of trade and investment partnerships around the world, making it one of the most open and globally connected economies. It is a key member of several major international economic organizations, including the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The GCC, a political and economic alliance of six Gulf Arab states, is a cornerstone of the UAE’s regional policy, providing a framework for cooperation on security and economic integration.

In its regional diplomacy, the UAE has emerged as a significant and assertive player. It seeks to promote stability in the Middle East, often using its economic and diplomatic leverage to influence regional events. The country maintains a strong strategic alliance with Saudi Arabia, with the two nations often coordinating their policies on major regional issues. It has also forged a landmark peace agreement with Israel, the Abraham Accords, which has reshaped the diplomatic landscape of the region and opened up new avenues for economic and technological cooperation. The UAE also plays a very active role in providing humanitarian aid and development assistance, making it one of the world’s largest donors relative to its national income. This “soft power” approach enhances its international standing and promotes its image as a force for stability and development.

On the global stage, the UAE has successfully diversified its partnerships beyond its traditional allies. While it maintains a strong strategic and security relationship with the United States and other Western powers like France and the UK, it has also developed deep and comprehensive ties with major Asian powers, particularly China and India, which are now among its largest trading partners. The UAE skillfully balances these relationships, positioning itself as a reliable partner to a wide range of global actors. Its proactive diplomacy is further demonstrated by its active participation in multilateral forums like the United Nations, where it has served as a non-permanent member of the Security Council. This outward-looking and dynamic foreign policy has transformed the UAE from a small Gulf state into a globally influential middle power with a reach that extends far beyond its region.

Back to Top

26. Administrative Divisions

The United Arab Emirates is fundamentally defined by its administrative structure as a federation composed of seven distinct emirates. Each of these emirates serves as a primary administrative division and is an absolute monarchy, governed by its own hereditary ruler and royal family. While they are all part of the federal state, each emirate retains a significant degree of autonomy over its internal affairs, its economy, and its local governance. The seven emirates are Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah, and Fujairah. The distribution of power and resources among these emirates is not symmetrical. Abu Dhabi, as the capital and the largest and most oil-rich emirate, holds a position of preeminence within the federation and contributes the most to the federal budget. Dubai, as the country’s premier commercial and tourism hub, also wields significant influence.

Below the level of the emirate, the administrative structure varies. The larger emirates, such as Abu Dhabi and Sharjah, are further divided into municipalities and administrative regions to facilitate local governance and the delivery of public services. For example, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi is divided into three municipal regions: Abu Dhabi City Municipality, Al Ain Region Municipality, and Al Dhafra Region Municipality. These municipalities are responsible for a wide range of local services, including urban planning, parks and recreation, and infrastructure maintenance. In contrast, the smaller emirates, like Ajman and Umm Al Quwain, are more centralized and are largely governed as single municipal units. This flexible administrative approach allows each emirate to tailor its governance structure to its specific size, population, and needs.

Each emirate is governed by its ruler, who is the supreme authority within that emirate’s territory. The ruler is assisted by a crown prince, who is the designated heir, and an executive council or cabinet that manages the various local government departments. These departments are responsible for a wide array of functions that are not delegated to the federal government, such as economic development, tourism, local infrastructure, and policing. This dual system of governance, with a federal government responsible for national issues like defense and foreign affairs, and powerful local governments managing their own internal affairs, is a defining characteristic of the UAE’s administrative and political landscape. It has allowed for both national unity and a high degree of local dynamism, enabling emirates like Dubai to pursue their own ambitious development models within the broader federal framework.

Back to Top

27. Economy & Commodities

The economy of the United Arab Emirates has undergone one of the most rapid and remarkable transformations in modern history. In just a few decades, it has evolved from a small, underdeveloped economy dependent on fishing and pearling into a highly diversified, technologically advanced, and globally integrated powerhouse. The initial catalyst for this dramatic change was the discovery of vast oil and natural gas reserves, particularly in Abu Dhabi, in the mid-20th century. These hydrocarbon resources provided the immense capital needed to kickstart the nation’s development. Today, the UAE is one of the world’s top ten oil producers, and the export of petroleum and natural gas remains a critical component of the economy and the primary source of government revenue, especially for Abu Dhabi. This wealth has been strategically managed and invested through powerful sovereign wealth funds, which have become major players in global financial markets.

However, the most impressive feature of the UAE’s economic story has been its successful and deliberate strategy of diversification away from its reliance on oil and gas. Recognizing the finite nature of these resources, the country’s leadership, particularly in Dubai, embarked on an ambitious plan to build a post-oil economy. This strategy has focused on developing the UAE into a global hub for trade, finance, logistics, and tourism. The country has leveraged its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa to build world-class infrastructure, including massive seaports like Jebel Ali in Dubai, and international airports that are among the busiest in the world. This has made the UAE a critical node in global supply chains. The establishment of numerous free trade zones, offering tax incentives and 100% foreign ownership, has attracted thousands of international companies to set up their regional headquarters in the country.

The services sector now dominates the UAE’s non-oil economy. Tourism is a cornerstone of this sector, with Dubai and Abu Dhabi attracting millions of visitors each year to their iconic landmarks, luxury hotels, world-class shopping malls, and major international events. The real estate and construction sectors have also been major drivers of growth, responsible for creating the futuristic cityscapes for which the UAE is famous. The country has also established itself as the leading financial center in the Middle East, with the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) and the Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) attracting major banks, investment firms, and fintech companies from around the world. This relentless focus on diversification and innovation continues to propel the UAE’s economy forward, creating a resilient and dynamic model for the region.

Back to Top

28. Science and Technology

The United Arab Emirates has placed science and technology at the very heart of its national vision for the future, viewing it as the essential driver for its transition to a sustainable, knowledge-based economy. The country has made massive investments in R&D, innovation, and technological infrastructure, aiming to become a global leader in several key fields. This ambitious agenda is most strikingly symbolized by the UAE’s space program. In 2021, the nation made history when its “Hope Probe” successfully entered orbit around Mars, making the UAE only the fifth country in the world to achieve this feat. This mission was not just a scientific achievement; it was a powerful statement of intent, designed to inspire a new generation of Emirati scientists and engineers and to accelerate the development of the country’s high-tech industries. The space program continues with plans for lunar missions and the development of a sophisticated satellite industry.

Another major focus of the UAE’s technology strategy is the field of artificial intelligence (AI). In 2017, the UAE became the first country in the world to appoint a dedicated Minister for Artificial Intelligence, signaling its commitment to integrating AI across all sectors of the government and economy. The national AI strategy aims to boost efficiency, drive economic growth, and improve the quality of life for its residents. This is closely linked to the development of smart cities, with Dubai being a leading global example. The Smart Dubai initiative has rolled out hundreds of projects aimed at creating a seamless, efficient, and technologically advanced urban experience, utilizing technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and data analytics to manage everything from traffic and public services to energy consumption.

Renewable energy and sustainability is another critical area of scientific and technological focus. Despite its status as a major oil producer, the UAE is investing heavily in clean energy to diversify its power mix and combat climate change. Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is a pioneering project designed as a sustainable urban community and a hub for clean-tech companies. The country is also home to some of the world’s largest solar power plants, such as the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai, which leverages the country’s abundant sunshine to generate clean electricity at record-low costs. The development of world-class research universities, such as Khalifa University and New York University Abu Dhabi, is also central to this vision, creating the human capital and the research ecosystem needed to sustain this technological transformation for generations to come.

Back to Top

29. Philosophy

The guiding philosophy of the modern United Arab Emirates is a unique and potent blend of deeply held Islamic and Bedouin traditions with a hyper-modern, forward-looking vision of global leadership and technological advancement. At its core, the nation’s philosophy is rooted in the principles of Islam, which inform the legal system, social customs, and the personal values of its people. These values emphasize the importance of family, community, generosity, and respect. This traditional foundation provides a strong sense of identity and social cohesion, acting as an anchor in a society that has undergone one of the most rapid transformations in human history. The Bedouin heritage also contributes a powerful legacy of resilience, adaptability, and hospitality, values that were essential for survival in the harsh desert environment and remain relevant in the fast-paced globalized world the UAE now navigates.

This traditional foundation is overlaid with a distinctively modern and pragmatic philosophy of visionary leadership. The founding father of the UAE, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, is revered not just as a political leader but as the architect of the nation’s guiding philosophy. His vision was to use the country’s oil wealth not for personal enrichment, but to invest in the well-being and development of his people, building world-class infrastructure, education, and healthcare systems from the ground up. This philosophy of investing in human capital and building for the future has been continued by his successors. The current leadership, particularly in Dubai under Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, has championed a philosophy of relentless innovation, encapsulated in the belief that “in the race for excellence, there is no finish line.” This has driven the nation to constantly pursue ambitious, headline-grabbing projects and to strive to be “number one” in everything from the tallest building to the most efficient government services.

In recent years, the concept of “tolerance” has been elevated to a core tenet of the UAE’s state philosophy. In a region often marked by conflict, the UAE has actively promoted itself as a global beacon of religious and cultural tolerance. This is both a moral and a pragmatic position. The country is home to a vast expatriate population from over 200 nationalities, and creating a harmonious and inclusive society is essential for social stability and economic success. The government has institutionalized this philosophy by creating a Ministry of Tolerance, hosting interfaith dialogues, and establishing multi-faith complexes like the Abrahamic Family House in Abu Dhabi, which contains a mosque, a church, and a synagogue on one site. This projection of tolerance and openness serves as a key pillar of the UAE’s soft power and its brand on the international stage, presenting a vision of a modern, moderate, and prosperous Islamic nation.

Back to Top

30. Cultural Etiquette

Navigating the cultural landscape of the United Arab Emirates requires an awareness and respect for its Islamic traditions and conservative values, even within the cosmopolitan and modern environments of cities like Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The culture is built on a foundation of respect, hospitality, and family, and understanding the local etiquette will greatly enhance any visitor’s experience. Greetings are an important part of any interaction. The traditional Arabic greeting is “As-salamu alaykum” (Peace be upon you), to which the reply is “Wa alaykumu s-salam” (And upon you be peace). A simple “hello” is also perfectly acceptable. When a man greets another man, a handshake is common. When greeting a Muslim woman, it is respectful for a man to wait and see if she extends her hand first; if she does not, a polite nod and a smile are the appropriate greeting. It is also important to use the right hand for shaking hands, passing objects, or eating, as the left hand is considered unclean.

The concept of modesty is a cornerstone of Emirati culture and is reflected in the expected dress code. While the UAE is more lenient than some of its neighbors, visitors are still expected to dress modestly in public places. This means covering the shoulders and knees. Swimwear is acceptable at hotel pools and private beaches, but it is not appropriate to wear it in public areas like shopping malls or restaurants. During the holy month of Ramadan, it is especially important to be respectful of those who are fasting. This means refraining from eating, drinking, or smoking in public during fasting hours. Many restaurants will be closed during the day or will have screened-off areas for non-Muslims. When visiting a mosque, such as the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, women will be required to cover their hair and wear loose-fitting, non-transparent clothing that covers their arms and legs. Mosques often provide appropriate attire for visitors.

Hospitality is a cherished value, and if you are invited into an Emirati home, it is considered a great honor. It is customary to remove your shoes before entering. If offered coffee or dates, it is polite to accept. When sitting, be mindful not to show the soles of your feet to your host, as this is considered rude. Public displays of affection, such as kissing or hugging, are not culturally acceptable and should be avoided. Swearing and making rude gestures are also considered serious offenses. Photography should be done with sensitivity; it is polite to ask for permission before taking a picture of someone, and it is strictly forbidden to photograph military installations or government buildings. By observing these simple rules of etiquette, visitors can show their respect for the local culture and ensure a smooth and positive experience.

Back to Top

31. Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation in the United Arab Emirates are a spectacular blend of cherished heritage sports and a passion for world-class international events. The traditional sports of the region are deeply rooted in the Bedouin culture and the natural environment of the desert and the sea. Falconry is a revered art form and a symbol of national heritage. It is more than just a sport; it is a deep bond between the falconer and their bird, a skill passed down through generations. Camel racing is another iconic heritage sport, often referred to as the “sport of sheikhs.” Once a traditional pastime, it has been transformed into a highly organized and popular spectacle, with dedicated camel racetracks and valuable prizes. In a modern twist, small, lightweight robots are now used as jockeys. Dhow sailing, which harks back to the country’s pearling and trading past, is also kept alive through regular races that celebrate the maritime skills of the Emirati people.

In the modern era, the UAE has developed a passion for a wide range of global sports, with football (soccer) being the most popular and widely followed. The UAE Pro League is the country’s top professional football league, and the national team commands strong support during international competitions like the AFC Asian Cup and FIFA World Cup qualifiers. Cricket is also incredibly popular, particularly among the large expatriate population from South Asia. The UAE has become a major neutral venue for international cricket, hosting numerous series and tournaments, including the prestigious Indian Premier League (IPL) and the T20 World Cup, at its world-class stadiums in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah. The nation has also invested heavily in nurturing its own talent, with the national cricket team achieving One Day International status.

The UAE has strategically positioned itself as a global hub for elite international sporting events, using them to boost its tourism profile and international prestige. The country hosts a Formula 1 Grand Prix at the spectacular Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi, a major event on the global motorsport calendar. In golf, the DP World Tour Championship in Dubai is the season-ending climax of the European Tour, attracting the world’s best golfers. The Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships is another top-tier event that draws the biggest names in men’s and women’s tennis. For recreation, the options are endless, from desert safaris involving dune bashing and sandboarding to luxury beach clubs, indoor ski slopes, skydiving over the Palm Jumeirah, and a plethora of water sports along its extensive coastline.

Back to Top

32. Environmental Concerns

The United Arab Emirates faces a unique and complex set of environmental challenges that are a direct consequence of its arid climate, its rapid and intensive development, and its reliance on hydrocarbon resources. Perhaps the most fundamental environmental concern is water scarcity. As one of the most water-scarce countries in the world, with extremely low rainfall and limited natural freshwater resources, the UAE is heavily dependent on energy-intensive desalination plants to meet the water demands of its growing population and economy. This reliance on desalination creates a secondary problem, as the process is a major contributor to the country’s high per capita carbon footprint and produces a highly saline brine byproduct that can harm marine ecosystems when discharged back into the sea. Managing water resources sustainably is therefore a critical national security issue.

The country’s rapid urbanization and economic growth have also placed immense pressure on the environment. The UAE has one of the highest per capita carbon footprints in the world, driven by high electricity consumption for air conditioning, water desalination, and transportation. Air quality can be a concern, particularly in the major cities, due to emissions from vehicles and industrial activity, as well as natural factors like dust and sandstorms. The extensive coastal development, including the construction of iconic man-made islands, has had a significant impact on marine habitats, destroying or altering sensitive ecosystems like coral reefs and seagrass beds, which are crucial for marine biodiversity. Waste management is another major challenge, as the country has one of the highest rates of per capita waste generation globally.

Despite these significant challenges, the UAE has become increasingly proactive in addressing its environmental issues and has made sustainability a key pillar of its national vision. The government has set ambitious targets for clean energy, investing billions of dollars in massive solar power projects to diversify its energy mix and reduce its carbon emissions. It has launched a national climate change plan and is actively promoting energy efficiency and green building standards. The UAE has also established several protected areas to conserve its fragile desert and marine ecosystems and has been a leader in the conservation of endangered species like the Arabian oryx and the dugong. Initiatives like Masdar City in Abu Dhabi are designed to be living laboratories for sustainable urban development, showcasing the country’s commitment to finding innovative solutions to the complex environmental challenges it faces.

Back to Top

33. Marriage & Courtship

In the United Arab Emirates, marriage is a cornerstone of society, viewed as a sacred contract and a fundamental family and community event rather than just a union between two individuals. The traditions surrounding courtship and marriage are deeply rooted in Islamic law and Bedouin culture. Historically, marriages were often arranged between families, sometimes between cousins, to strengthen tribal and clan ties. While individuals today, particularly in the urban centers, have more say in choosing their partners, family approval remains a crucial and non-negotiable part of the process. Courtship is typically a discreet and supervised affair. The process often begins when a man’s family formally approaches the woman’s family to express his interest. This is followed by a period where the couple may get to know each other through chaperoned meetings.

Once both families have consented to the union, the marriage process involves several key steps. The first is the signing of the marriage contract, known as the “Nikah” or “Aqd Al Qiran,” which is conducted by an Islamic cleric in the presence of the bride’s guardian (wali) and two male witnesses. This ceremony legalizes the marriage. A key component of the contract is the “mahr,” or dowry, which is a gift from the groom to the bride that becomes her exclusive property. The wedding celebration itself can be an extravagant and joyous affair, often with separate parties for men and women, filled with music, dancing, and feasting. These celebrations are a vibrant display of Emirati culture, tradition, and hospitality.

Back to Top

34. Work Opportunities

The landscape of work opportunities in the United Arab Emirates is unique in the world, characterized by a dynamic, fast-paced economy that is overwhelmingly powered by a vast expatriate workforce. Foreign nationals make up close to 90% of the country’s population, and they are employed across almost every sector of the economy. The UAE’s tax-free income is a major drawcard, attracting talent from all over the globe. The key sectors for employment include construction and real estate, which have driven the development of the country’s iconic skylines; hospitality and tourism, which cater to the millions of visitors the country receives each year; and retail, which is centered on the country’s massive and world-renowned shopping malls.

For skilled professionals, there are abundant opportunities in fields such as finance, with the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) serving as major regional hubs for banking, investment, and insurance. The technology sector is also booming, as the government actively promotes the UAE as a center for innovation in areas like artificial intelligence, fintech, and e-commerce. Healthcare is another major employer, with a growing network of state-of-the-art hospitals and clinics requiring doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals. The energy sector, particularly in Abu Dhabi, remains a key source of high-skilled jobs in oil and gas engineering and, increasingly, in renewable energy.

Working in the UAE requires navigating a specific legal framework. All expatriate workers must be sponsored by their employer to obtain a residence visa and work permit. This system, often referred to as “kafala,” ties an employee’s legal status to their employer. However, the UAE has introduced significant labor reforms in recent years to improve worker mobility and protect employee rights, making it easier for individuals to switch jobs. The job market is highly competitive, and while opportunities are plentiful, employers often seek candidates with specific skills and international experience. Networking is crucial, and many positions are filled through professional connections and online job portals that cater specifically to the Gulf region.

Back to Top

35. Education

The education system in the United Arab Emirates has undergone a massive and rapid development, transforming from a small system of basic religious schools into a vast and diverse network of public and private institutions. The government has placed a strong emphasis on education as a key pillar of its long-term economic and social development, investing heavily in creating a world-class education system for its citizens. The public school system is free for all Emirati citizens and is segregated by gender. The curriculum has been modernized to focus on developing skills in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), as well as fostering innovation and critical thinking, in line with the nation’s goal of building a knowledge-based economy.

A defining feature of the UAE’s education landscape is its enormous and diverse private education sector. To cater to the needs of the country’s large and multicultural expatriate population, there are hundreds of private schools offering a wide variety of international curricula. These include the British curriculum (GCSEs and A-Levels), the American curriculum, the International Baccalaureate (IB), and national curricula from countries like India, France, and Germany. This allows expatriate families to choose an educational path that aligns with their home country’s system or their future academic goals. These schools are regulated by government bodies, such as the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA) in Dubai and the Abu Dhabi Department of Education and Knowledge (ADEK), which conduct regular inspections and provide ratings to ensure quality standards are met.

The higher education sector in the UAE has also seen remarkable growth. The country is home to several public universities for Emirati citizens, such as the United Arab Emirates University, Zayed University, and the Higher Colleges of Technology. In addition to these, the UAE has actively sought to attract prestigious international universities to establish branch campuses in the country. This has led to the creation of academic hubs like Dubai International Academic City and Abu Dhabi’s Education City. World-renowned institutions such as New York University, the Sorbonne, and INSEAD now have campuses in the UAE, offering local and international students access to a world-class education without having to travel abroad. This focus on developing a comprehensive and high-quality education system, from kindergarten to postgraduate research, is central to the UAE’s vision for its future.

Back to Top

36. Communication & Connectivity

The United Arab Emirates boasts one of the most advanced and sophisticated communication and connectivity infrastructures in the world, a testament to its status as a global business and technology hub. The country has invested heavily in creating a state-of-the-art telecommunications network that provides residents and businesses with fast and reliable services. Mobile phone penetration is among the highest globally, with almost the entire population owning at least one mobile device. The mobile network is dominated by two main providers, Etisalat and du, which offer extensive coverage and high-speed data services across all seven emirates. The rollout of 5G technology has been rapid and widespread, placing the UAE at the forefront of the next generation of mobile connectivity and enabling new applications in areas like the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart cities.

Internet connectivity is ubiquitous and generally of a very high standard. The UAE has one of the highest rates of fiber optic network penetration in the world, meaning that a vast majority of homes and businesses have access to high-speed fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) broadband. This world-class infrastructure is a key enabler for the country’s digital economy, supporting everything from international finance and e-commerce to cloud computing and remote work. Public Wi-Fi is widely available in countless locations, including shopping malls, airports, parks, beaches, and on public transport, making it incredibly easy for residents and tourists to stay connected while on the move. This commitment to seamless connectivity is a central part of the UAE’s strategy to position itself as a leading smart nation.

However, it is important for visitors and residents to be aware that internet access in the UAE is subject to government regulation and content filtering. The Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority (TDRA) implements a policy that blocks access to websites and online content that is deemed to be inconsistent with the religious, moral, or political values of the country. This includes content related to gambling, pornography, and certain political websites. Furthermore, some Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services, which allow for free calls over the internet, are restricted. While widely used messaging apps like WhatsApp and Telegram are available, their voice and video calling features are often blocked, with the government encouraging the use of licensed and fee-based VoIP services provided by the local telecom operators.

Back to Top

37. National Symbols

The national symbols of the United Arab Emirates are a powerful reflection of the nation’s identity, blending the deep-rooted heritage of its Bedouin and Islamic past with the strength and unity of the modern federation. These emblems are a source of immense national pride and are prominently displayed across the country, serving as a constant reminder of the journey from separate sheikhdoms to a unified global player. Each symbol carries a story of the land, the faith, and the values that bind the seven emirates together.

From the falcon, which represents the skill and courage of the Bedouin hunters, to the Ghaf tree, a symbol of resilience in the harsh desert environment, these symbols speak to a profound connection with the natural world. The flag’s Pan-Arab colors signify the nation’s place within the wider Arab world, while the official coat of arms anchors the country’s identity in its most cherished traditions. Together, these official and cultural symbols create a rich tapestry that defines the unique character of the UAE.

Symbol	Description
The National Flag	Composed of four Pan-Arab colors. The vertical red band represents bravery, strength, and courage. The horizontal bands are green (hope, joy, and love), white (peace and honesty), and black (the defeat of enemies or strength of mind).
Coat of Arms	Features a golden falcon with a disk in the middle, which shows the UAE flag and seven stars representing the seven emirates. The falcon holds a red parchment in its talons which bears the name of the country in Kufic script. It symbolizes strength and heritage.
National Anthem	“Ishy Bilady” (Long Live my Nation). The music was composed in 1971, but the lyrics were officially adopted in 1996. It speaks of unity, patriotism, and pride in the nation’s Islamic and Arab identity.
National Animal	The Arabian Oryx. A species of desert antelope that was saved from extinction through a successful conservation program led by Sheikh Zayed. It symbolizes the nation’s commitment to wildlife conservation and its natural heritage.
National Bird	The Falcon. A symbol of force and courage, the falcon represents the heritage of falconry, a traditional sport that is deeply ingrained in Bedouin culture and requires skill, patience, and a deep connection with the bird.
National Tree	The Ghaf Tree (Prosopis cineraria). A drought-tolerant, evergreen tree native to the desert. It symbolizes resilience, stability, and peace, and was officially adopted as the national tree in 2008.
National Flower	The Tribulus Omanense. A delicate yellow desert flower that is known for its ability to thrive in the arid conditions of the region. It symbolizes endurance and beauty.
Cultural Symbol: Dallah	The traditional Arabic coffee pot. The Dallah is a powerful symbol of Emirati hospitality and generosity. Serving coffee from a Dallah is a central part of welcoming guests.
Cultural Symbol: Dhow	The traditional wooden sailing vessel. The Dhow represents the UAE’s maritime heritage, which was built on fishing, pearling, and trade long before the discovery of oil.
Date Palm	While not an official symbol, the date palm is of immense cultural and economic importance. It has been a source of food and shelter for centuries and is a powerful symbol of life and prosperity in the desert.

Back to Top

38. Tourism

Tourism is a cornerstone of the United Arab Emirates’ diversified economy and a central element of its global brand. The country has strategically positioned itself as a premier destination for luxury, leisure, business, and entertainment, attracting tens of millions of visitors each year. The city of Dubai is the undisputed engine of the UAE’s tourism industry, having built a global reputation for its audacious architecture, world-class shopping, and superlative attractions. It is home to iconic landmarks such as the Burj Khalifa, the world’s tallest building; The Dubai Mall, a massive shopping and entertainment complex; and the man-made islands of Palm Jumeirah. The city constantly innovates, adding new attractions to keep visitors coming back, from theme parks and water parks to unique experiences like indoor skiing and skydiving.

While Dubai is famous for its glamour, the other emirates offer a diverse range of tourism experiences. The capital, Abu Dhabi, has cultivated an image as a center for culture and high-end leisure. It is home to the stunning Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, a masterpiece of modern Islamic architecture, as well as world-class cultural institutions like the Louvre Abu Dhabi. For those seeking adventure, the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah offers mountain activities in the Hajar Mountains, including the world’s longest zipline, while the vast deserts of Abu Dhabi and Dubai provide the backdrop for thrilling desert safaris. The emirate of Fujairah, on the Gulf of Oman, is a popular spot for scuba diving and snorkeling. This diversity of offerings, from urban sophistication and cultural immersion to natural adventure, is a key strength of the UAE’s tourism proposition, ensuring it appeals to a wide variety of travelers from all over the world.

Back to Top

39. Visa and Entry Requirements

The visa and entry requirements for the United Arab Emirates are relatively liberal for many nationalities but are strictly enforced. The specific visa policy depends on the visitor’s citizenship. Citizens of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and Qatar) do not need a visa and can enter the UAE with their national ID card or passport, enjoying freedom of movement. This streamlined process reflects the close political and economic ties within the GCC bloc. For all other travelers, a valid passport with at least six months of validity from the date of entry is mandatory. It is crucial to check passport validity before travel, as entry will be denied if it does not meet this requirement.

The UAE offers a visa-on-arrival facility to citizens of a large and growing list of countries. This includes passport holders from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Japan, China, and most countries within the European Union. Travelers from these countries do not need to apply for a visa in advance. Upon arrival at any UAE airport, they can proceed directly to the immigration counter, where their passport will be stamped with a free visa, which is typically valid for a 30-day or 90-day stay, depending on the nationality. This hassle-free process has been a major factor in the growth of the UAE’s tourism industry, making it an easily accessible destination for a significant portion of global travelers.

For citizens of countries not eligible for visa-on-arrival, a visa must be obtained before traveling to the UAE. It is important to note that UAE embassies generally do not issue tourist visas directly. Instead, pre-arranged visas must be sponsored by an entity within the UAE. The most common sponsors are UAE-based airlines (such as Emirates or Etihad), hotels, or registered travel agencies. Travelers can apply for their visa through these sponsors, who will submit the application to the immigration authorities on their behalf. The process is typically done online and requires submitting passport copies and other documents. It is essential to apply well in advance of the planned travel date. Additionally, all individuals seeking to work or reside in the UAE must obtain the appropriate residence visa and work permit, which is sponsored by their employer.

Back to Top

40. Useful Resources

• Official Portal of the UAE Government – The primary source for all government information, services, and official news.
• Visit Dubai – The official tourism website for Dubai, with comprehensive guides on attractions, events, and travel planning.
• Visit Abu Dhabi – The official tourism website for Abu Dhabi, detailing cultural sites, leisure activities, and events.
• Emirates Airline – The official website for one of the UAE’s flag carriers, offering flight bookings and visa services for passengers.
• Etihad Airways – The official website for Abu Dhabi’s flag carrier, also providing flight and visa services.
• Gulf News – One of the leading English-language daily newspapers in the UAE, providing news and analysis.
• Khaleej Times – Another major English-language newspaper covering the UAE and the wider region.

Back to Top