Vietnam Travel Guide

21) Brief History

Vietnam’s history is a long and compelling saga of cultural development, fierce resistance against foreign domination, and an unyielding quest for independence. The origins of the Vietnamese nation are traced back to the ancient Bronze Age cultures of the Red River Delta, most notably the Đông Sơn culture, which flourished thousands of years ago. However, the most formative period in early Vietnamese history was the millennium of Chinese rule, from 111 BC to 938 AD. This long occupation profoundly influenced Vietnam’s language, writing system, philosophy, and political institutions. Yet, it also instilled a deep-seated and powerful spirit of resistance and a distinct Vietnamese identity, marked by numerous rebellions led by heroic figures like the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu, who are celebrated in Vietnam to this day.

In 938 AD, Vietnamese forces under the leadership of Ngô Quyền finally defeated the Chinese and re-established independence, ushering in an era of sovereignty under a series of powerful imperial dynasties, including the Lý, Trần, and Lê dynasties. This period saw the flourishing of Vietnamese art, architecture, and literature, as well as the expansion of the nation southward in a process known as the ‘Nam tiến’ (March to the South). This golden age was interrupted in the 19th century when France, seeking to expand its colonial empire, gradually conquered Vietnam. By 1887, Vietnam was fully incorporated into French Indochina. The French colonial period was one of economic exploitation and political suppression, which in turn fueled a new wave of nationalist movements in the 20th century, most notably led by the charismatic revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh.

The 20th century was a period of immense turmoil and conflict. After World War II, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam’s independence in 1945, but the French sought to reassert their control, leading to the bloody First Indochina War. The Vietnamese victory at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 was a stunning defeat for a colonial power and led to the Geneva Accords, which divided the country at the 17th parallel into a communist North and a non-communist South. This division set the stage for the Vietnam War (known in Vietnam as the American War), a devastating conflict that drew in the United States and other world powers. The war lasted for two decades, causing immense loss of life and destruction. It finally ended in 1975 with the fall of Saigon and the reunification of the country under the control of the Communist Party. Since then, Vietnam has undergone a remarkable transformation, launching economic reforms in the 1980s (‘Đổi Mới’) that have turned it into one of the fastest-growing and most dynamic countries in Southeast Asia.

Back to Top

22) Geography

Vietnam’s geography is as diverse as it is beautiful, defined by its distinctive elongated ‘S’ shape that stretches for over 1,650 kilometers along the eastern coast of the Indochinese Peninsula. The country’s topography is a dramatic mix of rugged mountains, fertile river deltas, and a long, picturesque coastline. This geographical diversity creates a wide range of climates and landscapes, making a trip through Vietnam a journey through many different worlds. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the South China Sea (known in Vietnam as the East Sea) to the east and south. This strategic location has played a crucial role in its history, culture, and economic development, positioning it as a crossroads of Southeast Asia.

The country’s landscape is dominated by two major geographical features: the mountains and the river deltas. Mountain ranges and highlands cover about three-quarters of Vietnam’s territory. In the north, the rugged highlands are home to many of the country’s ethnic minority groups and feature spectacular terraced rice paddies and soaring peaks, including Fansipan, which at 3,143 meters is the highest point in Indochina. Running down the western length of the country is the Annamite Range, which forms a natural border with Laos and Cambodia. These mountainous regions are covered in dense forests and are vital for the country’s biodiversity, harboring a rich array of flora and fauna. This terrain makes northern and central Vietnam a paradise for trekking, adventure travel, and exploring remote cultures.

In stark contrast to the highlands are the two vast, fertile river deltas, which are the agricultural and demographic heartlands of the nation. In the north is the Red River Delta, a densely populated and historically significant region where the capital city of Hanoi is located. This is the cradle of Vietnamese civilization, where wet-rice cultivation has sustained the population for thousands of years. In the south lies the sprawling Mekong Delta, an incredibly fertile and intricate network of rivers, canals, and swamps. This “rice bowl” of Vietnam is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world, producing vast quantities of rice, fruits, and seafood. Complementing the mountains and deltas is Vietnam’s long and beautiful coastline, which stretches for over 3,400 kilometers and is dotted with countless stunning beaches, lagoons, and the world-renowned natural wonder of Ha Long Bay, with its thousands of limestone karsts rising from the emerald waters.

Back to Top

23) Politics and Government

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a one-party socialist state, with its political framework defined and governed by the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The CPV is the sole legal political party and plays the central and leading role in all aspects of government and society. Its authority is enshrined in the national constitution. The political system is highly centralized, with power concentrated within the party’s leadership. The most important political decisions are made by the Politburo, the party’s highest decision-making body, and the Central Committee. The party’s ideology is based on Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Thought, which combines communist theory with the nationalist ideals of Vietnam’s revolutionary leader. This system emphasizes collective leadership and social stability under the firm guidance of the party.

The formal state apparatus is structured into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, but all operate under the direction of the Communist Party. The head of state is the President, who is elected by the National Assembly and holds a largely ceremonial role, representing the nation domestically and internationally. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is also selected by the National Assembly and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country and overseeing the various government ministries. The most powerful position in the country, however, is the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam, who is the leader of the party and holds ultimate authority over the country’s political direction.

The legislative branch of government is the unicameral National Assembly (Quốc hội), whose deputies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms. In theory, the National Assembly is the highest organ of state power, with the authority to pass laws, approve the budget, and oversee the government. However, in practice, all candidates for the assembly are vetted and approved by the Vietnamese Fatherland Front, an umbrella organization controlled by the CPV, ensuring that the party maintains control over the legislative process. While debates within the assembly have become more open in recent years, particularly on economic and social issues, the body ultimately acts in alignment with the party’s policies. The judiciary is also under the control of the party, with the Supreme People’s Court serving as the highest court of appeal. The political system, while authoritarian, has successfully overseen a period of remarkable economic growth and social development since the Đổi Mới reforms of the 1980s.

Back to Top

24) Law and Criminal Justice

The legal system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is based on the socialist civil law tradition, with its foundations laid during the communist era and heavily influenced by Soviet legal theory. Since the Đổi Mới economic reforms began in 1986, the country has undergone a significant process of legal reform, creating a more complex legal framework to support a market-oriented economy and international integration. The Constitution of Vietnam is the supreme law of the land, and the legal system is built upon a hierarchy of codified laws and regulations enacted by the National Assembly. Key legal codes include the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Law on Enterprise, and the Law on Investment, which have all been updated numerous times to adapt to the country’s rapidly changing economic and social environment.

The judicial system in Vietnam is organized under the ultimate supervision of the National Assembly. The court system has several tiers. At the local level, there are district People’s Courts and provincial People’s Courts, which handle the majority of civil and criminal cases at the first and appellate instances. At the national level, the Supreme People’s Court, located in Hanoi, is the highest judicial body. It is responsible for overseeing the work of the lower courts and acting as the final court of appeal in the most serious cases. The judiciary is not an independent branch of government in the Western sense; it is subject to the leadership and direction of the Communist Party of Vietnam. This political influence can impact judicial outcomes, particularly in cases that are politically sensitive.

For travelers, it is important to understand that Vietnam is a generally safe country with a low rate of violent crime against foreigners. However, petty crime, such as pickpocketing, bag-snatching, and scams, can be common in major tourist areas, and visitors should exercise a high degree of caution with their belongings. The country has extremely strict laws against illicit drugs, and penalties for trafficking are among the most severe in the world, including the death penalty. It is also illegal to take part in any form of political protest or to distribute materials that are critical of the government. While Vietnamese people are generally very friendly and welcoming, it is crucial to respect the local laws and customs to ensure a safe and positive experience. The police force is visible, and all legal matters are taken very seriously.

Back to Top

25) Foreign Relations

Vietnam’s foreign policy has undergone a remarkable transformation over the past few decades, moving from a position of relative isolation to becoming a dynamic and increasingly influential actor in Southeast Asia and the wider world. The guiding principle of its modern foreign policy is diversification and multilateralization, seeking to be a “friend and reliable partner to all countries.” This pragmatic approach aims to create a peaceful and stable international environment that is conducive to the country’s primary goal of economic development and national security. Vietnam has successfully built a complex web of relationships, skillfully balancing its ties with major world powers and actively participating in regional and international institutions. This strategy is crucial for a country located in a geopolitically sensitive region.

A key focus of Vietnamese foreign policy is its engagement with its neighbors in Southeast Asia. Vietnam is an active and influential member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which it joined in 1995. ASEAN is the cornerstone of its regional policy, providing a platform for promoting regional stability, economic integration, and a collective voice in dealing with larger powers. Within this framework, Vietnam works to manage complex issues, including territorial disputes in the South China Sea (known as the East Sea in Vietnam). The relationship with its northern neighbor, China, is one of the most critical and complex. While the two countries are both socialist states and have strong economic ties, their relationship is also marked by historical mistrust and ongoing maritime disputes, which Vietnam navigates with a careful blend of cooperation and deterrence.

Beyond its immediate region, Vietnam has successfully cultivated strong partnerships with major global powers. The relationship with the United States has seen a dramatic improvement, moving from former adversaries to comprehensive partners. This partnership is now broad and covers economic, diplomatic, and security cooperation. Vietnam also maintains strong traditional ties with Russia and has developed strategic partnerships with other major powers like Japan, India, and Australia. As a testament to its growing international stature, Vietnam has twice served as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and is an active member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various free trade agreements, including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). This proactive and balanced foreign policy has been instrumental in Vietnam’s economic success and its emergence as a key middle power in the Indo-Pacific.

Back to Top

26) Administrative Divisions

The administrative structure of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is organized into a three-tiered system, designed to manage the country’s large population and diverse geography. The highest level of administrative division consists of 63 provinces (tỉnh) and 5 centrally-controlled municipalities (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương). These five municipalities—Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Haiphong, and Can Tho—have the same legal status as the provinces and are major economic and political centers. The provinces are the primary administrative units, responsible for implementing national policies and managing local economic and social development. This system provides a clear framework for governance, extending the reach of the central government from the northern highlands to the southern delta.

The second tier of the administrative hierarchy is the district level. The provinces are subdivided into provincial cities (thành phố thuộc tỉnh), towns (thị xã), and rural districts (huyện). These districts are the intermediary level of government, responsible for overseeing the administration of the communes within their territory. The structure and naming can sometimes be confusing, as a provincial city is a significant urban center but remains under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, unlike the five centrally-controlled municipalities. This district-level administration is crucial for managing local services, infrastructure, and public order in both urban and rural settings across the country’s vast and varied landscape.

The third and lowest tier of the administrative system is the commune level. The rural districts are further divided into communes (xã) and townships (thị trấn), while urban districts within cities and towns are divided into wards (phường). The commune is the foundational level of government in Vietnam, representing the authority closest to the people, especially in rural areas. The People’s Committees at the commune level are responsible for a wide range of local administrative tasks, from registering births and deaths to managing local schools and health clinics. This three-tiered structure—province, district, and commune—allows for a hierarchical system of governance that, while highly centralized under the leadership of the Communist Party, provides a framework for administering a country of nearly 100 million people.

Back to Top

27) Economy & Commodities

The economy of Vietnam has experienced one of the most remarkable transformations of the past few decades, evolving from a centrally-planned, agrarian system to a dynamic, export-oriented “socialist-oriented market economy.” This journey began in 1986 with the launch of the Đổi Mới (renovation) policy, which introduced market-based principles, encouraged private enterprise, and opened the country to foreign investment. The results have been extraordinary, with Vietnam consistently achieving some of the highest GDP growth rates in the world, lifting millions of people out of poverty and becoming a major manufacturing hub in Southeast Asia. The country is now deeply integrated into the global economy, being a member of the WTO and a signatory to numerous free trade agreements.

The engine of this economic miracle has been the industrial and manufacturing sector, particularly the production of electronics, textiles, and footwear. Vietnam has become a critical link in the global supply chain for many multinational corporations, who have invested heavily in building factories and manufacturing facilities across the country, attracted by its relatively low labor costs and stable political environment. Major global brands in the electronics industry, particularly Samsung, have made Vietnam a key production base for their smartphones and other devices. The garment and footwear industries are also massive employers and major sources of export revenue, producing goods for well-known international brands.

While manufacturing is the star performer, Vietnam remains a major agricultural powerhouse. Key agricultural commodities include rice, of which Vietnam is one of the world’s top exporters, grown primarily in the fertile Mekong and Red River Deltas. Coffee is another crucial commodity, with Vietnam being the second-largest producer of coffee in the world, specializing in the Robusta bean. Other significant agricultural exports include cashews, pepper, and seafood, particularly shrimp and pangasius fish from the Mekong Delta. The country is also rich in natural resources, with commodities like crude oil and coal contributing to the economy. In recent years, the services sector, particularly tourism, has become an increasingly important contributor to GDP, as international visitors flock to experience the country’s beautiful landscapes, rich culture, and world-renowned cuisine.

Back to Top

28) Science and Technology

Science and technology have become a central pillar of Vietnam’s national development strategy as the country seeks to transition from a labor-intensive economy to one driven by innovation and knowledge. The government has placed a strong emphasis on developing its scientific and technological capacity, viewing it as essential for long-term economic growth and competitiveness. This commitment is reflected in various national policies and programs aimed at boosting research and development (R&D), improving the quality of science and engineering education, and fostering a more dynamic startup ecosystem. The primary institution overseeing this effort is the Ministry of Science and Technology, which guides policy and allocates funding for research projects across the country.

The main centers for scientific research in Vietnam are the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) and the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), which are the country’s leading government research institutions. Alongside these, major universities, such as the Vietnam National University in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, are increasingly focusing on research and have established numerous laboratories and research centers. The key areas of focus for Vietnamese science and technology are aligned with the country’s economic priorities. These include information and communication technology (ICT), biotechnology, materials science, and agricultural technology. The ICT sector, in particular, has seen rapid growth, with a booming software outsourcing industry and a growing number of tech startups in cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang.

Despite significant progress, Vietnam’s science and technology sector still faces considerable challenges. Investment in R&D, while growing, remains low compared to more developed nations. The country also faces a shortage of highly skilled researchers and engineers, and there is often a gap between academic research and its practical application in industry. To address these issues, Vietnam is actively promoting international cooperation, partnering with universities and research institutions from developed countries to facilitate knowledge transfer and collaborative research. The government is also implementing policies to attract foreign investment in high-tech industries and to encourage the growth of a domestic venture capital market to support technology startups. The goal is to build a vibrant and innovative ecosystem that will power Vietnam’s next phase of economic development.

Back to Top

29) Philosophy

The philosophical landscape of Vietnam is a rich and layered tapestry, woven from three main intellectual traditions: indigenous folk beliefs, Chinese philosophical systems, and, more recently, Western thought, particularly Marxism. The oldest and most foundational layer is the indigenous animist and folk traditions, which predate any foreign influence. These beliefs are centered on the worship of ancestors, nature spirits, and local deities, and they continue to play a significant role in the daily life and rituals of many Vietnamese people. This tradition fosters a deep connection to family, village, and the natural world, emphasizing harmony and respect for the spirits that inhabit the land.

The most profound and lasting influence on Vietnamese philosophy came from China during the millennium of Chinese rule. Three major schools of thought, known as the ‘Tam giáo’ or ‘Triple Religion’, were introduced and assimilated into Vietnamese culture: Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Confucianism provided the ethical and political framework for the state and society, emphasizing social harmony, filial piety, duty, and the importance of education. Taoism offered a more mystical and philosophical counterpoint, with its focus on living in harmony with the ‘Tao’ or the natural way of the universe. Mahayana Buddhism, which came to Vietnam from China, became the dominant religion, offering a spiritual path to enlightenment and salvation and deeply shaping Vietnamese art, architecture, and views on life and death. These three philosophies did not exist in isolation but blended together, creating a syncretic worldview that continues to influence Vietnamese values today.

The third major influence arrived with French colonization and the introduction of Western thought. In the 20th century, Marxism-Leninism became the official state ideology following the rise of the Communist Party and the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. It provided the philosophical basis for the Vietnamese revolution and the structure of the modern socialist state. Ho Chi Minh adapted Marxism-Leninism to the specific context of Vietnam, creating what is now known as “Ho Chi Minh Thought,” which combines communist theory with Vietnamese patriotism and cultural values. Today, while Marxism-Leninism remains the official political philosophy, the traditional values of Confucianism, Buddhism, and folk religion continue to be a powerful force in shaping the personal ethics, social relationships, and cultural identity of the Vietnamese people, creating a complex and dynamic philosophical environment.

Back to Top

30) Cultural Etiquette

Navigating cultural etiquette in Vietnam is a key part of having a respectful and enriching travel experience. Vietnamese culture places a high value on social harmony, respect for elders, and maintaining ‘face’ (thể diện), which relates to a person’s reputation, dignity, and honor. One of the most important aspects of etiquette is the way people are addressed. Respect for age is paramount. You should always greet an older person first. When addressing someone, it is polite to use the appropriate title. For example, ‘anh’ for a man slightly older than you, ‘chị’ for a woman slightly older, ’em’ for someone younger, and ‘ông’ and ‘bà’ for an elderly man and woman respectively. A gentle handshake is common in business settings, but it’s best to wait for a woman to extend her hand first. A slight bow of the head is also a respectful gesture.

When visiting a Vietnamese home, it is customary to remove your shoes before entering. Bringing a small gift for the host, such as a box of sweets, fruit, or flowers, is a thoughtful gesture that will be greatly appreciated. When giving or receiving anything, especially to or from an older person, it is polite to use both hands. During meals, there are several customs to observe. Wait for the eldest person to start eating before you begin. It is common for hosts to place food into your bowl as a sign of hospitality. Try to eat a little bit of everything offered to you. When using chopsticks, never leave them sticking upright in your bowl of rice, as this resembles incense sticks for the dead and is considered very bad luck. Place them on the provided chopstick rest or neatly on the side of your bowl when you are finished.

In public, it is important to dress modestly, especially when visiting temples, pagodas, or other religious sites. This means covering your shoulders and knees. While Vietnamese people are generally very tolerant, public displays of affection are not common and should be kept to a minimum. It is also important to be mindful of ‘face’. Avoid causing someone to lose face by publicly criticizing, embarrassing, or contradicting them, especially if they are older than you. Similarly, try to handle disagreements with diplomacy and a calm demeanor. Raising your voice or showing anger is considered a loss of control and will not be effective. By being mindful of these customs, visitors can show their respect for the local culture and will be met with the incredible warmth and friendliness for which the Vietnamese people are known.

Back to Top

31) Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreation are an integral part of daily life in Vietnam, reflecting both traditional pastimes and a growing enthusiasm for modern international sports. The undisputed king of sports in Vietnam is football (soccer). The passion for football is immense and palpable throughout the country, from children kicking a ball in a dusty alley to packed cafes erupting in cheers during a national team match. The Vietnamese national football teams, both men’s and women’s, have achieved significant success in Southeast Asia, and their victories are a source of immense national pride, often leading to massive, joyous street celebrations. The domestic V.League 1 is followed with great interest, and European football leagues also have a huge following.

Beyond football, volleyball and badminton are extremely popular recreational sports, played in parks, community centers, and on beaches across the country. A common and fascinating sight, especially in the early mornings and late afternoons in city parks, is ‘đá cầu’, or shuttlecock kicking. This traditional sport, which is similar to Jianzi in China, involves keeping a weighted shuttlecock in the air using one’s feet, knees, chest, and head. It’s a beautiful and skillful game that showcases incredible agility and coordination. Martial arts, particularly traditional Vietnamese forms like Vovinam, also have a strong following, emphasizing self-defense and discipline.

Given Vietnam’s vast coastline and stunning natural landscapes, outdoor recreational activities are also very popular. Swimming is a common pastime, and the country’s beautiful beaches are hubs of activity. In recent years, water sports like kayaking, especially in places like Ha Long Bay, and kitesurfing in coastal towns like Mui Ne, have gained immense popularity among both locals and tourists. The country’s mountainous regions in the north and the central highlands are becoming increasingly popular destinations for trekking and hiking, offering adventurous travelers a chance to explore remote ethnic minority villages and breathtaking scenery. The rise of a large middle class has also led to a growing interest in sports like golf, with numerous world-class courses being developed along the coast.

Back to Top

32) Environmental Concerns

Vietnam, with its rapid economic growth and dense population, faces a host of severe and pressing environmental challenges. One of the most significant issues is water pollution. The country’s rivers and canals, particularly in and around major urban and industrial centers like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, are heavily contaminated. Industrial wastewater from factories, untreated domestic sewage, and agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers are often discharged directly into waterways. This pollution not only devastates aquatic ecosystems but also poses a serious threat to public health, contaminating the water sources that millions of people rely on for drinking, cooking, and irrigation. The government has laws in place to manage water pollution, but enforcement remains a major challenge.

Air pollution is another critical environmental concern, especially in the major cities. The primary sources of air pollution are vehicle emissions from the millions of motorbikes and cars that crowd the city streets, and industrial emissions from factories and coal-fired power plants. On many days, particularly during the dry season, the air quality in cities like Hanoi can reach unhealthy or even hazardous levels, leading to a high incidence of respiratory illnesses. Deforestation is also a continuing issue. While the country has made some progress in reforestation efforts, illegal logging, the expansion of agriculture, and infrastructure development continue to put pressure on the nation’s forests, leading to habitat loss and a decline in biodiversity.

Perhaps the most daunting long-term environmental threat to Vietnam is the impact of climate change. With its long coastline and two low-lying, populous deltas (the Red River Delta and the Mekong Delta), Vietnam is considered one of the countries most vulnerable to sea-level rise. The Mekong Delta, the country’s agricultural heartland, is particularly at risk of inundation, saltwater intrusion, and more extreme weather events like typhoons and droughts. This poses a grave threat to the nation’s food security and the livelihoods of millions of people. The Vietnamese government is acutely aware of these challenges and is actively working on national strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation, including investing in renewable energy and promoting more sustainable agricultural practices. However, the scale of the environmental problems requires immense investment and a concerted effort from all sectors of society.

Back to Top

33) Marriage & Courtship

In Vietnam, marriage is a sacred and highly significant event, deeply rooted in Confucian values that emphasize the importance of family and social harmony. While modern Western influences are increasingly common, particularly in urban areas, traditional customs still play a vital role in courtship and wedding ceremonies. In the past, arranged marriages were the norm, with parents and matchmakers playing the central role. Today, young people have the freedom to choose their own partners, but family approval remains extremely important. Before a couple can marry, a formal meeting between the two families is essential. The courtship period is often viewed as a prelude to a lifelong commitment, and public displays of affection are traditionally kept discreet.

The Vietnamese wedding process is a series of elaborate and meaningful ceremonies. It begins with the ‘Lễ Dạm Ngõ’, an informal meeting where the groom’s family visits the bride’s family to formally ask for permission for their children to begin the process of getting married. This is followed by the ‘Lễ Ăn Hỏi’, or the official engagement ceremony. On this day, the groom’s family brings lavish gifts, such as betel leaves, areca nuts, wine, and cakes, presented in red lacquer boxes, to the bride’s home. The wedding day itself, ‘Lễ Cưới’, is a vibrant and joyous celebration. The day often starts with the groom’s family traveling to the bride’s home to formally receive her. Both the bride and groom typically wear the traditional ‘áo dài’. The ceremony includes rituals in front of the ancestral altar, where the couple pays respect to their ancestors and seeks their blessing, a powerful symbol of the importance of family lineage.

Back to Top

34) Work Opportunities

Vietnam’s dynamic and rapidly growing economy has created a wide range of work opportunities for both local Vietnamese and a growing community of expatriates. The country has become a major manufacturing hub in Southeast Asia, and this sector is a huge source of employment. Jobs in factories producing electronics, textiles, and furniture are abundant, particularly in industrial zones near major cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi. While many of these roles are for factory workers, this industrial boom has also created a high demand for managers, engineers, and supply chain specialists with international experience. This makes the manufacturing sector a key area of opportunity for skilled foreign professionals.

Another sector with a massive demand for foreign workers is English language education. The desire to learn English is immense in Vietnam, creating a thriving market for English teachers. Opportunities are available in public schools, private language centers, and international schools across the country. A bachelor’s degree and a TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) certificate are typically the minimum requirements for these positions. The information technology (IT) sector is also booming, with Vietnam emerging as a major center for software development and IT outsourcing. This has created a strong demand for software developers, IT project managers, and other tech professionals. Cities like Da Nang and Ho Chi Minh City are becoming vibrant tech hubs with a growing startup culture.

For expatriates looking for work, it is important to understand the legal requirements. A work permit is required for any foreigner to be legally employed in Vietnam, and the application process is typically handled by the employer. The process can be bureaucratic, so patience is required. Networking is also key to finding opportunities, both online through professional platforms and on the ground in the major cities. While salaries for expatriates may not be as high as in some other Asian countries like Singapore or Hong Kong, the extremely low cost of living in Vietnam means that it is still possible to live very comfortably and save money. The combination of a booming economy and a vibrant culture makes Vietnam an increasingly attractive destination for professionals seeking international experience.

Back to Top

35) Education

The education system in Vietnam is state-controlled and has deep cultural roots, with a strong emphasis placed on learning and academic achievement, a legacy of its Confucian traditions. The system is extensive and has made great strides in recent decades, achieving high literacy rates and improving access to schooling across the country. The formal education structure is divided into several levels: preschool, primary school, lower secondary school, upper secondary school, and higher education. The national curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Training, ensuring a degree of uniformity across the country. Education is compulsory for five years of primary school and four years of lower secondary school.

Primary education begins at the age of six and lasts for five years. This is followed by four years of lower secondary school. After completing this compulsory stage, students who wish to continue their education must pass a competitive entrance examination to get into an upper secondary school. Upper secondary education lasts for three years and offers several tracks, with the academic track being the most common, preparing students for university entrance exams. The pressure to succeed academically is immense, and many students attend extra classes at ‘cram schools’ (lò luyện thi) in the evenings and on weekends to prepare for the crucial national high school graduation examination, which also serves as the university entrance exam. This high-stakes testing culture is a defining feature of the Vietnamese education system.

Higher education in Vietnam has been expanding rapidly, with a growing number of public and private universities and colleges. The most prestigious institutions are the two Vietnam National Universities, located in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. While the system has grown, it also faces challenges in terms of quality, outdated curricula, and a teaching style that often emphasizes rote memorization over critical thinking. To address this, the government is actively promoting international collaboration and has encouraged the establishment of international universities, such as RMIT University Vietnam, which offer foreign-accredited degree programs. There is a strong desire among Vietnamese families to provide the best possible education for their children, and many who can afford it choose to send their children to study abroad to gain a competitive edge in the job market.

Back to Top

36) Communication & Connectivity

Vietnam has a remarkably advanced and affordable communication and connectivity infrastructure, especially considering its status as a developing country. The nation has embraced the digital age with enthusiasm, resulting in high rates of internet penetration and mobile phone usage. The government has invested heavily in developing the country’s telecommunications backbone, with extensive fiber-optic cable networks reaching even many rural areas. This has made internet access widely available and relatively fast in most parts of the country. For travelers, this means that staying connected is incredibly easy and inexpensive, whether you are in a bustling city or a small town.

The mobile network in Vietnam is excellent and highly competitive, with three main providers: Viettel (state-owned), MobiFone, and Vinaphone. All three offer extensive 4G coverage across the country, and 5G is being rolled out in major cities. One of the first things most travelers do upon arrival is purchase a local tourist SIM card. These are readily available at the airport, mobile phone shops, and convenience stores for a very low price. They typically come pre-loaded with a generous amount of high-speed data, making it easy to use navigation apps, stay in touch via messaging services, and share your travel experiences online without worrying about high roaming charges. The affordability and quality of mobile data in Vietnam are often a pleasant surprise for international visitors.

Wi-Fi is also ubiquitous throughout Vietnam. It is available for free in virtually every hotel, guesthouse, cafe, restaurant, and bar. Even many small, family-run eateries will have a Wi-Fi password ready for their customers. This widespread availability of free Wi-Fi means that it is rarely necessary to use your mobile data when you are indoors. The combination of cheap and reliable mobile data and free, widespread Wi-Fi makes Vietnam one of the easiest countries in Southeast Asia for travelers to stay connected. This robust digital infrastructure is a key factor in the country’s booming tourism industry and its growing reputation as a destination for digital nomads.

Back to Top

37) National Symbols

The national symbols of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam are powerful representations of the nation’s revolutionary history, its deep cultural roots, and its natural beauty. These symbols are a source of immense national pride and are deeply woven into the fabric of Vietnamese society, from official government emblems to everyday cultural life. They serve to unify the nation and remind its people of their long struggle for independence and their hopes for the future. Understanding these symbols offers visitors a richer appreciation of the values and history that have shaped modern Vietnam. The most prominent and potent symbol is the national flag, a red banner with a large, five-pointed yellow star in the center. The red background symbolizes revolution and the bloodshed in the fight for freedom, while the yellow star represents the leadership of the Communist Party and the unity of the five main classes in socialist society: intellectuals, farmers, workers, business people, and soldiers.

The National Emblem of Vietnam is a circular emblem with a red background, featuring the same yellow star as the flag. The star is framed by ears of rice, which symbolize agriculture and the nation’s rural foundation. At the bottom of the emblem is a cogwheel, representing industry and the working class. Below the cogwheel is a ribbon with the country’s official name, “Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam” (Socialist Republic of Vietnam). This emblem encapsulates the official ideology of the state, honoring the alliance of farmers and workers under the leadership of the party. Another powerful figure is Ho Chi Minh, the nation’s revolutionary leader. While not an official symbol in the same vein as the flag, his image is ubiquitous, appearing on currency and in countless statues and portraits, symbolizing the spirit of national independence and reunification.

Beyond the official state symbols, Vietnam has a rich collection of cultural and natural symbols that are deeply cherished. The lotus is the national flower, revered as a symbol of purity, commitment, and optimism for the future, as it rises unstained from the muddy waters. The ‘áo dài’, a traditional long tunic worn over trousers, is a powerful symbol of Vietnamese beauty and cultural identity, particularly for women. In the realm of mythology, the dragon holds a special place, representing power, nobility, and good fortune, a legacy of Chinese cultural influence. The water buffalo is an emblematic animal, symbolizing strength, diligence, and the country’s agricultural heritage. These symbols, both official and cultural, collectively narrate the story of Vietnam, a nation proud of its past and optimistic about its future.

Cultural & National Symbols

Symbol	Significance
The Yellow Star on Red Flag	Represents the leadership of the Communist Party and the unity of the people; red symbolizes revolution.
Lotus Flower	The national flower, symbolizing purity, beauty, commitment, and the dawn of a new era.
Áo Dài	A traditional silk tunic worn by women, symbolizing elegance, grace, and Vietnamese cultural identity.
Dragon	A mythical symbol of power, nobility, and good fortune, central to Vietnamese folklore and art.

National Flora and Fauna

Type	Name
National Flower	Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)
Iconic Tree	Bamboo (Bambusoideae)
Iconic Animal	Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Iconic Primate	Red-shanked Douc Langur (Pygathrix nemaeus)

Back to Top

38) Tourism

Tourism in Vietnam has exploded in recent years, transforming the country into one of the most popular and exciting travel destinations in Southeast Asia. Its appeal lies in its incredible diversity, offering something for every type of traveler. The country boasts a rich tapestry of history and culture, stunning natural landscapes, world-renowned cuisine, and some of the most welcoming people on the planet. From the bustling, motorbike-filled streets of Ho Chi Minh City to the ancient, lantern-lit alleys of Hoi An, and the imperial grandeur of Hue, Vietnam’s cities and towns are a feast for the senses. The country’s history is ever-present, with ancient temples, colonial-era architecture, and poignant war memorials offering a glimpse into its complex past.

The natural beauty of Vietnam is a major draw for tourists. The country’s long coastline is fringed with beautiful beaches, from the popular resorts of Da Nang and Nha Trang to the more secluded island paradises of Phu Quoc and Con Dao. The undisputed jewel in Vietnam’s natural crown is Ha Long Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage site where thousands of limestone karsts and islets rise dramatically from the emerald waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. In the north, the mountainous regions of Sapa and Ha Giang offer breathtaking scenery, with terraced rice fields cascading down the hillsides and opportunities for trekking through remote ethnic minority villages. In the south, the lush, tropical Mekong Delta provides a unique glimpse into a life lived on and around the water. This incredible variety of landscapes, from mountains to deltas to beaches, makes Vietnam a visually stunning and endlessly fascinating destination.

Back to Top

39) Visa and Entry Requirements

Navigating the visa and entry requirements for Vietnam has become significantly more straightforward for tourists in recent years. The specific requirements depend on your nationality, the purpose of your visit, and the intended length of your stay. The government of Vietnam offers several options, including visa exemptions for citizens of certain countries and a user-friendly e-visa system for many others. It is absolutely crucial to check the most current regulations for your specific nationality before making any travel arrangements, as the rules can and do change. The most common visa-related mistake travelers make is assuming the rules are the same as for neighboring countries or not using the official application channels.

Many nationalities are eligible for visa-free travel to Vietnam for short stays. This list includes citizens of most ASEAN countries, as well as several European and other nations like the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Japan. The duration of the visa-free stay is typically between 15 and 45 days, depending on the nationality. This is an excellent option for tourists planning a shorter trip. It is important to note that if you enter on a visa exemption, you must wait a certain period after exiting the country before you can re-enter on another exemption. For longer stays or for nationalities not on the visa-exemption list, the best and most popular option is the e-visa.

The Vietnamese e-visa system is available to citizens of a large number of countries. It allows travelers to apply online for a tourist visa for a stay of up to 90 days, with options for single or multiple entries. The application must be made through the official government immigration portal (evisa.xuatnhapcanh.gov.vn). Be wary of third-party websites that look official but charge extra fees. The official process is simple: you will need to fill out an online form, upload a digital passport-style photo and a scanned copy of your passport’s information page, and pay the application fee online. Processing usually takes a few business days. Once approved, you must print the e-visa confirmation to present to the airline upon check-in and to immigration officials upon arrival in Vietnam. Regardless of your visa status, your passport must be valid for at least six months from your date of entry.

Back to Top

40) Useful Resources

• Official Vietnam E-Visa Portal – The only official government website for applying for an e-visa.
• Vietnam Travel – The Official Tourism Website – Comprehensive information on destinations, activities, and travel planning from the Vietnam National Authority of Tourism.
• Vietnam Airlines – The national airline of Vietnam, for booking domestic and international flights.
• Việt Nam News – A leading English-language daily newspaper for local news and updates.
• Grab Vietnam – The essential ride-hailing and food delivery app for getting around cities affordably.
• Vietnam Railways – The official website for booking train tickets, including the Reunification Express (information may be primarily in Vietnamese).

Back to Top